present tense

Present Tense – Statement
Subject Verb Complement
He
She
It
Ram
Sheela
My uncle
My friend
is
a teacher.
a driver.
a cat.
a boy.
a doctor.
in the office.
at home
They
The boys
The girls
These
Those
We
are
in the class.
friends.
sincere.
intelligent.
happy.
Indian.
I am a man.
in Singapore
Make more than 75 sentences using the table
Fill in with suitable words
Singular nouns Doctor engineer cleaner speaker
employee poet assistant lawyer
MLA professor watchman seller
plural nouns drivers peons clerks officers
Lawyers friends enemies students
Chennai
Mumbai
Madurai
Bangalore
Radha
Her uncle
Rajani
Her father
My uncle
is
I am
They
The boys
The girls
These
Those
We
The cities
The villages
There
These cameras
are

Adjective Soft good happy gentle proud
hard weak healthy perfect good
bad great kind sweet sad
Ravi
Sethu
Meenakshi
Karthick
Swathi
is
Kala and a Mala
The workers
The children
His relatives
These boys
are
I am
Singular subject the MP the PM the MD the Minister
The HM the CEO the officer Mr. Sankar
Plural subject the players the criminals the workers my brothers
Our leaders their parents the people men
is
in
on
at
behind
in front of
near
be
Mumbai
the office
Madurai
the way
work
station
the meeting
jail
the man
Delhi
are
am
Make question
Verb Subject Complement
Is
in
on
at
out of
behind
in front
behind
near
Mumbai?
the office?
Madurai?
the way?
work?
station?
the meeting?
Jail?
the man?
Delhi?
Are
Am

Questions
Is
he
she
Ram
Sheela
this
that
a driver?
a doctor?
in the office?
the man you said?
The girl who won the prize?
What you said?
Whom he mentioned?
true?
what you know?
Are
They
he boys
the girls
these
we
in the class?
friends?
intelligent?
happy?
Indian?
problematic?
Am
I insincere?
lazy?
Ignorant?
Make more than 75 questions using the table
Past Tense – Statement
a teacher a driver in the park very strict man of honesty
in the office in Chennai curious the GM honorable person
dishonest mischievous serious
My uncle
Suresh
It
My nephew
Sita
The manager
The Inspector
His son
was
The boys
The girls
The leaders
The teachers
The workers
The children
were
in the class
friends
sincere
intelligent
happy
in the beach
I was happy

Use the words in the table
Adjective sincere humble honest efficient Courageous
honourable Harmful dangerous imperfect humourous
powerful polite Careful Careless useful
fast funny serious harmful lovable
sincere happy rich poor great
complete entire final
Place in the hall in the theatre in the office in beach in service
In New Delhi in Kolkata in school in India in the USA
My uncle
Suresh
It
My nephew
Sita
The manager
The Inspector
His son
I
was
The boys
The girls
The leaders
The teachers
The workers
The children
were
Past tense Interrogative
Was
he
she
Ram
Sheela
the cat
a teacher?
a driver?
a boy?
a doctor?
in the office?
Were
the boys
the girls
the leaders
the teachers
tourists
the workers
the children
in the class?
friends?
obedient?
very hungry?
in their chambers?
in the shopping centre?
in the pitiable condition?
Was
I
wrong?
ignorant?

Future tense – Statement
Future Tense – Interrogative
Present Perfect Tense – Statement
Arun
Abhi
My brother
The food
has been
smart
adamant
in jail
the secretary
defiant
delicious
in London
ill for two days
in trouble
in Delhi
I
We
The boys
They
My relatives
My friends
have been
Arun
Abhi
My brother
I
We
The food
The function
The people
Every one
will be
shall be
may be
can be
technician
doctor
obedient
submissive
defiant
delicious
colorful
alert
quiet here
in the temple
in the theatre
hard working
Verb Subject Verb Complement
Shall
Will
Can
May
Arun
Abhi
my brother
I
We
my daughter
his cousin
our relative
be
engineer in France
doctor in the US?
obedient?
submissive?
defiant?
in Mumbai?
in Calcutta?
in the park?
in the ground?
back in five minutes?

Present Perfect tense – Interrogative
Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Tense – Interrogative
Has
Arun
my brother
the food
the function
been
sincere?
happy?
adamant?
in jail?
the secretary?
defiant?
delicious?
colorful?
successful?
in the ground?
back in five minutes?
Have
You
we
the boys
they
the participants
The festival
The celebration
The week
The occasions
The function
The food
His plan
Her lecture
Her idea
had been
colorful
successful
enjoyable
delicious
interesting
innovative
enthusiastic
hygienic
informative
Had
The festival
The celebration
The week
The occasions
The function
The food
His plan
Her lecture
Her idea
been
colorful
successful
enjoyable
delicious
interesting
innovative
enthusiastic
hygienic
informative

Future Perfect – Statement
Future Perfect – Interrogative
Proud unsatisfied impatient confident straight forward corrupt
He
She
Our friend
My brother
I
We
The food
The function
will have been
shall have been
may have been
can have been
would have been
could have been
doctor
suspicious
defiant
delicious
colorful
sincere
late
in Madurai
in the USA
Can
Will
Shall
May
Would
Could
Arun
Abhi
My brother
I
We
The food
The function
have been
technician?
doctor?
obedient?
submissive?
defiant?
delicious?
colorful?
If he had been rich
If he had been sincere
If he had been a worker
If she had been a manager
If she had been aa IPS Officer
If she had been a politician
If she had been a teacher
he
she
would have been
might have been
could have been

Present Continuous Tense - statement
Present Continuous – Interrogative
Watching displaying eating drawing buying selling
Moving driving repairing damaging cleaning
Subject Verb Object When/where
He
She
is
You
they
we
are
Verb Subject Verb Object Adjunct
Is
He
she
it
Prabu
Priya
dancing
singing
building
breaking
learning
-
songs
new house
the glasses
the lessons
now?
at present?
this time?
well?
tactically?
as usual?
there?
in the market?
in the shop?
at the stage?
Am I
Are
You
they
we
vendors
the kids
television
fruits
vegetable
books
pictures
the car
Subject Verb Object Adjunct
He
She
It
Balu
My friend
is
writing
reading
eating
playing
drinking
the test
newspaper
grass
chess
coffee
now
at present
this time
well
in the room
in Ooty
in the hall
there
in the market
in the shop
at the stage
You
They
We
The students
The children
are
enjoying
watching
selling
buying
speaking
holiday
television
fruits
vegetable
books
TeluguI am

Fill in with the following words
Reading writing cleaning sharpening speaking
Standing shouting beating pushing pulling
Disturbing taking putting closing opening
Present Continuous – Statement
Fill in with the following words
One of the boys
None of the sons
Each of the girls
Either of them
Every one of them
is
book
answers
English
others
notes
pencil
in the class
loudly
well
badly
They
We
The students
The children
The boys
All the girls
Players of the team
are
I am
is
are
am

Past Continuous – Statement
Past Continuous Tense – Interrogative
Was
He
she
it
Balu
Malar
I
stealing
doing
copying
speaking
throwing
the jewels
homework
the answer
Telugu
the ball
exercises
at night?
here?
in Chennai?
in basket?
physically?
on the wall?
to live?
for the party?
from me?
in company?
Were
You
they
we
the guys
drawing
making
spreading
hiding
revealing
seeking
picture
money
arrangements
the news
the truth
job
He
She
It
Balu
Malar
was
writing
buying
eating
playing
drinking
watching
selling
buying
speaking
the test
newspaper
grass
chess
coffee
at night
regularly
well
in the shop
in Madurai
as usual
daily
in the market
in the shop
there
I
You
They
We
The students
were
television
fruits
Telugu
He
She
It
Balu
Malar
was
at night
regularly
well
in the shop
in Madurai
as usual
daily
in the market
in the shop
there
I
You
They
We
The students
were

Future Continuous Tense – Statement
Future Continuous – Interrogative
Verb Subject Verb Object
Will/
Would
Shall/
Should
Can/
Could
May/
Might
He
she
it
Balu
Malar
you
they
we
I
be
Stealing
making
doing
copying
speaking
throwing
watching
hiding
doing
typing
the jewels?
homework?
arrangements?
the answer?
Tamil?
the ball?
programmes?
the movie?
the events?
his food?
exercises?
the matter?
He
She
It
Sheela
Devi
will/
would
shall/
should
can/
could
may/
might
be
flying
reading
eating
playing
drinking
watching
delivering
talking
sleeping
travelling
kites
novel
newspaper
food
football
tea
well
joyously
in the forest
in the ground
in the terrace
in theatre
to a friend
at home
in the class
by train
You
They
We
I
the movie
lecture
–
He
She
It
Devi
will/
would
shall/
should
can/
could
may/
might
be
flying
reading
eating
playing
drinking
well
joyously
in the forest
in the ground
in the terrace
in theatre
to a friend
at home
You
They
We

Simple Present Tense – Statement
Simple Present – Interrogative
He
She
Suresh
Balu
Malar
The boy
brings
reads
eats
his car
lunch
newspaper
chess
water
coffee
everyday
regularly
well
tactically
as usual
daily
in the market
in the shop
frequently
does not play
does not drink
does not prefer
You
They
We
I
The boys
watch
sell
read
television
fruits
vegetable
books
Telugu
do not buy
do not speak
do not eat
Does
he
she
it
Balu
Malar
bring
read
eat
play
drink
watch
sell
buy
speak
his book
newspaper
grass
coffee
television
fruits
vegetable
books
Telugu
what I say
every week?
normally?
well?
tactically?
as usual?
daily?
in the bazaar?
in the shop?
frequently?Do
you
they
we
the boys
He
She
Suresh
Balu
Invites
Sends off
his friend
everyday
regularly
well
in the market
in the shop
frequently
does not
meet
engage
entertain
You
They
We
plan
modify
erect
renovate
building
do not
remove
destroy
alter
construct

Simple Past – Statement
Simple past – Interrogative
Did
anyone
he
she
it
your son
bring
read
eat
play
drink
his book
newspaper
dosa
grass
chess
coffee
yesterday?
in the morning?
well?
as usual?
in the hotel?
in the shop?
at home?
frequently?
in the class
you
they
we
all girls
watch
sell
buy
take
television
fruits
vegetable
good marks
Rajesh
Praveen
Sundar
Rani
we
praised
greeted
the winners
did not
dishonor
disrespect
congratulate
wrote
saw
broke
did not
write
break
think of
He
She
It
The student
Sam
Swathi
brought
read
ate
drink
his book
newspaper
novel
grass
idly
rice
chess
coffee
boost
to read
yesterday
last week
in June
in the morning
well
in the hotel
in the party
tactically
fluently
perfectly
in the hotel
in the market
in the shop
did not
bring
read
eat
drink
prefer
like
You
They
We
I
knew
spoke
wrote
read
English
read it
poems
what he has written
what he spoke
what she wrote
how he went
did not
write
know
read
imagine

Simple Future – Statement
He
She
It
Balu
Malar
will
shall
can
may
bring
read
eat
play
drink
the book
newspaper
grass
chess
coffee
tomorrow
regularly
well
in school
peacefully
in the hotel
at home
in the market
in the shop
in library
You
They
We
I
Students
will
shall
can
may
not
watch
sell
buy
speak
television
fruits
vegetable
books
Telugu
Simple Future – Interrogative
Will
Shall
Can
May
he
she
it
Kumar
Vanitha
you
they
we
I
students
bring
read
eat
play
drink
his book
newspaper
grass
chess
coffee
tomorrow?
loudly?
neatly?
skillfully?
next week?
at home?
for long time?
in the market?
in the shop?
fluently?
watch
sell
buy
speak
Television
fruits
vegetables
books
Telugu
He
She
It
Balu
Malar
will
shall
can
may
bring
read
eat
play
drink
Many of us
Most of the people
Some of the men
Several of them
All of the girls
The boys of the school

Present Perfect Tense
He
She
It
Mala
Magesh
has
completed
sent
taken
accepted
listened to
paid
the work
the message
his share
my advice
attention
the match
the song
many books
the money
the holidays
the summer
just now
at home
immediately
violently
politely
to my words
excellently
melodiously
successfully
lavishly
happily
already
has not
They
We
You
The boys
Children
have
played
sung
written
spent
enjoyed
seen
have not
Present perfect - Interrogative
Verb Subject verb Object Adjunct
Has
he
she
it
the candidate
your son
your friend
scored
solved
withdrawn
understood
identified
proved
good mark
his problem
his support
the concept
the person
her innocence
in school days?
already?
so far?
just now?
with his knowledge?
in his life time?
in the public?
in Mumbai?
with his power?
happily?
proudly?
on the road
Have
They
boys
we
you
I
played
sung
written
spent
enjoyed
seen
the match
the song
many books
the money
summer
holidays
the accident
The watchman
The principal
The mechanic
The clerk
has
So far
Already
Yet
Since last year
has not
Women
Children
Cleaners
The assistant
The teacher
have
have not

Past perfect – Statement (Declarative)
Completed sent taken accepted played sung read finished
written
Spent enjoyed seen
Past perfect – Interrogative
The man
The servant
My brother
The minister
The teachers
had started
rejected
taken
visited
accepted
the work
my offer
his share
the place
my advice
at home
immediately
violently
already
politely
had not
They
We
You
I
The boys
Children
had left
gone
prepared
sat
run
explained
-------
to London
well
on the wall
peacefully
very fast
perfectly
had not
Verb Subject verb Object Adjunct
Had
He
she
the
worker
the work
the message
license
leave
my advice
at home?
immediately?
violently?
for five days?
politely?
they
we
you
I
the boys
children
the match
the song
many books
the work
holidays
the accident
occasion
for long time?
sweetly?
successfully?
earnestly?
happily?

Present Perfect Continuous Tense – Statement
Present Perfect Continuous Tense – Interrogative
Telling running serving carrying out hunting riding
Rajesh
The student
He
The manager
The man
The boy
The driver
has been
doing
teaching
serving
working
sleeping
driving
living
the work
English
the institution
-
in this area
at home
for 10 years
peacefully
without rest
since 2005
in Hyderabad
has not been
The players
The choir
girls
The students
The persons
Our masters
have been Playing
singing
writing
spending
enjoying
residing
the match
the song
many books
the money
summer holidays
for our team
interestingly
melodiously
happily
near the
market
satisfactorily
have not been
Has he
she
it
been
continuing
sending
taking
sleeping
the work
the message
his share
–
at home?
to the MD?
violently?
peacefully?
Have
they
we
you
I
the boys
Children
Playing
singing
writing
spending
enjoying
reading
the match
the song
many books
money
holidays
novel
excellently?
melodiously?
successfully?
lavishly?
happily?
near the market?
He
She
has been
Performing
has not been
I
We
They
We
Children
have been
have not been

Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense – Interrogative
He
She
It
Senu
had
been
completing
sending
taking
accepting
giving
raining
the work
the message
his share
my advice
-
at home
immediately
violently
politely
endlessly
heavily
had not
They
We
You
I
The boys
had
playing
singing
writing
spending
enjoying
seeing
match
the song
many books
money
holidays
tirelessly
sweetly
successfully
mindlessly
happily
near markethad not
Had
he
she
it
anybody
any of you
been
serving
drinking
doing
watching
taking
cleaning
food
wine
meditation
film
his share
his house
at home?
in a bar
in a temple
silently
politely?
Neatly
Had
they
we
you
I
the boys
children
preaching
lecturing
learning
studying
___
Vedas?
Manthras?
in a college?
in Bangalore?
on economics?
He
She
They
We
Had been

Future Perfect Continuous Tense – Statement
Future Perfect Continuous Tense – Interrogative
He
She
It
They
We
You
I
The boys
The children
will have
shall have
would have
should have
could have
completed
sent
taken
accepted
played
sung
written
spent
enjoyed
seen
the work
the message
his share
my advice
at home
immediately
violently
politely
the match
the song
many books
the money
summer
holidays
the accident
excellently
melodiously
successfully
lavishly
happily
near the market
Will/
Shall/
Can/
May
he
she
it
they
we
you
I
the
boys
children
have
been
completing
sending
taking
accepting
the work
message
his share
my advice
in his office?
in the farm
house?
at home?
immediately?
violently?
politely?
playing
singing
writing
spending
enjoying
seeing
match
the song
many
books
money
summer
excellently?
melodiously?
successfully?
lavishly?
happily?
near the market?

How to make Wh-Question
Simple present
Q-word Verb Complement
Where
How
is was
the car?
her sister?
the CM?
the manager?
your son?
your camera?
are were
you?
they?
your parents?
your friends?
His children?
Your work the day your dog
The function your birthday the exam
Your company
Your books his sons your pens
their bags companions the doctors
Q-word Verb Subject Verb Object
Why
When
Where
How
does
he
she
it
Nandha
Usha
the boy
the participant
his car?
lunch?
newspaper?
chess?
water?
coffee?
cotton dress?
do
you
they
We
I
the students
the players
television?
fruits?
vegetable?
books?
Telugu?
Poems?
Q-word
Verb
Complement
present past
Where
How
when
is was
are were

Q-word Verb Subject Verb adjunct
What
does
the team
the women
he
the beggar
the baby
need
want
like
think
sing
do
you
they
understand
perceive
make out
find
see
from the picture?
Present perfect
Q-word Verb Subject Verb
whom
What
has
he
she
the doctor
the worker
invited
attended?
scored?
done?
finished?
stolen?
have
you
they
the people
I
the members
met
seen
sent?
made?
brought?
achieved?
kept?
Present and past continuous
Q-word
Verb
Subject Verb Object
Present Past
Why
When
Where
How
is was
he
she
it
Prabu
Mala
going?
starting?
coming?
joining?
are were
you
they
we
labourers
watching
selling
buying
reading
television?
fruits?
vegetable?
books?
Telugu?

Simple Past
Where
How
Where
When
did
he
she
it
Balu
Malar
bring
read
eat
play
drink
his book?
newspaper?
grass?
chess?
coffee?
you
they
we
I
The
boys
watch
sell
buy
speak
television?
fruits?
vegetable?
books?
Telugu?
Where
How
Where
When
did
he
she
it
Balu
Malar
his book?
newspaper?
grass?
chess?
coffee?
you
they
we
I
The boys
television?
fruits?
vegetable?
books?
Telugu?
Simple Future
Q-word Subject Verb Object
Where
How
Why
When
will
shall
can
may
he
she
it
Kala
Sunil
the man
get
solve
buy
read
have
make
you
they
we
I
the students
go?
come?
sleep?
spend ?
manage?
explain?
finish?
---

Q-
word
Subject Verb Object
Where
How
Why
When
will
shall
can
may
he
she
it
Kala
Sunil
the man
did
do
you
they
we
I
The ministers
Infinitive
Subject Verb Complement/Object
Infinitive
His purpose
He
The councilor
The manager
She
is
is planning
to
not to
do
spoil
accept
reject
review
the work
my programme
my ideas
proposal
They
The directors
We
are trying
are
to
not to
invite
honour
respect
follow
the secretary
the chief guest
the principal
the minister
prefers
decided
to
not to
solve
confuse
the problem
the matter
Gerund
Subject Verb Complement/Object
Walking
Swimming
is/was
a good exercise
liked by many
advised by the doctor
preferable for me
rejuvenates
keeps
makes
our body and mind
the body fit
us brisk
I
He
We
It
like
enjoys
stopped
started
Riding
watching
smoking
raining
His aim
Her desire
is
becoming doctor
earning money
winning the match
speaking to the PM of India

General questions
Verb Subject(singular) Complement
Is/
Was
anyone
anybody
any of the students
any of the men
any of the item
anything
anyone of you
any of us
ill?
proud?
guilty?
sad?
rotten?
wrong?
Answers
Subject(singular) Verb Complement
None/no one
Nobody
None of the students
No one of the men
None of the item
Nothing/something
None of us
Somebody/someone
is /
was
ill
proud
guilty
sad
rotten
Form sentences using “here, there”
Verb Subject Complement Adjunct
There
Here
is
a little
someone
none
a lot of trouble
a number of apples
much money
a friend
in Kashmir
are
good things
many books
friends
mangoes
a few snakes
few incidents
in this area
in cities

SOME IMPORTANT TABLES
Complex Sentences
Subordinate Clause Main cause
Subordinating
Conjunction
Main clause Main clause
As
When
Since
Because
he is ill
he is tired
they are poor
I am upset
he can not go to school
he can not study well
they can not go for higher studies
they can’t buy cars
they are not respected
I can not talk to you
he was late
he was punished
he could not catch t he train
he did not pick up the lesson
she prepared well
she could pass
she spoke well
she performed well in interview
it is cloudy
it may rain
temperature is low
we may play
Unless he is sincere
he can not win the heart of the people
he will not be able to do it all alone
he can not overcome the situation
Though
Although
Even though
Despite
he studied well
he ran fast
he failed in the exam
he could not answer all questions
he could not come first
he could not go to office
When
While
I was in Madurai
I visited Meenakshi temple
I went to Azhagar koil
I studied a computer course
he was reading
his friend called him in phone
he heard a strange noise
he slept
After he had worshiped in the temple
he went to school
he started his business
he began his journey
Be fore he went to the station
the train had left
he had gone to temple
he took the ticket

Complex Sentences
Subordinating
Conjunction
As
When
Since
Because
She is kind
he lost his money
they are sincere
they sold the old house
he was late
she fought with me
she prepared well
I performed well
it is cloudy
it is dark
Unless
he is sincere
he informs me
you stop smoking
I pay attention
Though
Although
Even though
Despite
he studied well
he ran fast
Ravi earns money
you sing well
When
While
He was in Madurai
I was in Paris
She was in the USA
he was reading
she was reading
they were playing
After
he had worshiped in the temple
I had finished the project
Be fore
he went to the station
I ate food

Complex Sentences
Subordinating
Conjunction
As
When
Since
Because
he was punished
she could pass
she spoke well
it may rain
temperature is low
we may play
Unless
Though
Although
Even though
Despite
When
While
he slept
After
he went to school
Be fore
the train had left
he took the ticket

Complex Sentences
Subordinating
Conjunction
As
When
Since
Because
he is ill
he is tired
they are poor
I am upset
he was late
he was punished
she prepared well
she could pass
she spoke well
it is cloudy
it may rain
temperature is low
we may play
Though
Although
Even though
Despite
he studied well
he ran fast
When
While
I was in Madurai
he was reading
he slept
After he had worshiped in the temple
he went to school
Be fore he went to the station
the train had left
he took the ticket

Subordinating
Conjunction
Whenever my uncle comes
he gives me rupees 100
he presents an item
he spends some days with us
Whatever he knows
he can not speak
he can speak
he may explain
As long as this Chief Minister is in power
the state won’t improve
corruption will be everywhere
people are safe
As soon as
the bell rang
he heard the news
the students rushed home
he left the place
he telephoned me
he informed the officer
Subordinating
Conjunction
Whenever my uncle comes
Whatever he knows
As long as this Chief Minister is in power
As soon as
the bell rang
he heard the news
Subordinating
Conjunction
Whenever
he gives me rupees 100
he presents an item
he spends some days with us
Whatever
he can not speak
he can speak
he may explain
As long as
the state won’t improve
corruption will be
everywhere
people are safe
As soon as
the students rushed home
he left the place
he telephoned me
he informed the officer

IF-CLAUSES
Complex Sentences
Subordinating
Conjunction
Type
I
If
he is sincere
he can win the heart of the people
he will be able to do it all alone
he can overcome the situation
you are honest
I will appreciate you
you will be rewarded
they will promote you
Type
II If
I were a bird
he were the minister
I would fly
he would change the rule
Type
III If
I had finished the work I would have taken rest
I would have gone home earlier
he had studied well
he would have passed the exam
he would have got job
he would have gone abroad
In case He is alive
he will come one day
it is a problem for the gang
Complex Sentences
Subordinating
Conjunction
If
he is sincere
she is bold
you are honest
Unless he is sincere he can not win the heart of the people

In case He is alive
he will come one day
it is a problem for the gang

Complex Sentences
Subordinating
Conjunction
Type
I
If
he is sincere
you are honest
Type
II If
I were a bird
he were the minister
Type
III If
I had finished the work
he had studied well
In case He is alive

Compound Sentences
Compound Sentence
Main clause
Coordinating
Conjunction
Main clause
He started earlier
but
yet
still
he could not catch the train
he has not reached the place
he missed the chance of meeting her
He forgot to take the hall
ticket
so
he was not allowed into the hall
he returned home
He should finish the
work
or
otherwise
lest
he can not go home
he will have to stay back
he will face many problem
he can not be successful
He went to market and
he bought vegetable
he started selling fruits
enquired about the prices
Compound Sentences
Compound Sentence
Main clause
Coordinating
Conjunction
Main clause
but
yet
still
so
or
otherwise
lest
and
Compound Sentences
Compound Sentence
Main clause
Coordinating
Conjunction
Main clause
He worked hard
They ran fast
She poor
but
yet
still
She scored high mark
I rushed her to the hospital
so
You must obey the rules
Think deeply
Practice well
or
otherwise
lest
He finished the work
They prepared well
and
Complex Sentences

Complex Sentences
Main cause Subordinate Clause
Main clause
Subordinating
Conjunction
Main clause
I asked
Gita didn’t know
I should find out
That is
None could say
What
he said
he bought
she would present
the child ate
where
he stayed
Suresh went
he stole the car
How
he escaped
he finished the work
she solved the problem
I would come out of this
Why
she cried
they wasted their time
he left the job
if
whether
he could score high marks
he would return my money
Samy would win the election
the doctor was available
how much
He borrowed in the bank
He needed
How long
He should walk
He had to wait
How many
She collected
He had in his hand
Fill in the table with suitable sentences in present
Complex Sentences
Main clause
Subordinating
Conjunction
Main clause
His father knows
Her mother asks
The manager wants to know
He wants to make it clear
What
where
How
Why
if
whether
I don’t know
They don’t understand
He does not ask
how much
How long
How many

Fill in the table with suitable sentences in present
what where how why if whether
how much how long how many
Complex Sentences
Main clause
Subordinating
Conjunction
Main clause
I asked
Gita didn’t know
I should find out
That is
None could say
he would return the book
she would do in the evening
she went to her house
he stole the pouch
he escaped
he finished the work
she solved the problem
they would come out of problem
she cried
they replied
he resigned
he would return my money
samy would win the election
the doctor was available
he sold
he bought
he should walk
he had to wait
she collected for the poor
she deposited
Simple Sentence with phrase

Simple Sentences
Phrase Main clause
On seeing the police
Sensing the problem
the thief ran away
the crowd withdrew
we stopped the car
Before starting the work
we consulted the officer
you should prey to the god
we should plan well
you must make alternative arrangements
After finishing the work
you should assess the work
we handed it over to the manager
he left the place
I will go home
In spite of his working hard
he does not find any improvement
he did not complete the work
he could not buy a house
On account of bad weather
Due to rain
Owing to over heat
they cancelled the match
the function was postponed
the principal declared Monday holiday
we can not play now
Simple Sentences
Phrase Main clause
On seeing the HM
Watching TV
Before starting the project
After performing pooja
In spite of his studying well
In spite of running fast
On account of his ill health
Due to heavy rain
Owing to his sense of humour

THE ARTICLE
Articles are basically adjectives. Articles are classified into two. They are:
i. The Indefinite Article - a or an
ii. The Definite Article - the
Indefinite Article ‘a’ or ‘an’ is used:
Before a countable singular noun
E.g.: a cat
a man
an ink-pot
an elephant
Before introducing something or somebody.
E.g.: There was a scholar near my house.
There is a new machine in our company.
I saw an elephant.
I saw a blue eyed man.
The choice of ‘a’ or ‘an’ determines the sound.
‘A’ is used :
Before a word beginning with a consonant sound.
E.g.: a boy,
a bus,
a building
a one rupee coin,
a hole,
a university,
a union,
a unicorn,
a useful one,
a one eyed man
‘An’ is used:
Before a word beginning with a vowel sound
E.g.: an honest man,
an hour,
an apple.
Before individual letters spoken with vowel sounds
E.g.: an MP,
an MLA,
an M.E. student.
The definite article ‘the’ is used:
Before singular as well as plural numbers; as
the boy,
the boys,
the elephant,
the elephants.
The definite article is used:
To specify the particular noun.
E.g.: The book you gave me is here.
The officer I met is my classmate
Before general things like ocean, rivers and mountains.
E.g.: the Ganges,
the Indian Ocean,

the land,
the Vedas
Before the holy books and epics; as,
the Bible,
the Ramayana
Before superlative degree
E.g.: the best,
the tallest,
the shortest,
the greatest,
the most
Before ordinal numbers
E.g.: the first man, the last bus,
Article the is omitted:
Before a common noun.
E.g.: Man is a social animal.
Schools reopen in June.
Before the names of material.
E.g.: Gold is costly.
Iron is the most useful metal.
Before the names of any person or place.
E.g.: Delhi is the capital city of India.
Obama is the President of the US.
Before abstract noun
E.g.: mercy,
love,
knowledge,
honesty,
sincerity
Article the is avoided before certain places; as,
school,
college,
temple,
table,
hospital,
market, etc.
Note: Article ‘the’ is necessary when these places are visited for other reasons than usual
reason.
Exercise:
1. She is ______ bright girl.
2. He got an opportunity to become __________ richest person.
3. I have a friend who is __________ orphan.
4. I saw _________ hut in___________ forest land.
5. The meeting started late for _________ hour.
6. It was __________ one-day cricket match.
7. He gave a one rupee coin to _________ honest man.
8. The boy saw ___________ snake in his garden.
9. The NATO troops decided to withdraw _____________the country.
10. I went to _____________ village.
11. It was _____________ work of art.

12. It is very difficult to cross ____________ Suez Canal.
13. __________ earth is round.
14. 14. There is _________ apple in ______________ basket
15. 15. We have elected ________________ MLA.
16. My English teacher is ___European.
17. He receives Rs. 500____ month as stipend.
18. _____Bhagawad Gita is ___ holy book.
19. Kalidas is ___Shakespeare of India.
20. _____apple ___ day keeps the doctor away.
21. Every nation has_____ emblem.
22. Necessity is ______mother of invention.
23. None but ______brave deserves good.
24. Sugar is sold twenty seven rupees ____kilo.
25. The guide knows _____way.
26. This is___ pen I saw.
27. She gave birth to ____ male child.
28. What____ sincere boy he is!
29. December is ____ last month of ____year.
30. There is_____ little water in____vessel.
31. Historians recorded ____ events in____ diaries.
THE PREPOSITION
Preposition is a word that is used before a noun or pronoun and gerund to show its
relationship with other.
There are three types of prepositions.
Simple Preposition : on, at, of, to, off, out, with, through
Compound Preposition : about, before inside, beyond, below, behind
Participle Preposition : during, concerning, regarding, pending
Prepositions:
about above behind across after beneath against
along between among amidst by around at near
before despite of down during off except
for onto from further out in inside
outside into away over past round untilsince
up through besides throughout with beyond till
towards below with into under without beside
Examples:
1. I saw him at _____________________________________________.
2. A stone is at _____________________________________________.
3. They are coming from __________ to ________________________.
4. She keeps her money in ____________________________________.
5. I have problem with _______________________________________.
6. The book is on ____________________________________________.
7. He woke up at ___________ a.m.
8. The president continued her speech amidst ____________________.
9. He is talking about ________________________________.
10. Water is running above _____________________________.
11. We should not talk anything below ____________________.

12. Terrorists are hiding in ______________________.
13. The bridge is across ______________________.
14. We will discuss the matter after ______________________.
15. We cannot stand against ______________________.
16. I am proud of ______________________.
17. He came along ______________________.
18. Please, keep the secret among ______________________.
19. The earth goes around ______________________.
20. The Mayor arrives at______________________ 5 p.m.
21. Don’t stand before ______________________.
22. River Vaigai flows through____________________ .
23. It is hot during ____________________ .
24. He came down ____________________ .
25. The man came there with ____________________ .
1. He is interested in……………………………………………….………………………..
2. They are afraid of…………………………………………….....………………………..
3. The old man is lagging behind…………………………………..………………………..
4. You should abide by the rules and regulations of………………..………………………..
5. The class teacher is dealing with………………………….........………………………..
6. He searched for……………………………………………….....………………………..
7. We cannot approve of……………………………………………………………………..
8. None can travel without……………………………………….………………………..
9. The teacher will teach English from…………………………..………………………..
10. We can not use cell phones during…………………………..………………………..
11. I celebrated my birthday on………………………………........………………………..
12. The Vice Chancellor has decided to…………………………....………………………..
14. We go to Nellai from…………………………………………..………………………..
15. The birds are sitting on………………………………………..………………………..
16. The MD has come here in connection with…………………..…………………………..
17. The snake went into…………………………………………...…………………………..
18. The political parties are fighting among……………………….…………………………..
19. Anand has supremacy over…………………………………….…………………………..
20. I will meet you at……………………………………………….……………………..
21. He went near…………………………………………………...…………………………..
22. The students attended the class amidst………………………...…………………………..
23. The doctor came out………………………………………………………………………..
24. Special trains are run during…………………………………..…………………………..
25. We arranged everything for………………………………….....…………………………..
26. He looked into………………………………………………….…………………………..
27. They went on………………………………………………….…………………………..
28. The bus went fast along………………………………………...…………………………..
29. It has been raining throughout……………………………….…………………………
30. The pilgrims came through…………………………………..…………………………..
THE NOUN
Noun is name of any person, place or thing or feeling.

Singular noun boy, box, baby, child, computer, antenna, table, doctor
Plural noun boys, boxes, babies, children, antennae, phenomena
Countable noun one apple, two apples
Uncountable noun some rice, some water
Collective noun furniture, cutlery, equipment, information, respect, sincerity
Concrete noun apple, table, wall, bicycle, chair
Abstract noun honesty, love, fear, happiness
Compound noun bookshelf, word-processor, post man
Common noun apple, computer
Proper noun Kamala, Vimala, Rajesh, Gobi
Partitives, units & quantity Partitives express a part of a whole. They also enable us to
quantify uncountable nouns, e.g. two rices, two bags of rice,
none of the adults, some of the boys, all of the girls, both of the
brothers etc.
THE PRONOUN
Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.
Demonstrative pronoun This was fun.
That was boring.
It was good.
Indefinite pronoun Some were good.
Nobody is there.
Is there any one /anybody/thing?
Interrogative pronoun What? Which? Who? Whom?
Personal pronoun (subjective)I, you, he, she, it, we, you (pl.), they
Personal pronoun (objective) me, you, him, her, it, us, you (pl.), them
Possessive pronoun mine/yours/his/hers/ours/theirs
Reflexive pronoun Bill burned himself on the hot iron.
Emphasizing pronoun The Queen herself visited the disaster victims.
Relative pronoun The man who/that won.
The prize which/that he won.
THE VERB
Finite verb A verb form the use of which is limited by subject and tense,
e.g. I go.
He goes.
He went.
They have gone.
Infinitive He wants to go.
Bare infinitive She can drink coffee.
Let him go.
I made him speak.
To-infinitive She stopped to drink coffee.

His duty is to guide the tourists.
To swim is interesting.
Gerund She stopped drinking coffee.
Telling lies is bad.
She likes dancing.
Present participle Seeing the snake he ran away.
He went running to stop the train.
They informed his parents sending message.
Past participle He came with a broken leg.
The wounded people were rescued.
Educated person should teach the uneducated.
3rd person singular He likes cooking.
She watches TV.
Regular verb She walks.
She walked.
She has walked.
Irregular verb I swim.
I swam.
I have swum.
Auxiliary verb I have won!
He is eating.
Do you smoke?
Modal auxiliary verb You must (had to) go.
We can (could) drive.
He may (might) come.
They will (would) win.
I shall (should) write to the manager.
You ought to complain.
THE ADVERB
Adverb modifies verb. Some adverbs are given below.
happily, sadly, continuously, early, neatly, badly,
gladly, skillfully, presently, sweetly, usually, occasionally,
unfortunately, undoubtedly, fast, primarily, firstly, secondly,
finally, actually, perfectly, possibly, arrogantly, kindly,
politely, affectionately, lovingly, thoughtfully, boldly, thoroughly,
likely, sincerely, simply, lazily,
Example:
1. Jenny works hard and carefully.
2. I never smoke but I sometimes drink alcohol.
3. Anne drives slowly but safely.
4. She lives abroad.
5. Today he is still unwell.
6. Why/when/where/how did he go?

7. The town where I was born is this.
8. Hopefully she'll come.
9. She definitely ought to.
THE ADJECTIVE
Correct order of adjectives Opinion size shape age shade color pattern origin material
I have a lovely large round new bright red and white striped Spanish cotton
tablecloth.
1. I saw a heavy drinker.
2. He drank a lot of alcohol).
3. The train was late.
4. The drinker was heavy. (= he weighed a lot)
5. Dick is kind and generous.
6. Dan is even kinder and more generous than Dick.
7. Whose party? Which restaurant? What time?
8. This/that book is interesting.
9. These/those pens are smooth.
10. Each/every/either/neither girl is wise.
11. All/both boys are good.
The following are adjective
angry bad bold brave bright busy
cheep costly cunning dangerous dull gentle
good happy high hungry important sad
intelligent lazy low mad marvelous wide
meticulous neat obedient panicky perfect kind
rough rude sincere soft strong thoughtful
sweet talkative tall thirsty

present tense

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