Urban China - How to be Holistic?

M.U.D - Market-driven Unitentional Development development zones* MONOSPRAWL urban - rural income gap growth population growth GDP growth POLICYSPRAWL uneven landreforms TRANSSPRAWL INFRASPRAWL urban income growth DCF Sprawl Derivatives remittances hukou* migration to townships development zones* rural income growth hukou* reforms and villages SPEEDSPRAWL nces remitta = conversion* hukou* migration to urban augmenting urban - rural income gap population growth GDP growth periphery TVE* growth, dispersed development in townships and villages non-hukou migration semi urbanized villages*, floating villages* xiao kang* society, suburban upgrade*, employment in TVEs* rollover* doorstep urbanization* rural labour surplus urban income growth urban population growth footprint per capita growth service space and growth infrastructure remittances hukou* migration to townships rural income growth SCATTERED URBAN and villages hukou* reforms brickification*, upgrade* ces n remitta EXPANSION = conversion* hukou* migration to urban periphery TVE* growth, dispersed development policy sprawl* in townships and villages non-hukou migration semi urbanized villages*, floating villages* rollover* SCATTERED URBAN EXPANSION policy sprawl* How To Be Holistic?

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和谐二元体 Market capitalism in its purest form received a deathblow in 2008. Not because of the global economic melt-down, but because of the sudden erosion of its Harmonizing the Hybrid underlying ideology. Alan Greenspan, the oracle of the free market, conceded incompetence: “The idea of the last forty years, that the markets were best to 文/何新城 regulate themselves was flawed [...] some of the critical pillars underlying market competition arguably, have failed”. Text/Neville MARS In the months that followed stimulus packages took the world by storm. Words 2008年，市场资本主义的单纯形式遭受了致命一击。原因并非全球 like bailout were uttered by the starkest economic conservatives, while American +1 经济的崩溃，而是基本意识形态所受的突然冲蚀。艾伦·格林斯潘，自由 Towards the Chinese Dream in 8 Steps liberals suddenly opposed the idea of government spending fearing it might just 市场的大哲人，亦承认了能力不足：“在过去40年，相信市场最好还是 line the pockets of those who corrupted the system in the first place. The world’s 自我调控的观点是有误的……某些支撑市场竞争的关键支柱，可以说倒塌 political financial logic turned upside down. The contradictions in the economic belief system brutally revealed themselves in sheer apathy. Billions of dollars were 了”。之后数月，各种经济刺激方案席卷全 allocated to rescue the economy, 球。当最顽固的经济保守派大喊“救市” but no clear objective to spend 时，美国的自由派却突然反对政府大量开 the money could be 支，担心这只会让罪魁们中饱私囊。整个世 formulated. 界的政治金融逻辑似乎在瞬间颠倒，经济信仰体系的矛盾暴露。美国政府拨款数十亿拯救经济，却未有清楚的目标。警告中国4.2万亿经济刺激方案引来了大量争议。也许是太冲动、难以实施，而且让地方政府承担总预算的四分之三，在房地你产业不景气的时刻未免牵强。然而，即使这一措施有效，我们仍需提出一个更深刻的问题——为什么一定要维持8％的GDP增长率？这一贯彻了十年之久的观念最初是为了人为地保障就业及社会稳定，但却与市场经济原则相悖、并与防止经济过热的目标冲突。不可否认，维持平衡相当艰难，但很明显，中央政府将一如既往地选择更快增长而非经济放缓。波及西方世界的危机应该是有力的警告，但事关中国未来发展的根本问题却仍未触及。审视现代性强大的经济倚赖于快速城市化。然而，建设的加速度导致了许多根本问题—— 从大规模拆迁所致的住房紧张到肆无忌惮 16 17 梦魇体插画-文/SPEEDISM [朱利安•弗里道尔＋皮特简•金寇斯] A post-heroic scenario for the Chinese Dream. Illustration-Text/SPEEDISM A post-heroic scenario against the Chinese Dream. [Julian FRIEDAUER + Pieterjan GINCKELS A post-heroic magic ingredient to maintain the Chinese Dream. www.speedism.net Chinese future = bright +I : *THE DREAMING DOOMDRAGON* 后英雄大戏，为中国梦服务；后英雄大戏，打倒中国梦； SPEEDISM peeks behind the D*R*E*A*M panorama, where the D*R*E*A*M [omnivorously happy] 后英雄式神秘配方，永葆中国梦 will be 100% real and nothing ever happens. Behind that stage there lurks 中国的未来＝一片光明 a content Doom, the twin to a sad dream bubble waiting to burst. Doom SPEEDISM踱步走进梦中风景，渐渐步向终结。 Dough is the resulting urban landscape revealed in 8+1 steps that take us SPEEDISM透过D*R*E*A*M的幕布向外窥望，唯有D*R*E*A*M百分之百真实， deeper into a happy future where Doom and Dream become one... 除此之外什么都不存在，什么也从未存在。舞台后面，潜伏着志得意满的梦魇，悲梦的双生子，即将破碎。梦魇体是始作俑的城市景观，8 +1步，步步呈 I : niPod tower [holy holism], la tour idéale; height 250m, 8+1 floors. 现，带领我们接近美好未来，在此Doom与Dream合二为一…… II : Mama-Papa tower [be careful! the post-orgasmic urban orgy is so 1：你Pod塔 [神圣的整体性] ，拉斐尔理想；高250米，8 +1层。 permanent]; height 375m, 51+62 floors. 2：慈母严父塔 [小心！后高潮城市狂欢永无止尽] ；高375米，51＋62层。 III : Jiao Zi tower [growing to become hole]; height 348m, 100 floors. 3：饺子塔 [逐渐长成一个洞]；高348米，100层。 IV : Caged tower [all we need is fear]; height 230m, 75000m² retail surface 4：笼子塔 [我们只需敬畏]；高230米，75000平零售。 V : CMYK Tower [render reality in a grey loop]; height 8+1Gb RAM. 5：四色塔（CMYK） [在灰色环中上演现实]；高度初始化中，8 +1 Gb内存。 VI : Partyworld tower [there is only you!]; height 385m, 8+1 dance floor. 6：派对世界塔 [只有你！]；高385米，8 +1舞厅。 VII : Jade tomb [big business is dead, long live big business]; height 227m, 56 7：翡翠墓 [大企业已死，大企业当立]；高227米，56层。 floors. 8：P [后直觉Goo]；大目录8.8 +1 + I；做梦的恶龙随时随地，欢天喜地 .I.G VIII : P [Post-Intuitive Goo]; body mass index 8.8+1. .I.G

的市场投机。当闪电式城市化已过而立之年，我们应该问，这是否 Warnings collective (even global) progress have surfaced. This is true for the crises in the 一国两力 housing market, but equally for the augmenting environmental pressures felt 仍是人们想要的、可被接受的模式。我们需要评估高速增长的质量，以及 Much critique has also been raised about China’s 4.2 trillion RMB stimulus particularly at an individual level in the emerging economies. So far government 它塑造的社会。可惜并无先例或范本。我们不能根据前30年的经验来预 package. It might be too impulsive, difficult to implement and indeed too 迥异于30年前的是，中国地图不再是可任意作为的白板*。今天，中 initiated urbanization has been an effective tool to offset mounting social tensions expensive at a time of a real-estate slow-down for local governments to cough 测这辆‘东方快车’的方向；中国也不能照搬其他已成功国家曾经的方国的经济――与其他任何地方一样――与城市的地理条件密切关联。成功 against bright new developments. In a magical show of central might the outside up 3/4 of the sum. However, assuming the effectiveness of this measure, there 向。30年间，世界已翻天覆地。西方工业国家线性的经济发展已经不够的社会主义－市场经济的二元体与它一手造成的界限模糊的城乡二元体－ world (and China’s hinterland), were presented with the highest achievement of is a more profound question we should raise. Why must an impressive 8% three decades of top-down planning and orchestration. For a month in August 用。个人财富和整体进步（甚至全球进步）之间的微妙关联已浮出水面。不幸却越来越不融合。新的城市景观复杂多变，如规划只是将孤立的项目 annual growth rate be upheld in the first place? This decade old concept aimed the air was clean, even the rain was controlled, but soon after smoggy clouds 这不仅在危机突现的房地产市场、也在新兴经济中个体承受的环境压力上 to artificially safeguard employment - and with it stability - flies in the face of 简单排列，那么这相悖于投资有先后的特性。我们需要的是空间与投资关 rolled back over Beijing. Similarly actions to tackle the post-Olympic slowdown China’s move to a market economy, moreover it contradicts the stated ambitions 升中得到体现。迄今为止，政府启动的城市化已成为一个有效工具，它成系相协调的规划。强大的、自下而上的经济也在广泛而体系化地生长，与 were confronted with the harsh reality of a real-estate slum. The limits of artificial to prevent its economy from overheating. The task of this balancing act is 功打消了开发所加剧的社会对立情绪。而在显中央神威的魔法秀中，呈现自上而下的经济及其规划机制平行。尽管是两个遥远的世界，却彼此促 growth have been reached. undeniably daunting, yet it seems clear the central government will invariably 给外国（和中国内陆）的是30年自上而下的规划与协调的最高成就。整进。当中国宏观地规划着它的城市和形像，微观项目之累加也在扩张着城 opt for faster growth over a slow down. The extensive crisis in the West should Preconditions 个八月，空气清新，连雨水也受控，但不久后烟雾即滚滚回京。类似应对市景观，以市场化无序开发的形式，或者说MUD* （如下图所示）。 provide a strong warning, yet fundamental questions about China’s future are still In addition to the strategic contradictions, there are plenty of practical challenges 后奥运经济放缓的措施还遭遇了房地产市场的严峻现实。人为促增长的界 not addressed. facing China’s stimulus package. But unlike Wall Street's demand for a blind 限似乎已经到来。隐匿的现实 Unlearning Modernity check, at least China has been extremely precise in defining how it wants to 观察MUD的构成会粉碎对草根城市与协调景观最坚定的信仰。在街 allocate the money. The targets primed for investment range from society and A strong economy depends on fast urbanization. Yet many basic problems can 前提 livelihood (housing security, medical care and education), to infrastructure (rural 道层面，中国新城市空间被细致规划得十分完美，而同样精致的孤岛型开 be contributed to the accelerated pace of construction, ranging from housing infrastructure, the power grid, railways, highways and airports), the environment 除了战略性矛盾外，中国的经济刺激方案面临诸多现实的挑战。然 shortage as a result of large-scale demolition policies to rampant speculation. 发项目连绵成片，两者共同展现了宏观规划的有机体系。中国下一阶段的 (ecological protection After precisely 30 years of flash urbanization we need to ask if this is still a 而与华尔街只要空白支票不同，中国在界定钱的拨配问题上非常明确。投最大挑战就是如何将这两股力量汇聚。这很困难，不仅因为发展的速度， and water desired, even acceptable model. We need to assess the specific qualities of 向领域包括社会、民生（住房保障、医疗保健和教育）、基础设施建设更由于中国有悖常理的现实。与日俱增的华丽与貌似现代的外表，城市化 treatment), to high-speed growth and the type of environments and society it produces. （农村基础设施、电网、铁路、公路和机场）、环境（生态保护和水治 post-disaster 的有机本质却被掩盖。其结果是，政策和规划措施只会在特定范畴内合 Unfortunately there are no precedents. We cannot evaluate the direction reconstruction. 理）以及灾后重建。这些都是有明确方针目标的实干工程，将为中国的发理，即今天我们所面对的问题。对明天将必然出现的情势却全无应对，它 of this fast moving train based on the conditions it left behind 30 All are hands- 展带来一丝新变。这一国家建设的方法，是以大规模的刺激为基础，加上 years ago. Nor can China determine its intended direction based 们终会沦为问题制造者。空间碎片化，社会分层化等中国城市景观的种种 on projects on what other countries have achieved. In three decades 谨慎放行的自下而上的创业精神。而从改革伊始，这就被证明是成功的妙分立又加深了。机会之窗亦被关上。 with a clear the world has dramatically changed. Linear economic 方。在没有更好的定义时，社会主义与市场 directive development along the lines a n d 经济的二元体恐怕要算最佳描述。当西界定形态 of western industrial purpose 方资本主义岌岌可危之时，中国的经 nations will no longer 建筑业不断发展，疯狂地加速运转以满足新城市的需求，全面的融 that suffice. The minute 济刺激方案提供了一次认真定义设计、研究及教育于一体、能创造未来景观的的系统却未出现。中国城市 should interconnections 社会主义市场经济体制的良 help 的组件寥寥数日即可设计出炉，但之后的MUD布局却要被固化数十年。 between give 机。但这有一个前提：我 individual 经济不再是城市化的唯一们需要思考并追踪它 prosperity 前提，城市形态反而日益 and 将如何塑造社会与重要地塑造着经济潜力。景观。其长期影响难以被高估。一项美洲、亚洲和欧洲城市空间构成的比较研究显示了它在能耗、生产力、创意甚至包括犯罪率和幸福感方面的作用。要超越建筑群或开发区的范畴进 18 19

行设计，与打造我们的和谐社会一样艰巨。 nuance to China’s ongoing development. This method of nation building, based on China's new urban realms look perfectly micro-planned while the same polished the ensuing MUD configurations then fixed for decades. Yet the economy is no large-scale incentives coupled with a careful release of island developments at the scale of the region merge together to reveal macro- longer just a prerequisite for urbanization, instead urban patterns are increasingly 与世界其他地区不同，中国还可期待下一个30年的增长，以及唯一 organic systems. The biggest challenge for China’s next phase is to consciously shaping future economic potential. The long-term effects can hardly be 的机会去调合散点城市扩张的结果。接纳了城市的动态本质，密度便可 bottom-up entrepreneurialism has been the success formula from the beginning of address these two forces as a single dynamic. This is difficult, not just because overestimated. A comparison between the spatial constitution of American, Asian 成为让发展流畅的有效工具。我们依然可以放弃国家－市场机器安排的 the reform era. It is, for lack of a definition, the best way to describe the socialist of the development speed, but because of the counterintuitive reality China is and European cities reveals the impact on energy use, productivity, creativity, even 静态的、了无生气的布局，前提是我们鼓励一个（真正自由的）自由市 market hybrid. With Western capitalism in disrepair China’s stimulus package producing. Increasingly slick and superficially modern, the organic nature of its crime rates and happiness. Designing the city beyond the scale of the compound 场采纳灵活的城市框架――它不仅更具可持续性，在这个跌宕起伏的时 presents a real opportunity to mindfully define the socialist market economy. But urbanization remains concealed. As a result policies and planning measures are or development zone is becoming as difficult as harmonizing society itself. there is a precondition: that we consider and map how it will likely shape society rational only to the extent that they address what is seemingly in front of us 代也更利于投资。短期的经济增长可能有助于稳定，快速城市化阻碍了 and landscape. today. Unresponsive to an inevitably different reality tomorrow they ultimately But unlike the rest of the world, China can anticipate another three decades 开发商和类似机构进行革新、寻求多元，并破坏了质量导向的竞争。 contribute to the problems. Spatially fragmented, socially divided the schisms of growth; a unique opportunity to coordinate its scattered organic expansion. 当房地产市场走出供方市场时，这本是我们的期待。 One Nation, Two Forces that characterize China’s urban landscape widen. The window of opportunity is Embracing the dynamic nature of the city, density itself becomes an effective tool closing. to streamline growth. We can still abandon the static and sterile layouts the state- Unlike three decades ago, China’s map can no longer be approached as a tabula market machine generates, if we encourage a free free market to adopt flexible 路线图 rasa*. Today, China’s economy - as any where else - is entirely interconnected Defying Patterns urban frameworks - this is not just more sustainable but more investment-friendly with its urban geographic conditions. Unfortunately, the success of the socialist- 任何推动经济发展或让社会和谐的理想，其关键都在于我们对城 in these turbulent times. Short-term economic growth might support stability, market hybrid is increasingly at odds with the blurred rural-urban hybrid it While the building industry has evolved, tremendously accelerating its 市愿景的全局把握。讽刺的是，中国的前奥运规划好比西医：治疗单 fast pace urbanization discourages developers and institutes alike to innovate and produces. The new landscape is complex and dynamic; operations to meet the demand for new cities, a comprehensive diversify, undermining the quality-driven competition we could expect as the real- 独病症时又快又猛。现在完成过半，后奥运中国必须开始启用自己的 ill-suited to investments as a blunt listing of isolated design, research and education system needed to estate market moves away from a suppliers’ market. 模式，从粗糙的超大工程疗法转向更广泛的规划哲学。这个改变既紧 objectives. Precisely the awe-inspiring gains that have answer how best to produce the future landscape been made, now dictate a shift towards coordinated is still not in place. The components of 迫又重大；既需即刻执行也需持之以恒。规划师不能再躲在“不能 Roadmap spatial-economic planning. Parallel to the top-down China's cities are designed in days; 不无限妥协”这类借口背后，仅仅为了在中国市场立足。规划师必 economy and its planning apparatus a powerful Any ambition to either support the economy or engineer the harmonious society 须承认，设计不是画草图，设计过程也不是选用哪种风格的问题， bottom-up economy has generated a pervasive hinges on our commitment to an holistic urban vision. Ironically, pre-Olympic 而是克服困扰中国式地产开发的一切固有矛盾与障碍。我们大家 organic growth. Two worlds that fear each Chinese planning can best be compared to Western medicine: fast and powerful in other, yet feed off each other. While tackling isolated problems. 都是城市化进程的同谋，也是解决方案不可缺少的一分子。 China macro-plans its cities and icons, 本期《城市中国》的路线图为我们展示了通向另一种 aggregated micro-projects expand Now half-way complete, post-Olympic China must start drawing on its own 未来的道路集合。基于动态城市基金会的研究，以及来 the urban landscape in the form of models, and switch from crude mega-project medication to a broader planning 自世界各地设计师和机构的投稿，我们构建的框架 more Market-driven Unintentional philosophy. This change is both urgent and drastic; its implementation needs to Development, or MUD* (as be both immediate and long-term. Designers can no longer hide behind the much 让独立的点子汇聚成了一幅更大的概念拼图。在 illustrated below). vaunted excuse ‘endless flexibility is acceptable’ in order to survive in the Chinese 城市运转的不同规模之间，在中国的经济刺激 market. While developers will need to accept that design is not drafting, and that 方案的各部分之间，关联性一点点被塑造。 Concealed Reality the design the process is less a question of applying stylistic cues than a means to 但要警告的是：这并不像连线游戏那样 Observing MUD overcome the contradictions and hurdles that plague China’s development. All of 简单，它不再是黑与白、好与坏的选 formations fractures us involved in the urbanization process are accomplices and we are all an integral the persistent beliefs part of the solution. 择。相反，在每一个交汇点上，我 in both the grass- 们都需要对短期收益和长期投 This issue of Urban China offers a roadmap to mark out a collective route to an roots city and the 资进行反复思量。 orchestrated alternative future. Based on the research by the Dynamic City Foundation and landscape. with contributions from designers and institutes from across the globe, we have At street produced a framework in which the individual ideas come together to form a larger level conceptual patchwork. Step by step correlations are forged between the scales on which the city operates and between the components of China’s stimulus package. But be warned: it is not as straight-forward as join-the-dots, no longer as black and white as good and bad options. Instead, at every junction, we’ll need to think twice about short- term gains and long-term investment. 20 21

世界/WORLD 国家/NATION 发展不等于进步！ NOT ALL DEVELOPMENT IS PROGRESS! 22 23

4.2 中国，中国，继续成长吧！但不能这样！不是叫你停！快快快！得更好！ CHINA KEEP GROWING! BUT NOT LIKE THAT! I DON'T MEAN STOP! HURRY UP ALREADY! ONLY BETTER! 文/阿德里安·霍恩斯比 Text/Adrian HORNSBY 1. 中国中国，继续成长吧！ China China, 万亿? Keep Growing! 我们正身处全球风暴之中。美国卑躬屈膝地祈求外界注入现金；银行惨淡经营，价格下跌，货柜船空载到岸。而中国――世界上最全球化的国家之一――已明确表示：它为全球稳定所做更慢：的“最大贡献”将是对自身经济平稳运行更快：然而中国的速度正在沦为自己的拖累。那个耳熟的勉力维持。根本上说，风高浪急之时，一现代性的地位已经相当牢固；更快就是更能详的借口——设计没时间为将来考虑——正迅好。加速增长就是经济活力的明证。保增切只能指望自己。速变为自我实现的预言。接受经济放缓是催生大长是确保社会安定和让中产阶级继续壮大局观的天然良机。我们需要柔缓的梦想来补给中第一步的唯一方法。速度让“中国梦”延续。国超速的现实。有充分理由相信，这将符合全世界的最大利益。西方经济放缓之时，全球经济逐渐转向依赖 SLOWER: STEP FASTER: But China’s raucous speed is catching 中国来维持某种增长的表象；若中国现在也陷入衰 Modernity has firmly established; up with itself. The general excuse there 退，这将把整个世界卷入螺旋式下滑的轨道。所幸的 faster is always better. Accelerated is no time to design with consideration 1 growth is testament of economic 是，全球仍然信心十足。普遍认为，中国的经济增长 for the future, is fast becoming a self- momentum. Keeping growth on pace fulfilling prophecy. Accepting the economic 相当可靠，因为它并非建立在某种单一、有限的资源之 is the only way to safeguard stability slowdown is a natural opportunity to 上，比如石油（如俄罗斯），而是以中国工人不断提升的 and ongoing expansion of the conceive an holistic vision. We must 24 25 middle-class. Speed is what keeps 生产效率为基础。他们有什么原因要停止工作、停止赚钱 supplement China’s fast pace reality with the Chinese Dream alive. slow dreams immediately. 呢？然而，稍微仔细观察就能发现一副更脆弱的图景。过去二十年间，中国经济的增长由双引擎驱动，城市化和商品出口在两侧助燃。目前出口渐趋减少。相对于十五年来持续为２６％的年出口增长态势，西方的衰退已在2008年导致了2％的下滑。因此，出口已成一大阻力而非动力。与此同时，中央政府愈来愈关心城市土地征购问题。过去十五年中国的城市面积急遽膨胀了2.5倍。如今，由于担心耕种能力将持续丧失，政府规定至少需保留一亿两千万公顷的农业用地。这就是目前所剩无几的面积，而可供城市发展的空间就更稀少而宝贵了。商品出口与城市扩张的陡然下滑，齐齐袭来成为两股吹向增长浪潮的强风。过去曾主导中国物质与社会景观转型的快速城市化模式，现在却被现实前景哽住呼吸：没有用于发展的新土地，没有发展所需的资本投资，也没有令发展圆满的最后一个环节即销售所需的国外市场。事实证明，中国的增长远远不是所谓的资源独立型，事实上它严重依赖于两大截然不同的资源，而直到最近人们依然预设它们无限无穷。这两者分别是西方消费者的财富，以及中国本身的大国之大。然而，在世界如此需要它们的此时此刻，它们却双双显出令人不安的疲惫之态。

4．快快快！ 2．但不能这样！ HURRY UP ALREADY! BUT NOT LIKE THAT! 即将到来的移民潮构成了中国最大的挑战：由风行“即兴主义”（ad hocism）的前奥运城市潮，进步到更成熟、更具可持续性的后奥运城市社会。这其次，借助增长模式中的快速城市化，不平衡的问题同一必然过程在空间上也许并不普遍，但却会牵涉到更多的人――将有更多的人进样出现在中国国内。同样也是90年代初，鼓励地方官员以企入城市，带着更大的期望，成为更庞大且不容质疑的存在。中国通过维持自身经业家的方式提升GDP的中央政策开始实施。这引发了一场多济平稳运行为世界做出巨大贡献，其重点将是管理涌入的大潮及重新引导增长能中国就了“ 自层次的城市化热潮。发展地方GDP的最佳手段莫过于刺激城市之和造力。以上两事，势在必行。且需争分夺秒。了的生长化规模证明，化，而地方官员为城市化筹集必需资金的最佳方法¬——莫过于下而上挤市下和自描不到的城屡屡遭到排未来出售手里最多的东西：土地。中国各地各级别的官员纷纷收购自上而雷达扫管限。尽定的因素，。土地，拆除干净，并以出售使用权的方式转售给城市开发商，再速度” 划的严重局真正稳家规上而下市化才是国所。用现金去履行基础设施建设的承诺，全力打造光鲜亮丽的市中心之城民间的口才有安身 e- ined r . 蓝图。根据市场改革的原则，这些程序应该留待它们自己实现，现实对照 comb 人迁徙的 h is the -up growt 并根据公报的GDP数据对其进行评估。结果是一场混乱无序、原 eed’ a- m ina Sp and botto ar urbaniz f 子化的、泛滥全中国的建设狂潮，数以千计的中小城市同时迅速 Ch The ‘ top-down o ad the r mitations - Y REALIT 扩大――甚至扩张到过去属于农村的地区――疯狂地为招商引资 w f sult o ale of belo severe li u contin n c 而竞争。在竞争白热化的大气候中，羽翼未丰的发展中城市纷纷 h The s veals the g. Thoug anizatio rb re in itu, u factor plann CHECK 加入这场杀气浓的削价战，提供给产业发展的土地越来越便宜，税 tion e in s izing own top-d ushed asid rue stabil f tion o 收政策越来越宽松，监管越来越少。接踵而至的是无组织的土地过 1 igra t p ously nation’s ate the m 度消费，而规章制度、规划和施工质量的缺乏更为严峻。 od is the accomm to able ture. 事实上，这应该早就是显而易见的事情，如果能考虑到“快速 the fu 城市化－出口最大化”的态度在本质上就不可持续。首先，在更大的规划安排中，出口始终需要保持平衡。过去十多年来，中国一直维持着巨大的对美贸易顺差，出口远大于进口，以美元储备了大量贸易收益。结果是美国国内低息信贷泛滥，这维持了经济繁荣，但却创造了巨量债务。任何一家商店老板都知道，你不能总是通过借贷给客 5.只能变得更好！户来让他们继续购买你的产品。当下的全球金融危机清楚表明：解决积重难返的全球不平衡问题已经迫在眉睫。 ONLY GROW BETTER! 而在与地方上暗箱交易的保护下，工厂老板横行无阻，几乎不受近期城市化（即猖獗的土地征购和大量临时人口所推动的中央规划或市场现实的约束。他们固然生产了廉价的出口商品，但宏原子化发展态势）的特点可说是五轮齐动向前飞驰。也就是让观结构却被打上了地方保护主义的烙印，而土地滥用更令其千疮百各地同时城市化。这是种单向度、非理性的膨胀，全球金融危机孔。前土地所有者的公然示威说明了这一问题。2007年，官方纪录轻而易举就将之击溃。但中国4.2万亿人民币经济刺激方案的出台了8万起发生在中国各地的大规模抗议活动：这一数字是1992年数却代表了这种做法的终结。它是对中央政府职能的明确认知，如果字的10倍。其中一半以上都直接与土地问题相关。事情真放任自流，五个轮子将会脱链，而整架马车将滚进水沟。该经济刺激不能这么继续下去了。方案就是那只掌控缰绳的操纵之手。显然，经济刺激方案最大的组成部分是国家级基础设施建设。铺设新道路、铁路和机场网络，必然导致各城市根据各自贯通程度而合理化地分层。重中之重将是国家电网的发展，它将决定未来城市增长的形与量。重工业可以遵循分布式发电系统，而设置在城外运煤车的终点附近。城市中心将变得更高端并更依赖IT产业，逐渐串连并挂靠在交织的供电线路上。中央在供电线路和发电厂方面的投入，很大程度上将承担起国家和区域规划迄今为止依然未尽的责任。 3．不是叫你停！从较低的层面看，积极的业主与新兴的城市房地产市场将成为改善城市整合进程的 I’M NOT SAYING STOP! 原则路径。原子化模式鼓励了城市间白炙化的竞争，以及随之而来的波动与市场的短视行为。然而，若地方官员有了一定管制力度，国有银行对实际土地交易和相关投资结构也有所掌控，从城市居民的角度来看，城市内的市场事实上是被限制过头了。将对市场自由的然而，本质性结构混乱却令原子城市化模式能够适应后奥运时代关注从节点转移到空间上的竞争，这将调动起消费者的积极性，成为第二只――这回是“看的中国。与此同时，政策纵容了无处不在的地方官僚的政绩创业精神，不见”的――操纵之手。较之官方鞭策的GDP面积与数据所组成的市场，后奥运时代中国城市以及对超大城市的固有偏好。在城市化全面启动的90年代，由前任领导人江的真正竞争发生在真正的公寓、商店、办公室、休闲和文化空间等地方。在此，主角变成住在城泽民和朱镕基开拓的上海模式，必然对沿海的经济特区（SEZ）有所偏爱。这中、购买项目的人们。重构城市增长使之更紧贴需求，这将有效防御可能出现的泡沫，并同时攫些区域可以利用其独特的进出口地位和它们高水准的国际知名度，吸引更多外资，取更多住宅投资资本。从而超越了喧嚣的内陆城市。深层的结构性优势使超大城市更容易吸引人力资本，有的来自国内的毕业生群体，更有来自异国的人才，因为此时这些超大城市已成为朝着这个方向迈出的重要一步，同时也是新措了面向世界的国际中心。施的一部分，就是按揭贷款的首期付 26 27 款降低20％至30％移民问题将城市的不连贯性表现得最为明显。即使在某些条件下有所松缓，但户口制度的继续存在就意味着从农村到城市的人口迁徙将继续受到限制。因此，当国家经济增长的成果偏向城市，城市化的移民则被鼓励离开村庄而不是离开农村，这创造了高水平的省内人口迁移和流动人口规模。身处被管理的灰色地带，流动人口一直是最不稳定的城市居民――人口组成中波动最大的部分，他们为城市鞠躬尽瘁，但却被禁止融入城市的基本结构。这种不稳定的人口迁徙对城市发展有两大危害。首先，与所处的临时环境之间没有归属关系，临时移民对周围环境的个人或财务投资水平都较低。没有固定居民，当地置产门槛越低，业主对城市开发环境就会恶化到标准之下，但这些都欣然得到了容忍，因为它们被视为了短期问题。关的反应就越热烈，开发商的影响就越小（但首付过低又会导致投机现键在于，对于流动人口来说，这些的确是短期问题，但对成长中的城市来说却是严峻的象再次激增，负资产的风险也会增大）。这个转向蕴含的更深但同样刺激性的暗示，是它将令现实。城市正备受煎熬。其次，财务投资没有被流动人口注入城市环境，而是以汇款的更多的钱落入消费者自己的口袋。原本局限在住房上的现金得到释放并进入城市零售领域，这是真正未被世界形式转向流出，流向那些被认为是更稳定、更长久的地方，比如移民出发的地方。其结性危机破坏的牛市。果导致了城市生产创造的资本流出了城市，流入农村而不是为城市的发展提供资金支持。因此，最需要投资的地方（换言之，钱从何处产生就应该投入这里的下一步发展）当中国的出口贸易开始紧缩，国内的消费却强劲攀升，2008年零售额增长了22 ％。这无疑是个鼓舞人心的消息，却现金短缺。这种倒退并非停留在概念上，移民规模将在未来一段时期内加剧，这一尤其考虑到中国的消费者还只是总体GDP较小的贡献者（不到四分之一，而美国则达到了四分之三），它为未来扩张留下事实令情况更加严峻。以前，城市规模和面积的膨胀导致了城市人口的大幅增加，且的巨大空间令人遐想。事实上，是新贵消费者涌入他已安居的城市，计划如何花掉薪水，推动并完成这股增长潮。只有将因此并入了过去的农村人口，而未来的城市增长则很可能大部分来自农村人口的涌 “他”置于其位，才能将增长点从逐渐瓦解的国家主控、出口导向的运作转移至由消费者主控、以国内消费为主导的销售。入。中型城市未来将有40至50 ％的人口是移民。但难道他们都只抱有某种临时的期望吗？如果在一个城市中，过半数的人口并不认为自己真正住在这里，这将意味着什随着全球风暴的东徙，中国中产阶层的都市购物者――一手拎着大包小包，另一手握着房地产广告画册――站在风暴眼么呢？中，仰头凝望。

往沦，规划往不图的速度，也了绘制地似前瞻的模式超越当城市化哪怕是给出貌发现实。；自为马后炮些已然存在的现实对照 ster 某过是反映 even fa n- occurs la ce of p g; ation urbaniz p, the practi plannin Y When REALIT a t- to pos m e can dels than w ften reduced ro-active mo e o p flect th ing is nsibly than re n g oste CHECK scribin o more y in place. pre ly d n bare lread that ca ous reality a 2 ntane spo 省际 interprovincial 省内 intraprovincial 今后15年的转变* 同地区内 within the same district 30% 45% 25% CONVERSION 城市生长将集中 VS. 往返迁移* 在小城市及县城， ROLLOVER MIGRATION 而非大都市。来源：2000年第五次人口普查 Source: 5th Population Census, 2000 Urban growth in the next 15 years will occur predominantly in the 城市往城市移民/ urban to urban migration: 20.5% small cities and townships, NOT in the megacities. 农村往城市移民/ rural to urban migration: 51.5% 事实上，城市化进程始终围绕着小城市（居民少于75 万），这是效率最低的城市发展阶段。如果将来城市化以该水平进行，将无法超越城市的临界点，也不能进化成拥有紧凑的中型乃至大型市中心的城市体系。城市往农村移民/urban to rural migration: 5% In fact, urbanization revolves around the small cities 农村往农村移民/ rural to rural migration: 23% 28 29 (<750,000 inhabitants). This is the settlement size with 225 人口 900 the least efficient footprint. If future urbanization continues to occur at this level the result will be an /p 来源：2000年第五次人口普查 200 800 opu urbanity without the critical mass* required to Source: 5th Population Census, 2000 latio evolve into a system of compact mid-sized and 175 700 large urban centers. n1 150 600 997 500 125 自上而下：自下而上：中国集体城市景观的私有化最终是件国家然而所有自上而下的激励政策――从经济特区到 population （x 1,000,000) 400 100 Landuse per capita (m2) 事务。举国一致、自上而下的激励政策成社会主义新农村――仍需个人来实现。要更强功已改变了所有城市。各地的市场领袖一大，中国就必须支持他们奋斗。要更健康，就必 2030 300 75 块地一块地、迅速改变着整个国家；一切须让这些个体行为混乱的有机本质变得流畅、有 lation 人均土地使用面积 popu 都在高效的规划与控制中进行着。序；要繁荣，就要将他们的多元化视为生机的源第二步 / 人口 200 50 泉，取消一切排挤他们的僵死的城市规划。 100 25 STEP TOP-DOWN: BOTTOM-UP: Privatizing China’s collective urban Yet most top-down incentives - from the 0 0 landscape is ultimately a state affair. special economic zones to the new socialist 村寨与村庄大村/乡小城镇中型城市大城市超大城市 2 Nationally top-down incentives have village - are actualized by individuals. To hamlets large small medium large extra successfully transformed entire grow strong, China must support their and villages / towns sized cities large cities. While locally designated efforts. To grow healthy it must streamline villages townships cities cities 人均土地使用面积（1997）和各居住地类型的人口分布情况（1997年及1030年） market leaders are plot by plot the muddled organic nature of their efforts; swiftly transforming the nation; all to thrive, their diversity embraced as a Land use per capita (1997) and population distribution according to settlement types efficiently planned and controlled. source of liveliness that can supplement (1997 and 2030) the sterile urban plans that are pushing 来源：费纳，米诗文（音译），威利·施米德，“迎接未来城市化的挑战”，2001年。 them aside. Source: Feiner, J., Shiwen Mi, Willy A. Schmid, ‘Meeting the Challenge of Future Urbanization’, 2001

政策蔓生 uneven landreforms (反）城市情结 + 爱/惧 (Anti) Urban Sentiment + Love / fear 上世纪五十年代伊始，中国城市规划的各层面被恐惧参透：对拥挤中心的恐惧，对于自主发展的 POLICYSPRAWL* 恐惧，对于不可控制的城市空间的恐惧。而后从八十年代开始，对于城市的爱火缓慢重燃。而 development zones* 户口制度仍然强悍着。若要拯救城市、与散点城市扩张作战，我们不能给任何反城市的情绪或政策以立足之地。 rural population growth Since the early fifties, at every level fear has permeated China’s planning decisions: urban - rural income gap growth population growth GDP growth fear of overcrowding centers, fear of erratic growth, fear of unmanageable cityscapes. Then from the eighties onwards slowly a love for the city again rekindled. However , the urban registration system has remained in place. To save the city and combat scattered urban expansion we cannot allow any anti-urban sentiments or policies to linger. xiao kang* society, suburban upgrade*, employment in TVEs* 蔓生衍生品 doorstep urbanization* urban income growth Sprawl Derivatives rural labour surplus urban population ‘蔓生’本来是个中性词，如今却成了一切不受欢迎的城市生长形态的代名词。DCF蔓生衍生品所指的是那部分会伤及城市可 footprint per capita 达性的蔓生。 growth service space and growth growth infrastructure Sprawl, originally a neutral term, has become a catch-all pejorative for unwelcome urban expansion. DCF sprawl derivatives describe and evaluate specific characteristics of that expansion which impact negatively upon remittances rural income growth accessibility. hukou* migration to townships brickification*, upgrade* 政策蔓生 hukou* reforms and villages ances POLICYSPRAWL* remitt 那些旨在控制蔓生区的政策往往适得其反，更多的蔓生又需要更多的政策来调控，如此循环。此番政策冗余让‘合法’开发的界限模糊，并给地方官员及其伙伴以滥用权力的可乘之机。 hukou* migration to urban = conversion* TVE* growth, dispersed development periphery Sprawl created by policies which were intended to reduce sprawl but in fact augment it, and policies which themselves are sprawling. Opacity created by excess policies obscures the possibility of achieving ”legal” in townships and villages developments and facilitates widespread abuses on the part of local officials and their private partners. non-hukou migration semi urbanized villages*, floating villages* 速度蔓生 SPEEDSPRAWL* rollover* 加速开发本身就能导致散点城市扩张。与“市场无序开发”的渗透式扩张大不同的是，它们在城市的核心生长区外迅速兴起，试图挣脱城市核心的引力。它们喷射状的形态一方面反映了城市引力的强度，另一方面也说明，蔓生区对城市亦有拉动效应。 Accelerated development can in itself be a cause of scattered urban expansion. SCATTERED URBAN Beyond the urban core 外流 ” 招用防止制村中育, 销体员。从农想教购统 developments are 收人以思统招才可众的法。村中，群。办 EXPANSION 时候强对续” 使用从乡 emerging at 的应加手理准不足迁出等管更不干部。用，办理就业粮票员，城市农村中招申请进城证、收人 such 流入；城市机关农民转移便招工作盲目当地登记禁止粮食准随流” 要，不量在户口人。。对，不盲止“ 上须尽住地收工解决调配生产责制工必向常村招自行统一施。农村临时面负明，在农吃粮部门要措定在，招用，全的证不得农民劳动的重制度应稳。“ 机构迁入绍，应，通过方针管理动力 policy sprawl* ” 门予介供须口劳字农民的专的准可和定量员必实8 的户剩余定。的参加机关门许人加人为落完善村标确口按市移 2农部门登记动部，增，成套较入城市转计指镇户 195 察等户口经劳计划人口了一目流向城口统凭城。、监城市 3未纳入城镇确立用盲动力为人户籍人口 195 粮食或者必须减少》，自录余劳 ”作登记城镇业、明，调配量，条例和私业剩人口住地。 53 流动、商取证 19 劳动工数登记招工制农农业按居有序交通的录门的的职户口村中 4限 “非口，区间路、 195 学校切部部门和国从农 ”和村户、地、铁明， 5一事业民共私自人口消农。 speed 。 195 城乡公安条件用证社会华人不得例》农业步取力在头，面的的录各种《中一律行条 5“ 将逐动牵部门等方厂和 195 制度单位理暂改革余劳部门 that they 劳动生活缩工户籍 6各口管户籍村富民政 U 。” 195 持有业、，压一部市户导农建以 UKO 8 控制 200 必须、就高” 国第《城 ,引 7组不要 defy the MUD* logic 市，创业、提新中限制 195 废止 H 户，往城提供充实颁布合理安部缩。 ” 理。予落户口迁口、 5% 不公压管 8年农村入人巩固业的 004 律准进行农业指标 195 量的改革 of seeping urban expansion and 由 2 为迁整、镇就应一人口 “非计划业总公民重视 “调入城的，粮的 ”和实行力就 8“ 195 高度针：力进农村商品户口不再劳动 break free from gravitational force of the 1要字方劳动迁往吃农业员，农村 200 18 理的。农村制。城市为“ 制度的人超过 196 不合消对加限制；口分保障不得户口。农村 urban core. Their spray pattern in effect reveals the 限制 1取要严格控将户社会人数常住。 2对 200 合理转移市的须严粮，点的就业城镇动。。 196 。通报的不掌握城镇往城，必商品镇特非农理小序流 scope of the field of urban gravity and vice versa. 测和就业从严小迁的的城村办有地向集镇城市供应合小 2农 1对合理态预进城政策 196 200 有序对从迁往计划索适动力 ;动农民按照近、制；农村动力国家 30 31 极探村劳消对应当。力就加限 “对区劳否吃要积镇, 导农模。方便 ,取动严 2 收据是 0 制城引规提供 196 200 要, 余劳的要先招割体迁进工的。部依口, 租房单一蔓生观需村剩 R 集镇城镇 ;优乡分动力城务公安 FEA 住户房、管理的客进农市、员、设小革城、劳控进 3年徙落常、买市场地区以促往城理人步建 196 0改人口籍迁理调文。口, 的条准予建房强 200 发达给村迁的管并逐户口农村的户 ,合 ,加 ,发 MONOSPRAWL* 住户自由门应他们收, 镇和从农聘用常住劝返对于大市城镇转移手续。镇常迁移安部要为以吸憎问题应城 4对单位城镇劝阻镇。迁往就近展小入户理城 196 公民 ,公政府法加女等 8适事业办理划; 入城小市就地极发办理 199 镇办关于工的地方等办靠子业和出计城市扩张部分由于功能缺乏而导致长距离经常性交通，这为整体的可达性带来压力。新其涌、从动力、积及时以小城取消期务》。企业，可母投、企务输不使城市余劳城市口, 口在 5 长证联办亲属、父 , 197 理。团体定劳到中等村剩住户单位供应安置农村村人城乡直系分居 acknowledges 食管关、 8制发展导农落常事业粮油生区域完全需要依赖外部来满足基本的需求。它们不但功能单一、分化社会阶层、没有生适当止从的农业和住的 199 夫妻和粮的机合理和引准予镇企加价就地。格禁条件队企同居户、卡; 户口城镇方便业, 模、鼓励门应在乡给《 7严一定展社其共母落登记加强，小提供 the potential maturing 队企 197 市规继续安部 ,或可发气，而且，无一例外地完全依赖私家车。符合力; 取发及与父随就业能力作, 人员租房办社大城 8要 ,公。并动要采以随 199 员 0% 营工、兴制的居住村劳业的民，婴儿出人到6 有经供应力, 买房营和 0控务工。、的农 , urban expansion. 三产的居生 198 取外达制度油的劳动房、种经长期就业住所决新率) 使用二、建房并领服务价粮剩余们建展多单位城镇固定 8解持证单位办第法自登记流动好加农业为他 199 过发事业在小镇有流动 E 事业者兴有合进行健全要做 0对府要力通镇企已经在集 Urban expansion that exercises pressure on the accessibility of the city by generating 地区 LOV 业、络, 工或 198 或者机构属, 部门方政劳动在乡允许 (跨理企务网镇务品房服务和家粮食。地多余 ,或输入 997 清服城买商力就业 1 农民口。证》农村出、认真劳动到小营能 an excess of frequent trips of significant length due to internal inadequacies. Commonly 镇购劳动工; 业的业人供应 1对地输乡镇农村有经小城 198 地的村招服务非农粮油所, 组织发展 7从爱点，在基础设施蔓生所在从农、办计为 199 加价定住革试力有大力 these are newly developed areas wholly dependent on other areas for their own basic 人员户口控制经商作, ,统给《有固度改劳动簿》技术策。本人严格工、务协可发集镇籍制农村口专业作, ”政 ,在 1 镇务际劳 ,在户 ,使 198 粮户城镇 INFRASPRAWL* 应工 needs. They are monofunctional, socially stratified, lack vitality, and, overwhelmingly, are 家属户口证明度; 到集进省方法理口。始小的供民和报考蓝印要的证制申请 ,推调控《自 7开建设粮油的农均可行“ 他必暂住 4凡段和发给 199 198 、员, 中心加价务业始实和其证和续, car-dependent. 品房务手建筑与基础设施的失衡导致了基础设施的蔓生。一方面，基础设施冗余打的人信息做好办服市开份证就业户手的商、服招用场要、深圳身口入积度力市部门经商须持动人办理定面农村理制 96 动食乱了城市空间，另一方面，这些基础设施所占据的空间比能处理的交通更工、 19 , 流及时买一许从的管域劳。粮之前一的镇务或购家允有效大区人口外出行统到集上、和国者, 形成 )3 农业。 5实过程蔓生序化申请多。城市总是越来越大，而有效组织的增加却不成比例－这好比要追求建及以人员劳动地区 199 北京为非的有 4凡北( 元）行业农村重点统计 198 流动和华》, 20万城镇收的 ,在口，动力 ) 落户口簿美元件的招 5年筑的高度，增加电梯可达楼层就意味着更大的电梯竖井要牺牲部分楼体空印户 TRANSSPRAWL* 上海跨省乡劳 199 城镇粮户（或考条市蓝东( 单位现城粮进理口万元合报上海、华用人步实 100 理口《自 ,符申请东) 间。基础设施蔓生旨在说明城市的发展轨迹与基础设施网之间类似的优化关。 4被 ,逐城市的任何增加部分都可能呈现蔓生的特点，但它们可能仅仅是城市升级的中间过程。大型城市开发在民币简章民自流动均可 (广 199 。流动资人物; 招工华南许农有序配合作者动力海投款布着手 4允区间部门定工救灾当公系。 198 乡劳在上和地最初阶段会显得粗糙且功能不足，而密度和本地商业精神的形成将很快唤醒城市的生机。那些规划外缺乏作和法稳 4 发给 ,应 199 节城规定障、转移域协工人不得合理调海市益保所及产业化区招用一律 ,合 4上、权定住非农 ,强企业基础设施的自发式居住地也能被承认、吸收成健康的城市组织。过程蔓生试图承认那些有成熟潜能的城市当地 199 网络监察有固步向手段民, 986 , 增长务理、 1 上海力逐监测流灾业服过快工管或在 Imbalance between architecture and infrastructure results in 劳动络和区外扩张。村就非” 的用剩余息网对灾立农农转就业农村善信续。 3建制“ 流动引导 ,完 199 infrasprawl*. THIS can be defined as, on one hand, disruptions of spatial 工手组织格控动力励和出务务要严村劳 3鼓工外种服 199 乡” 对农理民展各 patterns created by excess infrastructure, and on the other infrastructure , 不离 Additions to the city may exhibit sprawl characteristics but serve as a necessary phase within the 立针停办城市 ,发离土点。 3建制度或暂和小出。 199 们“ 的重基本从严城市工外 that consumes more space than it can serve or generates more traffic than 导他开发 transition to a larger city. Big official developments may initially appear brutal and under-serviced, but 服务府要中等地民引资源管理政展 ,要制当人民理发动力力格控 it can process. 级合劳动区劳 1各模、 density and local entrepreneurialism may quickly supply the necessary life. Equally informal settlements ,严富余地 199 措施规贫困城市农村有效作为制大 0对采取出, lacking in basic infrastructure can be recognized and absorbed to become healthy tissue. Transsprawl* 199 格控政府务输 0严人民织劳 199 各地力组 9 大 198 8将 198

中华人民城沪京的 PEOPLE'S URBANITY OF CHINA 恐在这一区域内还有另一个更集中的城市区域。京沪地区的面积与法国相当、却有着美国小城镇的密惊度——这让京沪地区成为世界上第一个真正的巨无霸城市。 Whitin this concentration another 中国96％的人口/96% OF CHINA'S POPULATION conentration can be traced. Jinghu is a 中国96％的经济活动/96% OF CHINA'S ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES (GPD) metropolitan area roughly the size of France 中国96％的人口流动/96% OF CHINA'S MIGRATION FLOWS with a continuous urban density equal to an 中国96％的城市人口/96% OF CHINA'S URBAN POPULATION American town. This makes Jinghu is the world's first true megalopolis. 中国96％的可耕种土地/96% OF CHINA'S ARABLE LAND 2020 占地/AREA: 3,302,997 KM2 京沪 JING HU 人口/POPULATION: 1.448 BILLION 城市人口/URBAN POPULATION: 893 MILLION 密度/DENSITY: 451 P/KM2 世界第一个城市巨无霸 The world's first megalopolis 农业无蔓生 agriculture 从与法国面积相当却和美国小城市密度 PUC 相当的京沪区域，我们可以得出的数据结论是此地无蔓生的可能。 No Sprawl From a numerical standpoint, within 工业总产出 the context of Jinghu an area the gross industrial output size of France with an average density of a an small American city, there can be no sprawl. 96% China 2005 末日DOOM 梦想DREAM 每平方公里的GDP GDP per km 2 人口密度 population density 32 33 中华人民城引入了一个悖论。中国的城市基本上都集中在这服务国土的三分之一处；该地区在2020年还将达到连贯的城市密 services 城脊度，尽管不太均匀。事实上它的空间越来越呈交叉模糊的城乡结合状态，其上亦集中了全国96％的活动。 Urban Backbone The concept of PUC* introduces a paradox. China’s urban landscape is distinctly concentrated on only 工业 one third of the nation’s surface. For 2020 the industry region of PUC reveals and average density of a continuous urban region, yet without such coherence. The reality of its spatial condition is a grey merging and blurring of city and countryside and 96% of all 聚集中的聚集；中华人民城之首府 2020 城谷 its activities. 总人口/TOTAL POPULATION: 474,300,300 A CONCENTRATION IN A CONCENTRATION; Urban Valley 密度/DENSITY: 978 P/KM2 THE CAPITAL OF PUC

从太空中看中国，人们会看到一块工业细菌的培养基，与市计划行 11个城市集群亦集主导的者体从生长点开始繁殖，并集结成密实的一个大块面。二元市场区或济之貌似府分发，场经。很多化的政地块开 11 Clusters 市主义一身于僵岛式 l stil 社会缺点于更接近作的孤 rid th Looking at China from space one would see a Petri dish of in- hyb of bo at 场之却往往拒绝合 ”。 t h 照为，汹汹、产棋局 marke backs h. W i- t 实对 TY im 来势 “房地 alist w dra grow ten s and 展望2025年： dustrial bacteria, multiplying around initial nodes and coagu- i 或者 soc many arket is of ing lot- 现 LI n The bines nd m riven nt zo e p te 8个巨无霸城市，11个平均人口在 a v a e com ned rket-d ernm borati eckm lating into a dense mass. 六千万的经济城市群（占城市化总 n pla s ma d gov -colla r ‘Ch REA ECK i n k no ent, o loo to rig 投资的60％）以及900多个小型城 e lar ressiv elopm gg n dev . CH 市。 a e’ 3 e driv -estat l rea 消息源：麦肯锡学院“为中国即将城市化的十亿人口作好准备” 增长极地理论插画：动态城市基金会 GROWTH POLE THEORY Scenario for the year 2025: 8 megacities, 11 economic clusters 大城市之间为了赢得投资和巨型项目的激烈竞争也在较小型城镇 of on average 60 million people 之间发生。如果城市政府都非常自律的话，这一商业竞争是有好 each (representing 60% of total 处的，然而投机性开发的泡沫和浪费的重复建设却是必然的副产 urban investment) and over 900 smaller cities. 品。“增长极地”城市周围的落后地区会从中受益，而益处辐射至 Source: McKinsey Global Institute 两三小时车程外就开始衰减了。竞争: 合作： ‘Preparing for China's Urban Billion’ 然而城市集群的繁荣是以不同发展阶段的层级差中国市场的竞争已然白热化。各省间为获 illustration DCF 异为基础――当商品生产从农村向上流入城市，得支持而竞争，城市间为突出表现而竞 Fierce rivalry between large cities for investment and mega-projects 财富也缓缓下流。这些差异是最基本的，应让真争，市区间为吸引居民而竞争。城市与农 is found also in smaller cities and towns. This commercial competition 正的竞争培育它。只有完全自由的自由市场才能村为土地而竞争。在十一五计划中，城市第三步 is good if it gets city administrations to run tighter ships internally, 使集群城市化多元发展、流畅高效。集群――这一合作的空间前提——当之无 but has also led to a bubble of speculative development and wasteful 愧地被指定为“主要的城市化模式”。 COMPETITION: duplication. STEP Yet urban clusters thrive on the hierarchies COLLABORATION： between nodes at different stages of The Chinese market is already fiercely China shows that hinterlands around “growth pole” cities do benefit development - as production of goods competitive. Provinces compete for 3 from incomes spent and multiplied in regional economies34 (and factories flows up from villages to the metropolis, support, cities compete for prominence, plus consumers move to the suburbs and then the urban fringe, expanding money trickles down. These differences neighborhoods compete for residents. a peri-urban area into what was previously rural hinterland35) the are rudimentary and should be nurtured City and countryside compete for by genuine competition. Only a Free free benefits seem to fade two or three hours from the pole itself. With current space. In the 11th Five Year Plan, urban market can diversify and streamline cluster clustering, the spatial precondition for transportation infrastructure, this is sometimes as little as 120km away. based urbanization. collaboration, is rightfully designated as the ‘principal mode of urbanization’. 雷达扫描不到的真相 34 35 Below the radar reality

疏散：密集：城市史无前例地拥挤，工业、基础设施、疏散将加剧城市的碎片化及不可达程度。密度等于服务和住房等用地量暴增，解决方法惟有效率；全国性的密集发展将保卫耕地、同时提升把居民外迁而将公园和高楼迁入：现代主 SUPER SATELLITES 京沪区域），义者们关于空气、阳光和副中心的美梦才穿越华北－华东平原（ GDP。如果规划得当，密度亦等于舒适。要弥合快中等城镇速发展和政策带来的城市碎片化，高强度密集化需要能成真。事实上，在中国城市化的有机环城市密度平均已达美国周遭第四步成为各层级的目标，不论是大都市还是小村庄。现实对照境中，似乎只有疏散手段才能对新兴城市蔓生方关于疏散、郊区化和中国城市化矩阵水平，西的形态产生作用。此立即失去了意义。的概念在 Plane (Jin- STEP Across the Northern DENSE： DISPERSED： REALITY nded by an aver- Chinese Urbanization Matrix Dispersion accelerates the city’s fragmentation Historically compact, the exploding land- ghu), surrou a mid-sized age density equal to and inaccessibility. Compactness equals use of industry, infra-structure, services 4 rn concepts efficiency; nation-wide compact growth can and housing can only be facilitated by American town, Weste CHECK safeguard agricultural land and boost GDP. urbanization moving people out of the city, parks and 很奇怪，城市规划的同一模型往往既反映现实又决 Oddly enough in urban planning the same models are often both descriptive of dispersion, sub 4 If planned well, density equals comfort. To plazas in: The Modernists’ dream of air, tly rendered and prescriptive. The limitations this professional idiosyncrasy reveals is and sprawl are instan 定未来。这一特性的局限在中国的城市化过程中尤其明 counter the fragmentation triggered by fast light, and subcenters. In fact, within the particularly pertinent when applied to Chinese urbanization. Slick City models meaningless. 显。华而不实的城市是无烦恼开发的终极模式。在城市 pace growth and policies, radical densification organic context of Chinese urbanization, are the final formula for hassle-free development. With hardly any virgin land will need to become the goal at every scale, only dispersion as a tool seemed to 化没有任何处女地可供侵占时，该模式促成的是与市场 left to urbanize they lay bare the contradictions of what the market wants; from village to metropolis. have had any serious measure of affect 需求正相反的向侧面生长，我们需要的却是向内和向上 on emerging urban patterns. growing side ways, when what is needed is growing inwards and upwards. 的生长。这一矩阵结合了中国常规和理想的生长模式，将城 This matrix organizes China's common and ideal growth models set against 市化进程从中心地带剥离出去。 the distance of urbanization from the center. Mass Slick Cities 华而不实的城市 media Planners and policy-makers alike dream of a clean slate when building a new 规划师和决策者在建新城时往往都希望在白纸上 city. Across the river or train track on an empty lot, the town is reinvented Mass “画最新最美的图画”。就在河道或铁道对面的空白地 transportation大众传媒 Mass from scratch. Self-contained designs are implemented that ignore all 带，城市拔地而生。以自我为中心的设计忽略了此前城 migration previous incarnations. The new center rapidly turns its back on the old 市的身世。新的中心迅速背叛老的中心。一座分裂的城 core. A split city is born. Other models of rebirth include the Finger or Ring 大交通 Mass 大迁徙市于是诞生。其它城市再生的模式包括指状或环状城市 City (old is encircled by new), the Culled City (new is carved out from old), （老城被新城包围），择伐城（新城在部分砍伐老城后 Sprawl City (new scatters while fleeing from old) and the Satellite City (new Mass Mass entertainment and old engage in a precarious game of tug of war). 崛起），蔓生城（在逃离老城后，新城组织散布周围） congestion transit 以及卫星城（新城和旧城在玩一场危险的拔河游戏）。大众娱乐大拥堵 In the past 30 years, hundreds of new towns have mushroomed across the 公交站点 nation as mining-towns, tourist towns, suburban enclaves, factory villages, 在过去的三十年中，数百座新城在全国范围内如蘑 concept towns and military settlements. They appear to follow different Mass 菇般繁殖：采掘城，旅游城，郊区围城，工业城，概念城 models, but are equally fortified against their muddled surroundings. alienation 以及军事驻地等。它们似乎遵循了不同的发展模式，且都 Without reference to the preexisting, the new urban projects look and Mass 广泛疏离将城外的混乱阻挡在外。如果不和此前的存在作比较， feel particularly smooth, but there is a price to pay for this slickness. Slick cities are by nature static. Their walled off spaces are unyielding insertion 新的城市看上去和感觉起来都十分光滑，然而光滑是有代 to change and reflective to criticism. Yet we are forced to acknowledge 价的。华而不实的城市是静态的，围墙内的空间无法应对大规模嵌入 Mass their drawbacks. Implemented with minimum connections to the original 变化或着批评。我们不得不承认它们的局限：它们与基 Mass infrastructure the public domain is reduced to the voids in between speculation 础设施的连接极少，公共空间只剩下楼间空地，好比城市 population the buildings. The storefront, the interface of the city, is blinded. This 大投机 Mass 颜面的临街店面被屏蔽。这些都是中国华而不实的城市无 phenomena reveals China's Slick Cities' inherent problem; they generate 百姓法避免的问题；由此产生的是罹患精神分裂症的城市化。 schizophrenic urbanization. intervention 城市亦有临界大规模干预 Mass psychology 大众心理 The City is a Critical Mass Mass housing 大众住宅 Mass production Mass 大量生产 consumption Mass 大众消费 convolution 36 37 大交叉 SUPER CITIES When is a city a city? Definitions, usually expressed in 城市何时能称为城市？仅以人口数来定 terms of population, continue to fall short, the world 义的方法越来越过时，在全球都是。 over. Expressing the city's dynamic nature, cannot be 静态的人口数无法反映城市永远是动态 achieved with set population numbers, nor can the 的，将人口数量与经济生产值结合的中 Chinese formula of computing population with economic 国公式也不能保证外延的明晰。要真正 output, warrant a clear definition. To understand the city 理解城市，我们必须概念化地来理解城 we must conceptualize, the critical amalgamation of the 市的临界，那些无形的要素。 city’s essential, often intangible ingredients.

MUD 北京周边开发速度建新城：扩旧城： Speed of development around Beijing 在白板上建新城的诱惑是巨大的。理论上说，一气规划新的卫星城是几乎不可能实现的平 25 km2 50 km2 100 km2 每年/per year 呵成的新城将远离旧城那些日积月累的矛盾与逐渐衡。如果离旧城太远，则会失掉互惠效升级的凌乱。然而城市是动态的体系，变化永不停应，前往市中心的每日通勤变得不可行。息。独排众议、迷恋全新的中国必须证明它可以设离旧城太近，则卫星城会被城郊吞噬。市计出自然地、系统化演进的新城。卫星城必须成为区地租曲线能在城市扩张时天然地维持城第五步超级卫星城。市密度。城市缓慢生长为超级城市。 NEW CITY： EXPANSION： STEP Yet new cities built on a clean slate are highly Planning a new satellite is an 北京 seductive. In theory, constructed at once a impossible balancing act. Positioned 市场化无序开发 Beijing city could be free from all the accumulated too far from the city mutual 5 problems and clutter slowly evolving urban benefits are lost, daily commutes landscapes struggle with. But cities are very to the center become unfeasible. 2007 dynamic systems, incessantly changing Positioned too close the satellite will 市场化无序开发描述的是设计和规划所导 * from conception. Against the odds, China in be swallowed up by suburbia. Urban 京津新城致的无机的城市化。不可避免的结果是： love with the new, must prove it can design expansion is the natural process to new town Jingjin a New City that can evolve naturally and maintain densities along the urban 在城市引力辐射范围中的混沌扩张。 systematically. The Satellite must become a rent-gradient. Cities slowly grow Super Satellites. into Super Cities. Market-driven Unintentional Devel- opment describes an urbanization 略。 characterized by organic growth pat- 理想战市化的有200至中国城为拥 terns as a result of an accumulation 是新城不翻番，成纳直到2020 是，建市的规模吊诡的能容将中型城康的城市。这基础， of clearly designed and orchestrat- 意市场无长模式的我们能够、形态健 * “ 度蔓生区外迅速兴起脱城市核心的方面也折射不符合力。它们现实对照密集型增，它们民 600万居移。这是全国心。 ed planning. The invariable result: 引天津速 le in a 迁中 desirab 年的人口大的动态城市一挣展另图核心发张，并试力的强度， are un Amorphous expansion within the Tianjin We can 城市的将催生强 lly new cities 透扩 China. 引 Y 它们在逻辑的渗反映了城市 REALIT 它 r eir size plan fo xica field of urban gravity. ” 面 Parado urbanization ies to twice th habit- 识开发形态一方拉动作用。动建村运的喷射状对城市亦有 ized cit to 6 million in cted ategic 酒店、 2020 str -s 发区、 its mid 生区 CHECK f2 roje 出蔓科技开 expand hy footprint o modate all p 园、高 fa basis o - 产业 healt accom 业园、 5 of a is the 将土地集中划归供开发区建设， would 例：商 pro AWL* ARE is el that 20. Th . This E N T S THE ants mod l 20 DSPR on unti OPM 2010年之前本地区的城市化速 growth E V E L E Y DE FY AK migrati ide compact SPEE R E D T TH rs. RE ic cente 度将达到每年100平方公里。 N CO ND B n-w HA natio dynam U R B A S P E E D T N S I O N A E URBAN strong THE －－北京规划委员会 X PA TH CH duces EALS ND OF GE SU B E Y O I N G AT E P I N L F O R C E F E C T R E V AND F SE Predominantly through land G 自上而下的巨型项目和大量中等规模的房地产项目则不断将小 A E M E R LO G I C O ITATION R N I N E F GRAVITY GRAV Y PATT E * appropriation for development RBAN MUD FROM OF U S, PRA PA R K F R E E T H E I R S HE FIELD zones urbanization in the region 规模的自发性开发推向边缘地带。 T R Y, NDUS RE. OF T CO ,I will accelarate to 100 km2 per E SCOP . ARKS S S P OOM THE A VERS year by 2010 and beyond. SINE VICE L E S : B U VILLAGE B – Beijing Planning Commission P , E X A M , HOTELS Top-down megaprojects periodically push small informal S HTDZ developments further out to the periphery. 8. 自上而下，自上而下然而不是所有的有机增长都是理想的；同样，并不是所有自组织行为都是正确的。我们需要维护‘集体利益’。混合风格独特的新城市中心，取得了很大的成功。这个例子自组织的重要商标性特点之一是‘试验-失误’（trial-and- 为各具特色的副中心和卫星城。看似非常主动的新城说明新城的社会基础要逐步建立，直到它到达了 ‘临界大 error），这也是二十世纪九十年代亚洲四小龙发展的特色。模式实际上是受北京已有的有机模式的支配而形成。众’（critical mass）的水平，也就是指可以维持新城正常高密度，让人羡慕的弹性，他们的例子也揭示了这种城市发尽管是个人发起和投资的，花园城市的目标是服务于社会文化生活相对独立性的最低人口数量。展模式在集体和个人层面上的短处，和本该是好的规划框架超级卫星城 5. 政府-市场混合物一个混合和未知的群体，他们单纯被新区的特殊品质其次，因为新城发展步骤的准确时间的不可预测性，可以避免的一些错误。有意思的是，尽管当代中国自上而下所吸引而来。换句话说，早期新城的发起者和居住者出现在法国和英国新城的办公空间剩余和公共设总体规划应该遵循‘动态增长’和‘按需供应’的原则。这的规划看似强势，城市市场的发展却经常是缺乏拘束和混乱的行为都是基于个人的自由意愿自组织的。施空闲等问题也在中国新城发生。以上海为例，12个意味着规划方案要具有灵活，易于修改更新，适于变化的特 Super Satellites 的。与西欧国家荷兰德国相比，中国的城市规划还没有成为新城的建设开始于同一时期-20世纪90年代末。几乎点。后奥运建设新城的人为压力上升，这个议题尤其应该成有效调节市场自组织的工具。北京的明显案例包括规划的 3. 尝试和检验文/周静每个新城都利用建设郊区风格的别墅住宅作为吸引人为我们主要的关注点。这就涉及到一些关系到多中心结构 ‘绿化带’的被侵蚀和长安街西端‘金融街’的屹立。必须 Text/Jing ZHOU 我们很容易想象这种早期的尝试给了后来的城市口的策略。这种自由市场的刺激在中国社会主义市场本质的有关新城的量和质的实际问题，比如与母城的最优距大饼模型承认规划控制和市场力量的关系本身还处在原始的‘试验-失规划师和决策者很大的启迪：如果个人努力可以成就混合条件下导致了过饱和及单极蔓延。这也代表了在离，最优人口数量，用地结构和分区法规等。误’过程中。需要规划的和应该放手的；固定的和灵活的之 38 39 1. 一个发展中的模式 Pancake Model 如此，以一个城市政府更强的经济实力和管理权力自粗犷快速的城市化背景下市场驱使无意识发展的必然间的平衡关系还有待探索。在发展中的中国城市，自上而下 7. 有机的真实情况然可以使这种城市模型的实施过程更简单。这个推理结果。新城发展策略已经在“北京市城市总体规划2004- 的规划机构和各式的市场参与者均忙于自组织，而没有一个是激发了二十世纪五六十年代全世界大规划新城建设目前已经到了要找回新城自组织的特性的时候。 2020”中被采用。早在奥运会之前新城的规划和设计就已对于第一个问题，挑战存在于如何保护自然区域防止交流的框架和共同的为公共利益合作的目标。两难的情况仍的部分原因。西欧国家将新城建设融入战后重建计划也就是说大规模的城市功能和人口的分散及再聚合应经开始进行。北京市政府进一步策划要紧接奥运会之后开展城市用地的连绵。然而这是否是一个可操作的概念？我们经常存在- 很多规则仍很模糊，自相矛盾，或可屈从篡改；而中，巴西和中国同样如此。自1958年北京计划建设该根据市场规则进行而非依赖人为的操纵。目前政府大规模的新城建设，刺激后奥运北京城市经济。实际上，在可以从与‘复杂系统’(complex system) 理论紧密结合的个体参与者的合理建议和要求很难与闭门造车做出来的总体部门积极促进城市化进程，扮演市场角色，然而不服整个中国有超过一百个新城正在或者即将建设。毋庸置疑， 40个新城来缓解中心城的压力以及分散工业布局。尽 ‘自组织’(self-organization) 理论来理解这个问题。复杂规划对抗或融合。很明显中国需要规划系统的彻底变革。管取得了局部的成功，总体来讲大部分新城承受了其从市场内在逻辑的条件限制。传统的公-私角色划分已新城政策落实的好坏将对中国的社会，经济甚至政治层面有系统理论广泛适用于多种学科，比如经济，物理，生物，意过分野心的苦果：强迫民意屈从。经丧失，导致了本质上没有条理的城市发展。极大的影响。然而较长时间以来，这种自上而下的规划概念识学，人工只能，社会学和进化论等。其质化的定义包括： 9. [2CP] 一直被质疑较难实施，即使是乌托邦城市也是如此。理论和 ‘复杂性位于秩序和混乱之间’，‘二个或以上的不同元素一个核心的变化应该是改善公共合作（Public Private 4. 后规划 6. 动态增长实践之间的矛盾分离表现在世界上大多数已建成实例上。我以不能分离的方式互相关联’(Francis Heylighen)等。复杂 Partnership）。这个概念本身已被熟识，但即使是在西方们不禁要问这样一个严肃的问题：我们对这个规划模型在中如此一来，新城的本质彻底地变成了自上而下，所以什么才应该是公共部门的动力？对公共交系统的每个组成部分互相作用影响，内部不断地进行动态的发达国家，具体有效的方法论尚待研究和完善。然而它对中国背景下实施的可靠性有怎样的把握？古板和脱离市场的。然而因为政治背景不同，中国新通，道路和设施的优先开发是市政府不能也不该承担自组织以适应外部环境和条件变化。国城市来说有非同小可的意义，因为它切合我国正在进行的城比起相对应的西方案例可以做到让工作和生活距离的负担。中国城市的不平衡现象- 表现在一方面繁忙城联系到城市现象，该理论表明城市的每个个体都是天社会和政治改革-要求政府管理有更强的透明性和民主性。 2. 私人的卫星城更近，保持的时间更久。实际上，疏散北京旧城人口市没有适当的道路连接；另一方面建设完备的新城没生的规划师，他/她/它的决定是与其他个体互相作用影响的很明显，公共合作与简单的将‘自下而上’和‘自上而下’ 政策仍然是北京2004-2020总体规划的核心策略 – 有人使用- 这种情况需要修复。在不同的发展阶段新城结果；每步城市发展都是自组织的过程，总会自然地试图把郊区新城最早以一种自组织的形式出现，由先锋的社并列不同，它强调两项的有效交流和结合。它一方面肯定政由现在旧城的一百四十万人减少到八十万。更重要的可以开发利用不同的竞争优势吸引不同的目标人群。自身的结构与外部环境衔接。简单的说，城市新区希望与已会改革者如十九世纪的R.Owen 和F.Fourier倡导。这是他府部门作为协调者的积极作用；同时要求给广大城市开发是，尽管40个卫星城中只有3个到达成熟期，同样的以荷兰新城奥米尔为例，大部分早期居住者认为优异存在的城市结构承接以利用其提供的有利条件。从这们作为工业家为自己工厂雇员利益着想的个人付出。然而者，参与者和利益集团更多的追求个人利益的自组织行为的推理已巧妙的演变成2020年远景规划的核心基础 – 的住房条件是最重要的吸引点，社会文化生活可以主个意义讲，把新城从现有城市分离很大程度上是对自组织原这种个人的尝试逐渐成为一种流行的城市模型的样板。当自由。公共合作这个概念可以进一步理解为‘交流性的规饼干模型多中心模型。北京要将业已形成的自然分散布局通过要依赖母城阿姆斯特丹。随着新城的发展扩大社会层则的否定，因为元素之间的互相作用，连续性和依靠性被人它演变为‘花园城市’-由二十世纪初期规划理论家大师划’和‘合作性的规划’（communicative planning and 一个看上去有意而为的规划样式翻新，将它们发展成面的发展也要逐步配合，奥米尔随后开发了一个功能为截断。 E.Howard提出- 这种模式的性质就演化为半公共半私人。 Cookies Modeo collaborative planning, 2CP）。

北京妊娠纹变大饼为面包圈—— Stretchmarks 动态密度的北京个案研究到2020年，要以目前四环内的密度容纳北京的两千万合法居民，我们只需要将其周长延 Turn Your Pancake Into A Donut 长二十八米。 - Dynamic Density in Beijing To accommodate a Beijing populalation 文/何新城 of 20 million official residents by 2020 Text/Neville MARS at Fourth Ring density would only require a 28 meter expansion of the 这是一项关于北京的研究，对象是这个鲜活真实 2005密度环 Density per ring current perimeter. 的城市，而非关于它的神话。北京沿袭了中国式城市当代北京的密度曲线依然陡峭，五环路发展的传统，而它彷徨在激烈的融合与对抗中却生机内的向心集结程度也非常高 Contemporary Beijing continues to 勃勃、活力四射则是个奇迹。现代北京的神话由奥运 present a steep density curve with 村、CBD和798组成。若要探索北京发展之谜，我们 high levels of central massing 有必要超越诸多形象工程、打破传统视角来仔细审视 within the Fifth Ring Road. 作为一个整体的北京城。城市路漫漫城市是人类文明最伟大的创举。历史上的城市被规划、改造、再规划、再改造…… 城市总有它存在与发展的理由。这似乎是聪明的规划及其不断取得的成功的终极明证。然而果真如此吗？假如让我们来设计一座完美的城市，它是该像纽约、东京、巴黎、开罗、圣保罗，还是像现代的北京呢？它会遭受严重的拥堵和污染吗？能否应所有公民的需要而建设城市，而不仅是生活殷实的一小撮呢？它应该随经济增长同步扩大，还是凝固下来、保持完美的形态和规模呢？ >下转4页，继续“解剖城市” 2020规划新区 Planned additions 新规划的副中心（红）和卫星城（紫）清晰地标出了高密度的划定点。但这并没有表现出地理上的延伸很大可能将令密度曲线变平缓。 The planned new subcenters (red) and satellites (lilac) propose sharply delineated points of high density. This fails to acknowledge that geographical spreading will most likely result in an exacerbated flattening of the density curve. 28 M 28 M 无论是否有意识,北京正与单中心的城市模式渐行渐远规模的房地产项目则不断将小规模的自发性开发推向边缘地带。 Intentionally and unintentionally Beijing is moving away from the monocentric city model. 10. 交谈性的城市助促进图纸和方案的灵活性，比如只设计城市的固定框架如何进行有效果和讲效率的交流需要依靠规划师和城（通常是基础设施和公共设施）把其它部分划分为小规模市决策者手中的空间和管理工具的质量。以新城为例，替的地块作为给众多开发者和参与者的自行提议和商讨的机代目前项目参与者之间的等级递推关系，我们需要一个开 40 41 会；可以设计出尽可能多的可选方案供城市使用者和开发放的过程，鼓励在不同开发阶段多种参与者的互相交流。者讨论；或设计一组城市拓扑类型，然后由参与者商谈互我们可以根据上述原则为新城的总体规划设计一个新的规 13. 超级卫星城动组合完成一副城市规划拼图；还可以将分区规划与可视划和决策流程结构（见图表）。目前中国的规划互动在性强的城市设计结合等。这些建议的概念都需要在中国城进步但非常有限而且不能发挥本质作用。方案被动地或不目前在北京较成功的新城案例是通州和亦庄，市的背景条件下付诸实践，以求得最适用有效的方法。情愿地展示在杂志上或者网络上，却没有真正接收或者根它们与中心城的中心间离为15到20公里，其中边据公众反馈意见改进方案的意图。有成果的交流实际上要缘间的保护性开放空间只有不到5公里，而且已经 12. 中医疗法求规划师具备新的技能。他们应该更积极乐于地向其他人受到了城市蔓延的困扰。不过，如果我们认可新城解释方案设计，包括外行人。这意味者制定策略和计划的的主要原则是必要的也是可行的，那么执行中的技我们可以得出这样的结论-规划仍然是一个调节市场人应该是好的听众，做好协商者的角色。尤其在新城开发术问题是可以通过我们建议的‘中医’疗法逐步解失误的必要工具,但是其游戏规则需要改进。讽刺的是我中，积极的交流互动可以进一步促进城市的推广，吸引更决的。新城是目前中国城市化进程中最流行的组成们建议治疗中国城市的手段应该从目前的西方医学式变更人造城, 名词。指需要过量资多的私人投资者，激发新居民的归属感。元素，但也需要最小心和复杂的市场刺激和管理规回祖国中医式。这意味着减少对像奥运工程这样的粗犷单则之间的平衡才能成功。建设新城的过程同时还要脑筋的，自上而下盛气凌人的城市项目的依赖，而是采取源才能实现功能的城市。 11. 从静态形象到灵活概念兼顾中国总体经济结构方面面临的挑战：要找回自广泛的及时的自我诊断和量体裁衣的个性化的中医调理治组织原则的有利之处，同时不能丢失对公共利益的疗方式解决城市问题和指导未来发展。公共参与就是我们同时，空间规划图将成为对话的基础资料。总体而 Artificial City - City that 协调。新城的规划实践实际是对中国规划文化的根开的中医药方之一。具体来讲，北京的‘大饼’需要在言，图纸应变得更有交流性，易于理解，便于更新，可以本模式的挑战。新城模式自身也需要在多个方面做大北京地区甚至是京沪地区用真正的新城市中心来互相制灵活适应变化的需要。替代包罗万象的总体规划，我们需 requires excessive amounts 彻底的探索创新，例如相对位置，空间构成，社会衡。然而这些新中心的形成不能是唐突的一蹴而就的，而要采用一个灵活的模式或称战略规划模式。战略规划意味组成，分期规划等问题。这意味着既然中国选择了应是通过不断的自我检查调整，对外部条件变化的不断适着只涵盖最主要的策略和原则，主要案址，进度计划，主 of resources to maintain its 新城作为规划手段缓解城市问题，那么我们就必须应更新，和内部元素的互相协作，最终形成一个动态的自要开发的类型等信息。它的图纸特色是更加具有指示性和高质量地设计和建设‘超级卫星城’。组织的稳定模式。表现性，而不是细节的和过于设计的。有很多方式可以帮 appearance.

概念跃进动态密度的前提＃密度的变化是可追溯的＃目前的中国速度缔造的空间都是静态的 DD PREMISE DENSITY DYNAMICS ARE TRACEABLE ＃它也有速度和方向 S PA C E S P R O D U C E D U N D E R C U R R E N T C H I N E S E ＃城市密度是物理的，有其地理分布 It has a speed and a direction HYPERSPEED ARE STATIC ＃这些形态集中导致了MUD Urban density is physical and has a geographical ＃密度是动态的！ ——市场化无序开发 location Density is Dynamic! COLLECTED TOGETHER THESE FORMS RESULT IN MUD* ＃城市密度是有形状的，并呈分散的特征 (MARKET-DRIVEN UNINTENTIONAL DEVELOPMENT) 动态密度模式 urban density has shape, and a trait of dispersion CONCEPTUAL LEAPFROG ＃对变化保持预期的超速发展能让“市场化无序开发”跳跃前 DD MODEL ＃密度是环境的结果，它也塑造环境进，实现动态的密度＃动态的形势需要灵活的规划方案 Density is the result of its context and it generates HYPERSPEED DEVELOPMENT WHICH ANTICIPATES a context DYNAMIC CONDITIONS REQUIRE FLEXIBLE PLANNING CHANGE CAN LEAPFROG MUD* TO INCORPORATE SOLUTIONS DYNAMIC DENSITIES 动态密度 Dynamic Density (DD) 在中国，高密度与生俱这一理论旨在勾勒城市密度和其发展轨迹的优化关系、来。这为缓慢进化才能实阐明城市的密度本该与城市同步增长的固有规律。城市密度的动态性质需要灵活的规划方案。动态密度的应用现的城市目标带来了新希尤其适合快速变化的环境。动态密度的方法论首先是记录城市扩张／收缩的工具，也能有效评估增长部分的功望。面对市场化无序开发能（其中最重要的是可达性），并在城市整体目标的框架下催生市场化的引导政策。的速度，动态城市(DD) A theory which outlines an optimum relationship between density of a city and its built footprint, and proposes that as a city grows its density should increase proportionally. Thus density is dynamic and requires flexible planning solutions. Applications of DD are especially well suited to fast changing contexts. The dynamic density methodology operates first as a tool to map the processes of expansion 的概念是长期规划应遵循 and contraction, and then to assess the quality (most notably accessibility) of new growth and suggest market-oriented guidance measures within a conceptual framework for overarching city goals. 动态主义—— 42 43 的逻辑。灵活的规划，对于建成后仍保持变化的预期 DYNAMISM - PLANNING IN FLEXIBLE FRAMEWORKS THAT ANTICIPATE CONTINUOUS CHANGE, EVEN AFTER COMPLETION IN CHINA DENSITY ITSELF IS IMMANENTLY ACHIEVABLE. THIS OFFERS HOPE FOR 密度—— GOALS EVEN BEYOND THE REACH OF SLOW EVOLVING CITIES. THE CONCEPT OF DYNAMIC DENSITY (DD) APPLIES A LONG-TERM PLANNING LOGIC TO THE FAST 所有在中国的规划要坚定不移地以紧凑为原则 REALITY OF M.U.D.　FORMATIONS. DENSITY - PROMOTING COMPACTNESS AS AN UNAMBIGUOUS DIRECTION TO COORDINATE ALL CHINESE PLANNING EFFORTS.

不管你在北京的哪里,城市都是有盲点的 - 总有一些地方不能轻而易举地到达.我们不能不承认,对于居民的日常生活来说,北京的大部分地方都是够不着的. From any position Beijing casts a pattern of blind spots — places too inaccessible to treat as regular destinations. One has to conclude that in daily life much of the city is out of reach. 装置 \" 北京 —— 实况 \" 是关于北京密度的互动地图，它能够评估规划方案。该软件以出行时间和距离为依据计算城市的效率。用户既能够从空白地 2020规划新区图开始，或者在2005年或2020年的城市环境下提出设 Official additions 计方案。其中一个触摸屏让你能自由穿越北京城，并改变其密度，而在相对的投影屏上，软件呈现的是在采用设计后的城市中＃目前的中国速度缔造的穿行的经历实况。我们从中了解，密度的脾性是难以捉摸的。极空间都是静态的高密度的小型散点组团可能对城市没多大影响，而靠近市中心的 Spaces produced 中等密度却能大大提高城市效率。 under current Chinese hyperspeed are static. The installation 'Beijing_Real-time' is an interactive ＃这些形态集中导致了 density map of Beijing that evaluates planning MUD——市场化无序开发 proposals. Our software calculates efficiency based Growing together on travel time and distance. The user can either start these forms result in with an empty map or build proposals on the 2005 more MUD* (Market- or 2020 condition. One touchscreen allows you to driven Unitentional navigate through and alter the density map, while a Development). second panel controls the realtime projection of a ride through the proposed city. It becomes clear density is capricious. Scattered small clusters of extreme density may have little effect while moderate densities close to the center can boost efficiencies. 绿色边界名词。描绘的是城市核心之外、高端公交系统覆盖之内区域的绿色愿景。绿色边界满足了快速到达市中心以及低密度郊区生活的双重需求，也为规划者和开发商提供了城市边界的参考。 Green Edge* A concept that describes the urban zone beyond the 解剖城市每况愈下的粗糙 core yet still within the range of high end mass trans- 我们史无前例地近距离观察城市， Exacerbated Coarseness 探索、观察、绘图、分析它的解剖图，然后逐条街道、逐 port. The Green Edge aims to fulfill demands for both 个街区地进行设计。即便如此也很难兼顾细节并准确预测结果。但显而 44 fast access to downtown areas and lower density sub- 45 易见的是，即便是解决城市交通拥堵这类问题，也不能脱离整个城市系统的运行来单独考虑。城市的各部分是紧密相连的。比如城市网格的大 urban qualities. It also offers a distinct city limit for 小与居住形式是紧密联系的，它们还会影响到城市的居住密度、交通的可达性以及居住与工作空间的分布等等。上世纪90年代关于城市的争论 planners and developers. 如果能梦见最理想的城市是什么就已告一段落，我们也开始向不可驯服的城市妥协。然而问题依然存在：好了，如果能摸索出一步到位的完美城市发展模式就好了。在究竟如何结构性地改进这变幻莫测的城市？现实中，我们却无法逃脱规划总是落后于城市升级、扩张、增长以及蚕食的挣改造现有的城市组织，或在城市边界外开发新城需要不同的技术手扎。段。应该有一个框架从一开始就预知、协调它们的工作进展。然而这种 # 2020年，北京的人口中国的城市设计要做的就是与时俱进。事实上，中国发展的速度让所有的逻辑对于中国的城市并不适用，中国的城市转变是在强制规划的框架下将以目前四环内的密度分规划与设计都立刻过时，北京就是一个明证。北京证明：在以市场为导向的语发生的，这些强制规划往往不是脱离实际的宏观规划就是在旧城旁建设布在绿色边界以内，并且境中，用规划引导城市的发展方向其实相当困难。精心设计的街区、邻里、道新城。在北京，这两种规划模式就同时存在着。一股强力让北京城的解没有附加的扩张部分。路、公园等所谓理想组合不过是大而不当的简单堆砌。剖图发生了本质性改变——街道被拓宽，公寓和写字楼生硬地被嵌入， Within the Green 从零规划新城则更为困难。纵观历史，诸多增长爆炸期的国家都在寻找野蛮拼凑的城市结构取代了传统的秩序与优雅。城市的所有成分都在往 Edge Beijing can 完美的城市发展模式。从早期的静态规划，到后来的点轴增长模型都是尝试的 “大”里发展，包括边界。这些不仅改变了北京的城市肌理，也让城市 accommodate 结果。在当代中国，“副中心”、“卫星城”、“新城”等都是相当有人气的的功能明显异化：穿越马路的行人不能不望“街”兴叹。把市中心割裂 projected growth 模式，但在世界其他地方，新城规划却不无失败的案例。城市的成功发展，城成孤岛社区的市内马路，以及基础设施蔓生（infrasprawl*）的无限增 for 2020 at Forth 市环境的改善与城市的自我发展能力是息息相关的。无论如何，现代城市是个长让这一切雪上加霜。 Ring density, without 自我管理的、敏感的供需系统，所有部分都按比例整合在一起。如果我们铲除现代的北京已经成了巨型街道、大型建筑以及形象工程的代名词， additional expansion. 一个街区，一个更大的街区会出现；切断一条道路，替代的道路将出现；在某但却与生活着一千八百万居民的地方无关。种种现实并没有玷污北京的块土地上投资，当地的房租会上涨。作为有机体，城市是不可以被规划或设计传奇色彩。城市官方形象的设计带来了惊人的效果，吸引了外国人前来的；即便可以，这样的规划或设计也并不明智。对于一个打算在二十年内重新旅游或投资，并让中产阶级开先河地成为私房拥有者。规划全部城市空间的国家来说，这一论断无疑是一剂苦药。 >下转4页，继续“解剖城市”

北京的年轮1990－2020 2000m 4000m 6000m Beijing growth rings 1990-2020 北京的年轮1990－2020; 年轮之下是火爆生长的北京2008年的真实模样 The ideal circular model superimposed on the exploded reality of 2008 Beijing reveals an extreme state of infrasprawl*. The city keeps getting bigger, but useful tissue gain total is minimal - This 2 28 km is comparable to a relentless pursuit of building height, where accommodating '环形中心' additional upper floors The Pericenter with elevators means sacrificing space at the bottom to shafts. Infrasprawl* suggests a similar optimum applies to the footprint of the city and its infrastructural 北京是基础设施蔓生的极端形 network. 态。城市总是越来越大，而有效组织的增加却不成比例－这好比要追求建 The combined 筑的高度，增加电梯可达楼层就意味 surface of Beijing's 着更大的电梯竖井要牺牲部分楼体空 ring roads covers an 间。基础设施蔓生旨在说明城市的发 area substantially 跳板式规划是最常见的帮助政府掌控全局的招数。然而，这一大跃进展轨迹与基础设施网之间类似的互动 larger than the entire 却存在着双重隐患。这些建筑单体往往挤占了城市规划的地位，规划的作用关系。 downtown. 被完全忽略了。居住小区让公共空间私有化，道路系统被小区的围墙生生切断，只有一两个通往公路的出口。更严重的是，这些明星工程转移了人们应北京所有环路的占地面积要比二该将城市看成连续空间网络的视线，形象工程与北京的现实极不同步，而北环内的总面积要大得多。京的传奇也与现实渐行渐远。 ring 4 ring 5 ring 6 ring 2 ring 3 有关可达性 4.68km2 5.47km2 13.81km2 1.35km2 2.92km2 1. 北京大爆炸值得关注的是，在试图解决交通拥堵的北京“建桥运动”同时，基础设共汽车仍将是未来的主要交通方式。在数十年内， 80%的出行仍将依赖公共施的剧增与城市的破碎亦步亦趋。自上世纪80年代以来，紧凑的城市结构开汽车。这一预测相当可信，因为越来越多的居住区在轨道交通还未到达的地方始膨胀，并一发不可收拾地变形成了今天的“大饼”。城市中的一切在更为拔地而起，而大量的流动人口也将聚集在城市的边缘地带。广阔的空间中进行重组和分配，分散成了片状的、相互隔离的“岛屿”。与北京的主干道完全是为技术治国与政治目标而设计——为了提高道路的枢纽就是心脏美国的郊区化不同的是，这里不是连片的私家住宅，而是一个个无论贫富，车流容积、保持城市的威望。但这并不是公共空间。官方的公共空间倒非常像都由显眼的高墙围合的居住群体。它们向一个个小的经济“中心”靠拢，它基础设施的确是改造现代大都市的有效方法，然而一个首都城市将如何模像样，整齐的围墙、严密的监视系统以及庞大的公园式景观。然而容易产生们的轨迹以及城市的边界也变得捉摸不定。成星状散射发展的北京在各个方接纳未来20年间新增的500到1000万人口呢？如果任何城市扩张都伴随着交碰撞与摩擦的“小”空间才是城市存在的核心。北京的这种“小”却消失了，向的蔓延已到达距市中心80公里的地方，而这个散射的城市边界（包括郊通恶化，我们将怎样控制城市日益膨胀的规模和抑制它嚣张的增长欲望呢？只剩下大型的封装式居住区和巨型基础设施的城市网格。而底层社会人群只能区）已经超过了6000公里。北京在2020年前的向外扩张不需要超过目前的28米，就足以为新增人口徘徊和思考在这些大型公共设施之间的缝隙。提供充足的驻留空间了。因为目前北京有6000公里的城市边界线，只要向外龙轨 2. 北京的通勤大军扩张一点点就够了。但我们可以假设，北京和其他城市一样也有自己的增长趋到2020年，基础设施网络的扩展应该已经达到了令人惊讶的程度。为赶势，政府政策与投资活动刺激了它的生长。根据现有的规划和政策，到2030 一我们还能让北京城重新紧凑起来吗？在保存内城的宽马路的条件下，要大型公共交通是最后上私车通勤人数的上升，道路表面也不断地拓宽。按照现有的私车增长速度年，北京和天津之间广袤的农村地区就会被新生的城市所填满。把北京带回到可以舒适步行的过去是不可想象的。无论将来对城市增长模式的的（每天1500辆），北京市应该每天增加10公里长的三车道公路。与此同时，我认为抑制北京扩张的最好办法就是沿龙轨激活它的内向型增长，从而个至上而下改善城市探索可以如何精确，“分割”城市的发展之路，例如在郊区建新城等手段，将轨道交通也应突飞猛进，让北京的交通变成由巨型公路网络与长里程轨道交限制其外向型的扩张。龙轨可以通过四环沿线的增长实现这一目标。如此一毫无疑问地恶化整个城市的通勤。此外就只剩下基础设施这一可以改造城市的的干预工具；我们最后通相结合的混合体。来，三环到五环之间的人口密度将会增加，向四环外搬迁的人将会被吸引回 46 47 唯一工具了。我们构思了一个利用北京环路地面的精确嵌入式交通模型。当来，而住在历史文化中心的人也不必再迁出。相反，应该迁至四环外的倒是大然，它很“大”。如果这让你有点意外的话，你更应该仔细读下去。中国并不乌托邦工具公路和轨道交通的宏伟改造计划同时在进行，一个由中央政府规划，另量通勤的发源地——四百多座熙熙攘攘的政府大楼和研究机构。让城市功能搬缺少“大”的思路，也不缺少长期规划。但是和我们的出发点不同的是，中国一个则相对灵活，它们会让北京翻天覆地。但这些变化能解决日益严重的粗糙出中心地带是限制高峰拥堵的最好办法。这样一来，城市的心脏不再是拥堵不对“大”项目的偏爱产生了拙劣的大型建筑和突兀的大型公共设施，它的长期化与“北京大爆炸”日益碎片化的问题么？这其中的原因何在呢？或简言之，堪的市中心，而是四环沿线，这个心脏的主动脉就是龙轨。北京的大饼变成了战略仍然只是政治修辞。我们恳请赋予城市更多细节的、多样化的、规模较小 M as s- tr an sp or ta ti on 我们该怎样去评价现代的大都市呢? 高效能的面包圈。的建设项目，让它们来重新定义城市空间，复兴公共的互动空间。搬迁行政中心的提法并不新鲜。但现在时机才成熟。四环已经拥有诸多我们研发了一个将步行速度提升到列车速度的混合交通系统――龙轨。 is the last remaining 症状住宅小区、中关村和CBD等大发展地带。龙轨能将这些分散的组团串起来。这个系统结合了行人传送带和磁悬浮技术。在城市的环路上，高速运转的行人再加上交通枢纽和零售商业圈，每天有数百万的通勤人士在其间穿梭往来。顶大家都知道，在北京的日常生活中，城市的大部分地区都很难够得着。无传送带在首尾相连的玻璃管道内不停运转，通勤者可以在环线的任何一点自由 topdown insertion to 层的公园让北京曾经在此规划的绿色生态带变成现实。搬迁的政府机关、博物论交通系统多么复杂，衡量其效率的指标都可以简化为交通系统的可达性，即上下车，没有车站、不需等待。这个玻璃罩下的快速路就坐落在北京三环和四馆、学校、科研机构等新建筑将完善该网络的关联性，临界状态要求创造一个交通连接出发地与目的地之间的效率。城市系统的可达性，概括的说，取决于环上，零售商场、顶部公园和扶梯则向两侧延伸、环抱城市风光。龙轨让高速真正多样化的首都中心：环形中心。 mend the city; our last 通勤时间的长短和通勤线路的长度。虽然还处于婴儿期，交通拥堵问题却已是公路变回人行道，它利用城市的无人区，将社区再次连接。这无疑是一次弥补想象一下，穿过环形中心，你可以便捷到达城市的任何地方，无所限北京最严重的城市问题了，紧随其后的是空气污染。但如果我们审视北京最新城市裂缝、连接和多样化城市网格和急剧收缩城市膨胀的大胆尝试。制、无所障碍。徘徊于商店和酒吧，流连于宾馆大堂，穿梭于银行、办公楼之的变化以及那些貌似很有激情的设计，我们就会看到，北京的堵不过是众多城公共汽车、人口在城市中心的移动是交通堵塞的主要原因，而龙轨的功 utopian tool 间……人们总是在安全舒适的室内，自由而惬意。这是一个将公共步行交通与市问题的症状之一而已。我们有必要探究交通拥堵的根本原因：这个城市与日能则是吸收在市中心工作却居住在四环外的大量人口。龙轨的存在让四环上的楼房相连的高效步行王国。这在中国并非创举，香港已经有了一条很漂亮的步俱增的不可到达性。公交车不再必要。再补以通往市中心的交通，行人能被更快地输送到四环沿线行传送通道。但在环形中心的核心设置龙轨，这倒是全新的理念，并且与北京北京著名的环路，从二环到六环的总占地面积比紫禁城还大（详见图的任何地方。龙轨每隔3分钟减速一次，减速时64公里长的磁轨上的门同时开的现实非常契合。龙轨的嵌入像双搭桥手术外加新鲜肺叶移植，从此北京将拥例）。简单地增加道路面积并不能缓解交通拥堵或增加可达性。北京的道路覆启，人们被输送至相同速度的本地传送带，他们还可以选择通过电梯登上屋顶有活力无比的心脏！盖率并不及西方的平均水平，私家车的人均拥有量也不及。然而学者预测，公公园玩耍或下到商业街购物，北京的四环将因为龙轨的存在而魅力四射。

和谐社会 A —— 就业和交通政策：行动力，就业和公交车 A Harmonious Society A - Policies for Transport and Employment: Mobility, Employment and Bues 方案/王帷泽+王帷新 Project/Richard Wei-Tse WANG+Stephen Wei-Hsin WANG 失业率和交通费用的上涨将是未来中国所面临的两个重大问题。在工业转型持续深化下，上海已有二十七万五千民登记失业工人。同时，在持续的都市扩展之下，有越来越多的低收入家庭必须面对交通所连带的经济压力。与发展昂贵的地铁相比，扩展城市的公交车网络更可以帮助解决这些问题。公交车是可持续性的交通系统中不可缺乏的一部份，而且是乘坐费用最低的选择。开发大型公交车网络能同时创造新的工作机会，包括司机、乘务员、机械工、审查员、工程师和管理人员等。这些工作岗位非常适合失业者和许多文化程度较低的市民。总之，谦逊的公交车在将来可扮演一个重大角色。它们可以帮助中国城市实现一个无失业，更包容和更加和谐的社会。 Unemployment and higher transport costs are major problems confronting China’s future. With deepening industrial restructuring, there are now over 275,000 registered unemployed citizens in Shanghai. At the same time, with continued urban expansion, more and more lower-income households face increasing financial pressures of commuting. Expansion of the urban bus networks, rather than only the more expensive underground metro system, can help resolve these challenges. Buses are an integral part of any sustainable transportation system that is affordable for all. Developing a larger network of buses will simultaneously create chains of new work opportunities including drivers, attendants, mechanics, 路：轨：中国结中国的公路网很不平衡。大面积欠发达地区之间北京已经勇敢地开始修建2020年全球最大的轨道 inspectors, engineers and managers. Many 仍需修路。而为容纳庞大的高速路系统，大城市交通网络。将轨道建在密集的公路网上，其结果 are well suited for the low-skilled, the 的结构已经发生形变。要弥合比例失调的大马路是一个独特的基础设施二元体。两大系统难以兼 unemployed, those with limited work 与小街道之间的空白还需要修更多的路。公共汽容，而轨道和公路一样侵入城市肌理。要在北京 The Chinese Knot 车仍是最清洁的公交形式，是散漫的中国城市重这样肌理粗砺、不宜人的城市维持效率，就需要 experience. In sum, the humble bus 第六步要的服务工具。为行人提供从门到站的交通服务。项目/何新城 has a significant role to play in the Project/Neville MARS future. They will help realise visions Road： Tracks： STEP China's road network is very unbalanced. Many Beijing has made a bold start building the of a fully-employed, inclusive and 将北京的环路缠绕盘裹在同等比 new roads will need to be built to connect vast world's largest track-based network by 2020. more harmonious society. underdeveloped areas. While large cities have Built on top of its pervasive road system the 6 例大小的紫禁城模式。 structurally been transformed to accommodate result is a unique infrastructural hybrid. But vast highway systems, they can only continue the two systems are hardly compatible, and to expand their network in order to bridge tracks can be as intrusive to the urban fabric “The Chinese Knot”wraps the the gap between disproportionately large and as roads. To be effective within the coarse ring roads in Beijing around a traditionally small streets. The bus, still the inhospitable fabric of cities like Beijing, the cleanest form of public transportation, comes pedestrian needs to be served with door-to- model of the Forbidden City of into play as a means to serve the dispersed station end transportation. the same scale. Chinese cities. www.BURB.TV/view/Shenzhen_2007 龙轨是大幅度缩小城市网络的大胆尝试龙轨是大幅度缩小城市网络的大胆尝试 The D-rail is a big attempt to dramatically shrink ...looped around over Beijing’s Ring Roads the urban network... 48 49

标准难题 Code Conundrum 中国苛开发商和绿色追梦人对中国有相同的抱负：为年轻的市场提体如何环保。现在比任何时候都要贴切，‘要绿色，就严的建 China's rigid building 筑标准供最新的潮流。他们的主张都不是新经济前瞻性的指南，而是满要梦想’。服务行规范实足目前市场需求的尝试。和世界其它地方一样，中国急需一个系人的可际上是 codes in effect prevent 绿色都会/The Green Metropolis 持续城绿色都市统性的开发模式，特别是一个在不断演进、弹性的过程中实现绿市规划色发展主张的模式。而只有承认中国的建设已完成过半，才能调 the shift to sustainable 的障碍动态城市基金会（DCF)介绍了数个绿色愿景：最整方向，创造应对未来的解决方案。目前的务实是整体主义方法。中心的是‘绿色都市’。这一愿景试图囊括城市是可持绿色边缘/The Green Edge 论的障碍，也阻碍了向前概念化的一大步。中国的现实证明了重 pedestrian orientated 续发展最重大的挑战，亦是问题解决之关键。‘绿色都新思考可持续发展是十分必要的。其复杂性从中国规划者面临的市’本身则包含了其它愿景，包括‘绿色边界’，‘绿重重矛盾可见一斑。 planning! 色消费者’和诸如‘动态密度’等规划模式及与之匹配哪怕建筑单体的设计如何精良且可持续发展，其集合仍是功的建筑形态。能低下且不可持续发展的城市。楼房高度类似中国的新兴经济崇拜消费主义的，且没有任何改变的心寻觅边界思，这让我们不得不放弃试图减少消费的做法来催生‘绿色消什么？！再来一次大跃进？道路系统如果中国速度让所谓的蔓生具有暂时性，那么一个费’与‘绿色消费者’的任何努力。西方的城郊是严重依赖能源岔路新的问题是：如何界定城市的界限？大，不过是管理的消耗的城市化的对象。中国的郊区却为紧凑地容纳大规模迁徙带辅路挑战，东京证明，大小并不决定效率。在此范畴内，我来了希望，为城市化远离小规模、效率低下的居民点和网络有可 What?! Another Leap Forward? 当大门面向公路们引入了‘绿色边界’的概念。我们建议，认定超出了能实现。主路高端公交可达范围的城市扩张是不可持续发展的。我们为城市核心之外、公交可达范围之内的区域起名为‘绿绿色愿景博客上弥漫着中国爆发绿色革命的兴奋。一夜之间而且不约色边界’。它是城市与农村的过渡地带。它从略带诬蔑在人类学与政治生态学中，‘愿景’的概念已发展成为描述而同，大家都半开玩笑地称之为绿色大跃进。人们有理由相信，性质的‘城乡结合部’和中不溜秋的形象中解脱出来，意识形态、伦理以及论据的主体，是科学家、规划者、决策者飞速发展的中国能够再往前迈一大步，将发展道路与实现可持续 ‘绿色边界’引入的是极受追捧的住宅环境：葱翠的郊和环保人士都需要参与的意识。以‘循环经济’举例，愿景是发展的全球理想统一。这一理论却与现实相悖。无论是大步向前区生活以及迅速到达市中心的方便。一旦政府－私人能更高层次的抽象体系，它让处于较低层次的具体参与者在矛盾中的抱负还是中国的宏大目标都忽略了一个重要事实：中国的建设达成一致，比如像香港那样，公交与房地产项目能够协碰撞、作用。在插入一切可持续发展的科技之前，中国需要展望已完成过半。这一简单的事实让所有把中国当成空白页、试图实调发展，城市就能扩张其绿色边界。在绿色边界内，高二十年后她想要什么样的城市环境。如果今天的建设导致的是届践全新的、还未知的可持续发展计划的尝试不合时宜。密度、低高度的建筑形态形成的是一个鼓励可持续发展时城市的大规模重建，那将是不可持续发展的极致，无论建筑单和市场化绿色消费的系统。生态——工业二元体 Ecological - Industrial hybrid 在天津打破常规光明Smart-city —— Breaking The Rules in Tianjin 新型中国城市项目/水晶石空间设计实验室[何新城+安健生+戴夫·哈兰德 ] Projects/Crystal Urban Creation [Neville MARS+Jason ANDERSON+Dave HARLANDER] Guangming Smart-city - 文-建筑/何新城 Text-Architecture/Neville MARS A New Chinese City 项目/林纯正在中国似乎有一种常识——如果开发商都按规矩办事、如果建筑设 Project/CJ LIM 计得不是那么漫不经心，我们的城市会更好。然而严峻的现实不得不让设计师重新思考城市规划的可持续发展性。中国城市的高密度与惊人光明Smart-city区提供传统农业的发展空间，是新一代具备生态和可持续发展的城市规划的先锋，带领深圳、的发展速度无法照搬西方的城市规划，这毋庸置疑。重要的是，我们中国、以至世界各地体验创生的城市活。在我们的文化情需要解决中国规划制度的内在矛盾。那些旨在捍卫城市基本标准的制态中，快是一种非常典型的现代观——一切都是，越快越度，事实上却阻碍了城市的可持续发展性；城市的可持续发展性和其好。但在争分夺秒地与生活赛跑时，我们的工作、饮食、 Invariably, density and development 中的公园数量、太阳能光伏板面积乃至取得了LEED证书的楼宇面积健康和人际关系却都象在受难。尤其处在中国当前的速度 speed make any western approach 关系并不大，而城市鼓励自觉地环保使用的能力才是定义其可持续文化背景下，“慢”生活理念更成为光明Smart-city成功 redundant. More importantly, we need to 发展性的主要标准。发展的基础原则。 address contradictions inherent to the Chinese 我们在作塘沽绿色CBD规划的过程中，发现了现有规划框架光明Smart-city (7.97km2) 由市郊具人性尺度的住 planning system. Rules aimed at safeguarding basic 宅和农庄群集而成，呈“塔堡”和“环山”状，宛如通往的严重障碍。其中最明显的是现行的楼间距标准是无益的，这让 urban qualities in new plans in effect prevent real 一条主街，林立着不同的本地商铺以满足各种需要，其中有精工天堂的巴别塔，它们在地形上延伸，融入了人类建立乌托城市组织流于分散。这让街道景观变得过分开阔，公共空间之 sustainability from ever occurring; sustainability 裁缝店、食品杂货店、备有牙科眼科和心理治疗服务的医疗中邦的理想。为了对抗城市的蔓生，提倡自行车和步行的集 not based on the number of parks, solar panels or 间的联系难以建立；这让城市景观距离为行人服务的宗旨越来心、电影院、邮局、银行、学校、宗教中心和不可或缺的办公约用地模式。每座市郊的“塔堡”和“环山”都是自给自 even certified buildings of an area, but defined by 楼。这样的都市规划还带动了不同“塔堡”和“环山”间的社区越远，打破这一规划制度极为迫切。当你的客户就是政府本身足的。它们有独立的主街和广场，各式各样，别具一格。 its intrinsic ability to encourage a green use. 文化交流。时，这一目标也不是不可完成的任务。数间现存的学校及公共设施将联合在新的发展计划中得到其次是引入前卫的分步开发机制。这是与客户的交流回更新。 Basic Concept: Our research for the design of the Tanggu Green 合中有突破性的一刻——让客户意识到市场效应与可持续发在发展区的中心有一处人工沙滩，水透过特设的芦苇 Guangming Smart-city provides the opportunity to CBD revealed severe obstacles embedded in the 过滤系统，经由不同水道注入恢复生机的茅洲河。这里是展性其实是紧密结合的。大型的综合性项目通常是统一设计 continue the agricultural tradition, creating a hybrid city regulatory framework. Most notably the planning 都市人宁静的绿洲，它有着与大自然调和一致的韵律，融然后一气呵成。而在这经济的动荡时期，规划一个既适应 at the vanguard of urban design and eco-sustainability. codes keep the spaces between the buildings 汇出禅的境界。宽步径围绕沙滩接驳所有社区，提供一个 unnecessarily wide. Not unlike the problems 快速发展又适应突如其来的放缓的开发机制尤其有价值。 50 51 休息的地方，可以耍太极、缓步跑、散步或踏自行车及轻 Post-Olympic Urban Approach: at the regional scale, the city environment is 这让大型的生态规划框架的投资更为自由，比如分水岭便长。新城是非机动交通区：市内的交通主耍依赖地下轻 A very modern assumption of our culture states that forcefully dispersed. This leaves the streetscape 和住宅自然保护带。自然生态系统的灵活亦为城市的商铁(MTR)。绿色环保的电力或天然气空中巴士能够穿插广 faster is always better. But in the race to keep up, uncomfortably open, while connections between 业注入生机。场及“塔堡”和“环山”。运输路线贯穿了经过重新诠释 everything suffers – our work, diet, health and our different parts of the public space are hard to forge; 总体规划的第一步通常是对周围生态环境的测的古老城市广场，规划出新公共区的蓝图。 relationships. Slow living is fundamental to the success a far cry from an pedestrian orientated landscape. 保留光明和公明村原住民世袭的生活和农产模式将会绘，而地点周围只有工业和尘烟笼罩的繁荣港口；要 of the new city especially in the context of China’s Breaking the rules becomes imperative. And with 是规划的重点。尤于基地的地势起伏不平，因此大部份的保留现存的交通联系亦不可能，这有志成为中国第一 current culture of speed; it will establish a unique the government as a client, this is actually feasible. 地方都末经开发。方案采取有别于移平原有山脉的方法， character and lifestyle, that will sett Guangming Smart- 个绿色CBD的地方，已被推土机平整为瓦砾铺就的提出建造人工小山岗和石坑建议，扩展天然地形，以便带 city apart. A second step was the introduction of progressive 灰色地毯。我们决定重新引入水与植被的自然网络来以下的优势: (1) 紧凑用地模式: 而环形的结构对比其 phaseability. An important moment in what can 概念，从暴雨倾泄以及洪水的预警系统开始。除了它城市更能够有效地增加建筑密度和绿化空间。(2) 达到 Guangming Smart-city (7.97km2)is arranged into only be described as a steep mutual learning curve, 引入基本的绿色技术和混合建筑体外，我们不鼓最大日照量(3) 冷却间接方法: 建筑物利用泥土的热的质 human-scale clusters of housing and farming suburbs in was the notion that marketability and sustainability 励轿车的使用。由此试图创建一个舒适的、立体量，一年四季都能天然地调节温度，炎夏清凉，寒冬保 the form of towers and craters. The forms are conceived are closely aligned. Large aggregate projects are 暖。(4) 展望如画的景色 (5) 建立个性: 光明 Smart-City 的社区，它的生长将促成低高度、高密度的多层 as an augmentation of the existing topography. The conceived and built at once. Designing a flexible 的环形地势和房屋的混合体创立了有别于其它国际城市的次行人网络和居住带。 Suburb Towers and Craters are intended to combat backbone that can facilitate both fast or unforeseen 特有风貌。 urban sprawl and advocate compact land use patterns slow growth, suddenly becomes valuable in these 在环境方面，公有的墙可以增加节省能源和结构的效 that are walkable and bicycle-friendly. Each tower or tumultuous times. Remarkably larger ecological There is a sense in China that, if only 用。在社会方面，每个设计社区的人口都能够有效地维持 crater is self-sufficient with its own high street, Suburb planning frameworks, such as watershed and developers would abide by the rules, if only 教育、医疗、经济和文康的事务，足够应附不同背景、阶 Square and individual character. natural habitat protection, offer a comprehensive buildings would not be so haphazard, things 层和年纪的居民的需要。 approach that also allow investment freedom. The would be better. However, China actually 提供混合用途的“塔堡” 和“环山”结合了都市农业 flexibility of natural systems, grants the city a forces designers to rethink sustainability 和不同收入居民的住房开发。房屋的空间布局满足了传统 vitality in a commercial sense. in planning from scratch. 的家庭观念，尤适于两代以上共居的家庭。每一市郊都有

深圳中心区皇岗片区改造规划 The Shenzhen CBD Huanggang Area Redevelopment Project involves an extensive research and design process that encompasses 50 Shenzhen Central Huanggang Village Redevelopment Research and hectares of the central business area of Shenzhen and more specifically 23 hectares of land presently owned and managed by Proposal the Huanggang Village Collective. The challenge is to achieve a responsible and sustainable urban development planning while 项目/杜娟 meeting the various conflicting demands of the involved agencies, including the Mayor’s office, the Shenzhen Exhibition Center, Project/Juan DU and the Huanggang Village Development Corporation. Based on tremendous social, cultural, and economic demands along 此项目范围地处深圳中心区，是作为深圳城市标志性区域的中轴线以及皇岗片区，涉及用地面积50.38公顷，其中 with complex spatial, Infrastructural, and programmatic needs 皇岗村重点设计研究范围约23公顷。本设计目标完善中心区配套功能，强化多样性混合空间使用，塑造城市活力中心， of the project, seven main concepts were formed to guide the 注重设计研究的全面系统性，故此内容涵盖土地利用、城市设计、旧村改造、建筑景观设计、地下空间和综合交通等多个 development of the proposal and to ensure a correspondence 领域。通过对皇岗村改造相关问题（如政策性住房、会展配套、实施分期等）的深入研究，在满足方案基本设计条件的基 and correlation of each of the demands and requirements of the involved issues. 础上，本设计从皇岗村整体空间形态、功能布局、公共空间、景观系统、改造实施等方面出发，提出了皇岗村改造优化方 Specifically for the redevelopment plan of the Huanggang Urban 案。于皇岗村改造计划,中心区轴线延伸、以及会展中心改善优化三个研究主题的构架，我们分别从功能、空间、视觉、 Village, the main goal is to achieve a long-term, socially and 社会经济等议题出发讨论，遵循连接性、穿越性、灵活性、时间性、拓扑性、集中性、延续性等七个主导概念，最终提出 economically sustainable plan for the self-development and 多个设计策略，以达到中轴线以不同方式在城市不同空间尺度得到延伸的同时，皇岗村能够保持自身特点的混合弹性开发 operation of the Village Collective’s corporation. In addition 的目的。在皇岗村改造方面，我们经过研究认为，应该充分尊重并利用皇岗村业已形成的路网格局与空间肌理，保留并 to preserving the Village’s ceremonial structures and spaces, 强化历史人文空间，通过低层高密度空间的塑造使之成为一个特征鲜明的城市空间。在功能上, 此方案提出混合/竖向分区 such as the Ancestral Residence, Meeting Hall, and associated gardens, the proposal retains the existing street network and 的策略，除个别地块以外，皇岗村全部改造面积都在满足现行建设规范的前提下将遵循混合功能、弹性功能的原则开发。 building organization of the village site. Creatively extending 在实施上，此方案提出分期/弹性规划，结合皇岗村的实际要求和项目经济分析，设计5个开发期，一方面保证每期在拆迁 the central axis of the CBD by forming a low-rise high- 安置和新建补充量上的平衡，使改造能够在经济上达到滚动可行，同时设计个别地块建设临时住宅安置现有商业和部分居 density central zone, this area along with the preserved 民，以达到改造对社会生活影响最小。五个开发分期可根据实际市场状况暂停或重续开发，以形成一个开放的可调整的改 collective public areas forms a sharp spatial contrast to 造规划系统。 the adjacent potential high-rise development zones. The spatial arrangement and layout of all development allow for 三维人行道细胞团规划 maximum freedom in mixed programs and flexible zoning - ranging from commercial to residential - by pre-testing the Stacked pedestrian cell- sites for code regulations and sun-light exposure. The pattern planning implementation process is designed with five sequential 展览馆底部的山形随着CBD stages that each holds a demolition and construction 楼基的挖掘进程而扩展 balance for sustainable economic and operational The exhibition hall management. Each developmental stage is envisioned expands with hills as the as a comprehensive step toward forming equilibrium of foundations of the CBD flexible public housing, residence housing exchange, are excavated 52 and commercial space allocations. The entire planned process forms an interactive and counterbalancing redevelopment system. 绿色建筑只存在于郊区，或者说是大城市的绿色边缘 Green projects belong 和谐社会 B —— in the suburbs — or 住房政策：新房帮旧房 rather, the green edge* A Harmonious Society B - 52 53 of big cities neighbours. New Housing Policy: Showers for neighbours In this way, communal shower and toilets will be made available for use by 方案/王帷泽+王帷新 households without them, ensuring that poorer neighbours enjoy the fruits of urban development. This simple, yet profound Project/Richard Wei-Tse WANG+Stephen Wei-Hsin WANG change, might becomes the basis of a more socially inclusive, yet cost-effective housing system. 一个和谐社会中，老建筑和新建筑之间的关系因该有所改变。虽然已经过二十多年的迅速城市改造，上海今天仍有大约一千万平米的旧式里弄房子。这些旧里在城市里是廉价住房的一个重要来源，但目前估计旧里中还有大约九十万民居民仍然没有卫生设施例如浴室或厕所。如要将廉价住房在现地保留，一种新的解决方法是必要的。从`邻居互助的精神’为起点，新的建筑有很大的浅力可帮助老房子。如在旧的住宅附近要求新的开发项目提供旧房没有的卫生设施，这样现代化的公共浴室和厕所可被大量普及化，进一步确保条件差的邻居都可享受到都市发展的成果。这样简单的变动，可进一步迈向一个有包容性和经济效益的住房系统。 In a harmonious society, the relationship between old buildings and new buildings could change. After more than 20 years of rampant urban renewal, Shanghai today still has approximately 10 million m² of old lilong houses. Old houses are a vital source of affordable housing in the city, but an estimated 900,000 residents here still have no access to sanitation facilities such as bath, showers or toilets. If affordable housing is to be preserved in their current locations, a radical solution is needed. In the spirit of ‘neighbourly assistance’, new buildings may do much to help old houses. New developments adjacent to older sub-standard housing are required to include small numbers of missing facilities for their

溶解和构建后奥林匹克北京 Refabricating Post-Olympic Beijing 项目/廖维武+黄颂威+余启昌 Project/Laurence LIAUW + Ray WONG + Andrew YU 支援/陈悦,李静文,黄嘉颖 Support/CHEN Yue, LI Jingwen, WONG Ka Wing 北京的城市宣言 2008北京奥运已经结束，借这个契机“旧北京”完成了到“新北京”的转化。但在奥运结束后也有许多关于未来建设的问题暴露出来并尚未解决。拥有大量昂贵基建设施和代表性体育馆，总面积3.75平方公里的奥林匹克公园将会需求一种新的建筑规划策略，以一种统一的态度去维持城市的发展，并将本身转化成为社会经济以及政治与文化为一体的小型都市。北京的未来决不只是眼下的光景（已是昨日）又或是过去的包袱。北京的发展模式和方向已经被突然重组的巨大纪念性建筑所改变。这些改变不可避免的造成了市民的动迁和城市肌理的密集化。但是，如果利用奥林匹克公园和北京城互相影响，交换密度分布，城市就可以采用新景观化基础建设和再构建城市肌理来自我维持和发展。因此，挑战巨大纪念性的北京2008奥林匹克公园并在其中发展城市建设，就有可能在城市肌理中“取代和分散“奥林匹克公园的景观以使北京城得以在未来再生。这将会成就纪念性公园和人民城市之间的动态发展么？ AN URBAN MANIFESTO OF BEIJING The 2008 BeijingOlympics have come and gone, acting as an event catalyst that has radically transformed ‘Old Beijing’ into ‘New Beijing’ with many questions remaining for the future planning of China after the Party’s over. After massive and costly infrastructure and iconic stadium development, Post-Event planning in the 3.75 sq km tabula rasa Olympic Green’s evolution of socio-economic and political-cultural urban life will demand new architectural strategies to sustain the city in a coherent manner. Future ambition beyond the mere spectacle of today (already yesterday), and baggage of the past, Beijing’s development has been reconfigured suddenly by these monumental Olympics at the cost of displaced citizens and urban fabric densification. The city could however sustain its future growth through new infrastructural landscapes and regenerating urban fabric, by allowing a dialogue with the rest of Beijing through density exchange. By challenging the monumental 2008 Olympic Park and intensifying it with future urban development, it is possible to ‘displace and disperse’ the landscape of the Olympic Park into the city to regenerate the rest of Beijing, for future generations. Could this be the dynamics between this dissolving Monumental Park and the Peoples' City? 后-后规划 Post Post-Planning 耐力及老化 ——后上海世博方案 Endurance & Obsolescence - Post-Shanghai Expo Proposals 项目/伦敦建筑师联盟学院 [导师：汤姆•沃瑞伯斯，设计组：AM-PM+21+Dunes+123+02R+Sahra] 54 55 Project/AA School [Tutor:Tom VEREBES, Teams: AM-PM+21+Dunes+123+02R+Sahra] 这些提案探讨了与城市和建筑物的老化相关的问题。我们绝不是要为无常与短暂而喝彩，而是在中国快速的城市转型语境中，应对环境、经济、文化和社会的耐久性等问题。鉴于当代中国城市化和建设速度的紧迫、持续和势不可挡，总体规划战略尽管旨在追求耐久的城市完形的最终状态，结果却往往是机能失调的城市和迅速荒废的建筑物。我们的目标是以不断进化并能适应未来变化的城市为基础，寻求城市总体规划的替代方案。内在于我们对当代城市认识之中的手段，是能够管理互动、沟通与交换等复杂品质的设计技术，正是这些品质成为 21世纪城市的特色。我们参数化城市的方法，是通过将智能嵌入城市空间的构型与运作，相联系的设计体系可以控制当地的动态信息，从而影响和调整更大范畴上的城市生活进程。 These proposals address issues associated with the obsolescence of cities and buildings. Far from a celebration of impermanence and ephemerality, we will deal with questions of environmental, economic, cultural and social endurance within the context of rapid urban transformation in China. Masterplanning strategies which seek an enduring final state of urban completion tend to lead to dysfunctional cities and quickly obsolescent buildings, given the urgent, incessant, and evidently unstoppable pace of urbanisation and construction in contemporary China. We aim to seek alternatives to urban masterplanning based an evolving city with capacities of adaptation to future contingencies. The vehicles inherent to our understanding of contemporary urbanism are design techniques with capabilities of managing the complex qualities of interaction, communication and exchange that characterise the twenty-first-century city. Our approach to Parametric Urbanism addresses the ways in which associative design systems can control local dynamic information to effect and adjust larger urban life-processes by embedding intelligence into the formation and performance of urban spaces.

转型中的城市类型：在编码的整体中演习 Urban Typologies in Transformation: Exercises in Coded Wholes 项目/汤姆•沃瑞伯斯+OCEAN.CN // AADRL Project/Tom VEREBES + OCEAN.CN // AADRL OCEAN.CN开发了一系列城市组织模型，即生成集结类型和密度计算阵列。这 The parametric logic of the resultant 一设计演习激增了城市集结原型的新混合品，并令与当代中国城市相关的建筑形 prototypical spaces embodies dimensional 态种类更多样。 constraints such as height limits, FAR, architectural footprint density, plot area, and 类型转换 the total buildable surface area. 人口与密度数据提取自若干中国城市，应用到四个主要集结类型的变种们对之外人大 The urban prototypes are differentiated 中（多层建筑；低层/大进深平面；高层塔楼；豪华独栋别墅）。所得出际密度超还有实低层建筑和辕 in relation to the five Chinese cities which 式。的原型空间的参数逻辑包括了空间限制，比如高度、建筑容积率、建筑度南的感知密只是数学公比如北京予人感受却 initially briefed the parametric variation. ；非覆盖率、制图面积和可建面积总量。而密度并的主观感受相当，然 These urban prototypes incorporate the 照能度城市密人口密度可现实对 Y 五个中国城市的不同导致了城市原型的差异化，即初始的参数变 subdivision of land by road networks, 的型街区量。这些城市原型通过道路网络，优化基础设施，划分界限，以及 infrastructural optimisation, lot boundaries, sen- 北辙。 ctive ual 这五个城市（北京、上海、广州、深圳和东莞）的地理/地形特征 and the geographic/topographic features IT subje t REAL ensity mula. The lies the ac ’s and existing urban patterns of each of the 和现有的城市格局，将细分化的土地整合起来。 ived D t a for e g that b ple Beijin n- Perce o five cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, n ensity 设计的最后阶段还有一个并行的目标，就是超越简单的欧几 ity is o may c m K Dens of urban d ; for exa CHEC Shenzhen, Dongguan). locks density, 里德几何学，它是正式表述更具体的建筑原型的基础。一组针 ensity nd megab tion ation s d 7 lated ctures a . popula y different 对一般化街区模型的修改，生成了形式上仅限于当地地形、 calcu erage stru all w-rise e same av ce is radic 环境条件的反应，并得出平面图及其分支的曲变度的层级结 lo The final stage of design has a parallel f th ran sist o eir appea 构。 objective of surpassing simple Euclidian ile th wh geometries as the basis for the formal articulation of more detailed architectural OCEAN.CN has developed a series of urban prototypes. A set of modifications to the organisational models, generated as computational generic block models generates formally arrays of massing typologies and densities. This specific responses to local topographic and design exercise proliferates new hybrid urban environmental conditions, resulting in a massing prototypes, and varied species of hierarchy of degrees of curvature of the architectural configurations associated with ground plan and its subdivisions. contemporary Chinese cities. 网格：网络：网格左右了范围内建筑物的类型，而公共属性也已嵌今天，即使是直角网格也过于静态，我们入它们的设计之中。虽然缀上了高速公路和大道，中 Tverebes@oceanD.com 要设计的是流畅的城市空间。在本质不变 Typology Transformations 国的城市却仍然不以多向性网格系统为基础。表面的的前提下，网格需要适应各种地理条件， www.oceanD.com Population and density data was initially 灵活性来自于基础设施的过度配置：大面积单一功能并发生形变。这让网格可适用于更广泛的 mined from several Chinese cities, and 分区的结果是——纸上的公共面积十分可观，而现实类型范畴，更精准地定义基础设施和建筑第七步 was applied to the morphing of four 的公共空间名存实亡。更高效、更灵活、更亲密的城的关系亦成为可能。 dominant massing typologies (tier 市依靠的是尺度与人谐调的直角网格。 buildings; low-rise/deep-plan; high- NETWORK： STEP rise towers; luxury detached GRID： Today even the orthogonal grid is too villas). A grid fosters an inherent set of building typologies. static for the fluid urban spaces we As such the quality of public is embedded in their want to design. The grid itself needs 7 design. Though laced with highways and avenues, to be able to adapt to geographic the Chinese city is not based on a multidirectional conditions and morph without loosing grid system. Ostensible flexibility is derived from its generic properties. This opens over-dimensioned infrastructure: the framework the grid up to a broader range of for extensive mono-functional zoning of ample typologies and offers the possibility public square meters, but zero public space. of more closely defined relationships More efficient, flexible and intimate cities rely on between infrastructure and building. embracing orthogonal grids of human proportions 中国城市编码 Coding Urban China 项目/泽纳尔/霍克工作室[柯特•弗朗兹+约翰•霍克+酒井智彦+彼特•泽纳尔] Project/ZELLNERPLUS/HOUCK Studio[Kurt FRANZ+ John HOUCK + Tomohiko SAKAI+Peter ZELLNER] 生成一个国民的城市 number. Fancy! beginRecord(PDF, 56 57 saveToFolder + \"/frame-####. 我们想象一个可能没有边界、不停蔓生但又人口密集的城市化中国，它包含了几乎无限多种建筑形式和无限多个类 pdf\"); } 型学重构。我们想象，在中国有这样一种国有的城市化――目标理想上趋于一致，实践执行上因地制宜。 if (isAuto) { currSolver.clear(); 我们的目的是为有凝聚力的国民城市结构创造一种新模式，从而让公共和私人空间可自由转换或互换，并且不 currSolver.solve(); import if (currSolver.isSolved) { processing. if (saveToFolder == null) { 影响或扰乱私人住房及大街区。具体来说，我们竭力将个体与公共职能都注入城市街区，为街区的内部和边缘营 core.*; saveToFolder = selectFolder(); // Opens file chooser import processing.xml.*; if (saveToFolder == null) { 造一种模糊的特质。 // If a folder was not selected import processing.opengl.*; println(\"No folder was selected...\"); import processing.pdf.*; } import damkjer.ocd.*; 我们希望能创造这些条件，既不过快确定目标，也不诉诸重复生产的简单方法（比如模拟）去制造某种变 else else { import javax.swing.*; { // If a folder was selected, print path to folder import javax.media.opengl.*; // If a println(saveToFolder); 化的假象。归根结底，我们试图创造一套策略，用以开发具有随机性及生成能力的语言模式，它可以根据预 folder was } import java.applet.*; selected, } import java.awt.*; print path to 先设定的限制和规则进行自动编辑。 beginRecord(PDF, saveToFolder + \"/frame-####.pdf\"); import java.awt.image.*; folder grid.draw(); import java.awt.event.*; currSolver.draw(); import java.io.*; endRecord(); import java.net.*; } println(saveToFolder); import java.text.*; Generating a National City } import java.util.*; //delay(1000); } import java.util.zip.*; record = true; import java.util.regex.*; We imagine a potentially limitless, sprawling yet dense URBAN China composed from an archive of } println(\"saving pdf...\"); else { } public class nine_sq_comp_02 extends PApplet { grid.draw(); if (key == 'a') { almost endless architectural varieties and unlimited typological re-compositions. We imagine in China currSolver.draw(); isAuto = !isAuto; final int SCRN_WIDTH = 700; } println(\"is auto: \" + isAuto); final int SCRN_HEIGHT = 700; a nationalized urbanism- general in ambition yet specific in execution. } if (record) { boolean record; endRecord(); } boolean isAuto; record = false; PGraphicsOpenGL pgl; println(\"pdf saved...\"); // GL gl; We aimed to create a model for a cohesive national urban fabric in which public and private } // constraint satisfaction solver String saveToFolder = null; // spaces could be freely swapped or interchanged without disrupting either the individual house } abstract class CSPSolver { Grid grid; int TRY_THIS_MANY = 2000; CSPSolver currSolver; or the larger block. In particular we sought to inject each city block with private as well as /** ProgressMonitor progressMonitor; * key pressed boolean isSolved; /** */ * setup public functions, creating an ambiguous quality to block interiors and edges. public void keyPressed() { // */ if (key == ' ') { // public void setup() { currSolver.clear(); public CSPSolver() { size(SCRN_WIDTH, SCRN_HEIGHT); currSolver.solve(); } // end CSPSolver () public We hoped to generate these conditions without immediately over determining intention if (currSolver.isSolved) { grid = new Grid(150, 150); void println(\"complete solution.....\"); // currSolver = new Solver01(); clear() } // or resorting to simple (e.g. analog) methods of iteration and reiteration to produce {} } // ellipseMode(CENTER); if (key == 'c') { public void solve() {} frameRate(30); // an artificial rendition of variation. Ultimately, we sought to invent a strategy for currSolver.clear(); } // } // // developing a randomized, generative pattern language that could automatically if (key == 'p') { // /** public void start() { if (saveToFolder == null) { // * println(\"started...\"); saveToFolder = selectFolder(); // Opens file chooser public void draw() {} */ edited according to a predetermined set of constraints and rule sets. } if (saveToFolder == null) { public void draw() { // If a folder was not selected // background(255); // println(\"No folder was selected...\"); // if (record) { // } // // Note that #### will be replaced with the frame //

Beijing Shanghai Guangzhou GLOBAL CONNECTIVITY WITH LOCAL CHARACTERISTICS URBAN VILLAGES WILL CONSUME THE CITY FLEXIBILITY IS THE NEW INFRASTRUCTURE University of California, Berkeley, School of Architecture Rice University School of Architecture Jury Recognition Gina Siciliano, Melissa Smith, David Bowen-M. Arch, Adrianna Robert Crawford , Beatrice Eleazar, Curt Gambetta, Richie University of Southern California, School of Architecture Navarro-Sertich; Advisor: Renee Chow Gelles; Advisor: Clover Lee Jamie Wu, I-Ting Chen, Hua Li; Advisor: Eui-Sung Yi Can the complexity of street activities bring life to the typical patterns Can the model of the urban village be intensified then Can a flexible, changeable infrastructure system reconcile the Shenzhen and technologies of global urban connections? re-carved to produce channels of connectivity? disconnects between the city and the home, between horizontal and vertical growth, and between interior and NEW URBAN SPECIES exterior environments? TOP-DOWN LIVING The Chinese University of Hong Kong Rostov Architectural Academy Lau Hung Ching, Leung Yiu Ming, Ng Shuk Wai, Wong Chun Bellini Daria, Platonov Pavel, Levoshina Diana, Maltsev Ivan, Wai, Ray Yip Tak Kei; Advisor: Laurence Liauw, Shinya Oduka Muchtarov Eldar; Advisor: Doynicin Andrew What if an incremental, serial approach to the Mega-block How can services and living spaces be stratified and densified could set up a dialogue between city and nature through to take greater advantage of environmental resources like air, evolutionary types of the city block? light, and water? DOUBLE DIVERSITY MAKES DOUBLE HAPPINESS Columbia University, GSAPP Egbert Chu, Yuka Terada, Sid Wichienkuer How can the illusion of security and serenity be exposed, to “A possible conceptual GROW STRONGER IN THE STRUGGLE FOR SUNSHINE move towards the co-habitation of rich and poor, enabled by solution to urban and Rad Natures gradient zones strategically placed to encourage contact human rigidity.” TWIST TOWARDS THE FUTURE Dong-Ping Wong, Carolyn Matsumoto, Aimee Chang, Noah without forcing it? DOREEN HENG LIU Sherburn, Oana Stanescu Columbia University Helen Cao, Lily Parshall, Dana Pillai, Jeff Shrader, Mercy How can high-density housing be formed by the demands of Wong, Tom Wu energy independence—a power-driven architecture—and exploit the collectivity of urban living for mutually beneficial social, What repeatable formal logics might allow the necessities of economic and ecological gains? natural light, interlocking public and private green spaces, and energy awareness to become visible in the Mega-block? CONSTANT CHANGE IS HARMONIOUS 从“极大”到“米塔”：极大城区项目 Columbia University, GSAPP Andy Yuan, Luoyi Yin, Shao W. Deng, Xin Wang, Ziyu Zhuang; LIVE LATERALLY IN THE URBAN CANOPY Advisor: Kenneth Frampton Rice University School of Architecture Mega to Meta: The Megablock Project W. Amanda Chin, Katherine Green, Nkiru Mokwe, Beth Wieber; Can a new, open framework accommodate both stable and Advisor: Clover Lee unstable programs over time? 项目/杰弗里·约翰森[哥伦比亚大学建筑研究院] Could the growth of a manufactured jungle end the segregation of discrete towers and the disconnects between open space Project/Jeffrey Johnson [China Lab, Columbia School of Architecture Planning and Preservation] HYPER-MESH THE VOIDS and program in the Mega-block? RAISE THE LIVING OF FLOATING POPULATIONS Jury Recognition / Columbia University, GSAPP Jury Recognition / Columbia University, GSAPP Mark Bearak, Dora Kelle, Seth Ruggiero, Dana Fantauzzo “夏季工作坊”的“从极大城区到米塔城区”的项目﹐以系统设计为基础﹐尝试改造并重新整合零散化的北京城市结构﹐共享各组成 Amanda Brookins, Jenny Chou, Kevin Wei; Advisor: Brian McGrath 部分的资源。 Could a prosthetic construction of parks, residences, and WITHOUT BOUNDARIES THERE ARE NO OPPORTUNITIES services hyper-activate the ‘community space’ voids within 极大城区并没为北京城超大规模的基础设施增光添彩。是一种有机的、整体逻辑，通过连接各个层级和不同生态系统，弥合了环路和私 How can Megablock Urbanism avoid obliterating already University of Waterloo, School of Architecture superblocks? functioning lands (AFLs)--vast tracts of agricultural land, Tammy Chau, Bill Chan, Joseph Lo, Rosanna Ho; 家花园亭阁间的空隙。这也是在大与小之间维持平衡的尝试：它并不否认实用性、大规模框架的存在价值，但同时也在重拾中国传统建筑的历 traditional villages, worker housing? “In between flexibility Advisor: Anne Bordeleau 史价值，即建筑维系并协调着大的宇宙与小的栖居。 and rigidity in a slightly poetic way.” Can the Mega-block enclosures, as containers for mixed programs, be 从当下的轨迹来看，极大街区的发展，在各个现实层面上都不具有可持续性：不论是社会、环境、经济或作为城市环境的组成部分。向“米 developed as opportune zones for social dynamics to unfold? DOREEN HENG LIU 塔城区”的转型将可持续战略重新置入现有的城市结构中：“米塔平面”（多层次、跨街区互联，轻松进入公共空间）、“米塔交通”（将行人与自行车交通系统优先设置在大规模汽车网络之上）、“米塔生态”（实现居民与城市自然环境之间的互动）、“米塔基础设施”（提升当地的电子通讯、水处理、能源和垃圾回收能力）、“米塔经济”（维系多样化人口结构，包括增加低收入住房，启动新的基础设施建设等）。您还在等待下一个庞然大物吗？您还在等待下一个平民区被拆除﹐下一个单位大院被私有化﹐或下一个小区失去它的光彩吗？不用等了﹐“米塔 58 59 LIFT UP THE PEOPLE, TUCK IN THE PUBLIC MODEL PRODUCTION UNIT FOR THE NEW ECONOMY 城区”来了。这不是一个普通的小区﹐而您也不是一个普通开发商。地产发展终于迈向三维化。而您不只可以享受纵向多层面的发展模式﹐还可以展 Charrette Winner Columbia University+Bard Graduate School 望更多的回报机会。在我们不断对城市系统的迅速发展的研究下﹐我们完成了一个新的地产产品﹐“米塔平面”。它解决了中国小型社区发展模式千 Rice University School of Architecture Katie Shima, Aidan Flaherty, Robin Fitzgerald-Green, Keith Matthew Crnkovich, Quyen Ma, Viktor Ramos, Peter Stanley; Greenwald, Chris Altman 篇一律的问题﹐及人口分布﹑环境和经济层面造成的不可持续性发展。请浏览我们的网页www.china-lab.org﹐成为未来中国“米塔城市”发展的一部 LIBERATE THE GROUND, REINTEGRATE THE ENVIRONMENT Advisor: Clover Lee RETURN TO AGRICULTURE WITHOUT LEAVING THE CITY 分。 Columbia University, GSAPP How much energy can a single Mega-block capture, and can it University of Southern California, School of Architecture Can the tower-podium formulation of the typical superblock be Christopher Guerette, Andrew Jacobs, Marlo Brown, Xu Chen start to feed the city? Anthony Laney, Brad Zuger re-imagined with more dynamic relationships between public and residential zones? Can density become an advantage by creating a microclimate within the The Summer Workshop's 'Megablock to Metablock' project constructed a systems-based approach to retrofitting, re-integrating, of its Mega- block?resources Can China reclaim agriculture as the open heart and sharing Mega-block? between fragments of Beijing's city fabric. LEARN FROM HAKKA HOUSING “The massing of the scheme is The Meta-Block is a de-monumentalization of the mega-scale infrastructure of Beijing. By linking multiple levels and ecological to extreme, oppressive, and unlikely systems, it is an organic, holistic Ecole Spéciale d’Architecture Pierre-Antoine Bonamour; Advisor: Kenny Kinugasa Tsui be hospitable at the inner layers of the logic that complements the ring roads and towers-in-the-private-park. And it is a balancing act betweenbut provocatively asks whether Big and Small: it does not negate the value of the onion, pragmatic large-scale framework, but rather recalls the historical value of Chinese architecture as a mediator betweenathe larger cosmos and smaller habitats. In what ways can the autonomous urban microcosm of Hakka it’s possible to create Mega-block housing be integrated into and inform a greater urban system? that is even more dense and massive than current Mega-blocks.” Mega-block development, in its current trajectory, is unsustainable in all aspects of the world: socially, environmentally, economically, and as a part of the built environment. The transformation into Meta-Blocks reinserts sustainable strategies into the existingCHANG, JURY MEMBER ERIC city structure: Meta-plane (multi-level and cross-block PROMOTE UNDESTRUCTIVE CONSTRUCTION connectivity and access to open spaces), Meta-transport (reprioritizing pedestrian and bike circulation above the massive vehicular grid), Meta-ecology (localized Univeristy of Waterloo interaction between inhabitants and constructed nature), Meta-infrastructure (upgrading local telecommunications, water filtration, energy, waste revitalization), and “Can the design be taken even further, not only to Jason Hong create public space on the plaza level but also to Meta-economy (linking more diverse demographics, including the insertion of low-income housing, to new infrastructure). more polemically redefine the plinth? Can vertical MAKE IT LIVABLE Can the existing ‘social infrastructure’ re-animate the connections—waterfalls, bike paths, car parks, superimposed housing system? Columbia University, GSAPP+SIPA Are you waiting for the next big thing? Are you tired of waiting for the next slum to be evacuated, the next work unit compound to be privatized, and your next gated garbage chutes, music—be introduced as Tao Liu, Matt Flynn, Bing-chi Sung elements that make the space above and below community condo to lose its luster? Wait no longer; the Meta-Block has arrived. This is not your typical superblock, and you are not a typical real estate investor. Real the plinth less absolute in their distinctions?” URBAN DOUFU CAN TAKE A HUNDRED SHAPES Houw might the traditional concept of jia shan shui—an estate development has finally gone multi-dimensional: not only can you enjoy the benefits of vertically layered development, but you can also see new returns as JEFFREY INABA, JURY MEMBER alternative landscape composed of mountains, earth and Columbia University, GSAPP the meta-block develops over time. Based on intensive research into the hyper development of urban systems, a new real estate product, the Meta-plane, addresses water—shape profit and community, twin ideological pillars of Micheal Young, Michael Ka'ainoni; Advisor: Mark Rakatansky unsustainable problems—demographic, environmental, and economic—of the overused gated community model that has made your city feel like every other city. Visit www. the new China, within the megablock? Can the Mega-block and its individual units become doufu, china-lab.org to learn how to become part of the Meta-Block future. absorbing existing and imposed cultural flavors, and changing THE CITY AS ONION character as they interact with their neighbors? Columbia University, GSAPP + Grad. Sch. of Public Health Tat Lam, Meg Andrews, Chao-Jung Chen, Yongjun Do, Danielle Radel, Eirini Tsachrelia, Bret Quagliara, Alvin Wong; Advisor: Jeffery Johnson Can the human desire for bigness be taken to its illogical

的副作用。中国近年来 \"新兴都市”麻醉品括创造业和表演艺术) 或不同意执政方针的人民都只能去都市公民也容易支持该政策。因为新兴都市政府的经济发展的非凡成就是中海外发展。这些新兴都市支持者和反对者的出入循环创造政治标题是“发展经济” 和“现代化”，它所有国人民辛勤劳动换来的。了人口的自我审查——“不喜欢的不来”;“不喜欢新兴政策都可以自称是为了经济发展和稳定而确立的。 Urban Narcotics in Boomtown 所以我们应该如何避免这都市的请离开\"。一旦大家习惯于都市化的舒适并积累了一定财富，些人民患上“再喂食综合 China 持有异议的机会成本便增加了：当你有一个待遇优症”——因为突然而来的财自由市场无自由。厚的事业、住在封闭的住宅小区、拥有崭新的进口文/陈威廉与张婷婷富的而对物质过份依赖？汽车时，和自己没有直接关系的不合法的拘捕则更北京08年奥运会的壮观宣告了中国不再是沉睡的巨当人们全力以赴地提高 Text/William TAN and Ting-Ting ZHANG 容易被忽略。龙，而是需要严正对待的大国。媒体对这一宣言的成功报生活水平时，怎么向他们解释道将刺激人们对新兴都市公式的全盘接受。新加入（资本文化尊严和民族身分这些无形经济的繁荣让城市开发在过去十年已沦为商业投机新兴都市是政治麻醉品。主义模式）的中国人民往往天真地认为新兴都市兼具两重的问题呢？即使我们能说服新的猎物。吸引投资成了城市开发的唯一目的，官僚政客都世界的优点——一个“完全自由，各取所需”的经济并期在新加坡，财富的增加和苛刻的内政法律让平兴都市政权选择有利人民的社成了商人，把所管辖的城市包装成商品，以便卖出。比望政府支持他们的经济诉求，并在跌倒的时候将他们扶民相信，只有支持新兴都市政府的强权控制才是有会发展计划，我们又能给中国人如：毕尔巴鄂、迪拜、阿布扎比、成都、海得拉巴等。起。利的。新兴都市“幻觉效应” 让第一代新兴都市民什么比迅速致富还要更有吸引政府摒弃了为人民提供社会﹑法律﹑经济保证的宗发展中的中国城市必需从富有的文化传统中找到现公民屈从于政府以换得更好的生活水平。这一代公力的远景呢？我们如何才能事先旨，变成了追逐利润的商业机构。一种独特的政治形态也代文化和社会的支撑来平衡贸易增长与现代生活。现今民则继承了上一代对新兴都市的麻醉品的成瘾性，该成为支撑一座城市的精神和尊严之源。都市和建筑模型与当地的社会和气候需求相结合。避免为了社会经济的复苏而长期随之生成，它既非美国政治“政府是财团、党派竞争的裁的新富阶层只依靠他们在西方受教育是吸取的、或从奢加上后来的社会教育让他们深信，没有比现在更好在新加坡，除了不断抹除城市物质印记外，人们的换句话说，如今运用外国发展模式新建都市在所难努力后又陷入社会的昏迷状态呢？判”的模式，也非马克思主义“政府是当权经济阶级的独侈品广告所倡导的形象来塑造他们的生活方式和社会地的社会了，他们丧失了为社会发奋向上的意志—— 思想与职业也被政策不断推向新方向：在70年代是制造免，但中国城市必须避免不顾后果地剪贴复制，仅从新加坡成功的案例，中国的裁工具”。我们称这种现象为“新兴都市效应”，这些城位。这样的模仿只会形成虚伪的舶来文化。然而，如果他们已成为新兴都市意识形态彻头彻尾的追随者。业和工程业，在80年代是工商管理﹑生物科技业和银行仅像新加坡一样把外来模式略加以本地化。城市将了解保护环境和缜密的城市市则是“新兴都市”。这些发展中的中国城市持续地鼓励本地的社会和职业的这是新兴都市合同所培育的政治后果。业，从90年代开始是设计和创造业。整个教育体制都为新加坡的发展意识一向被它呈现“现代的、规划对社会经济的重要性。新加坡新兴都市的创造过程是“技术统治论”(Technocratic) 多元化发展，整个社会将带有当地文化的印记。培育过程消灭的不仅是政治意愿，还磨平了这些经济题材更新。没有对“新行业”有兴趣或才能的人崭新的”都市景致，和消除殖民地遗迹的欲望所主由于侧重经济发展而产生的社会与文的贯彻结果。城市规划和社会建设的每个方面都通过管理、人们的创业精神。近年来，新加坡人民缺乏创造性们很容易被社会抛弃。在一个没有失业救助计划的社会导。结果在80年代后期，当新加坡发现保存有历化的问题，证明了社会文化发展的持后勤或科技的角度来决定。在这时空被全球化压缩了的世界应对高速发展的中国城市。的社会问题已开始削弱了全球化对新加坡的兴趣，里，这些被抛弃的人会觉得更加无望。史价值的建筑被视为有利于旅游业时，值得保留的续比财富积累的速度要更为重要。中经济中，市政规划异化为吸引快速流动着的有限资源（如资亦降低了它在亚洲市场的竞争能力。政府现在设法区域已所剩无几。中国领土广阔，不需为了新建工事实上，中国城市的规划委员会采取谨慎而多元的国开发中的城市也会明白城市、社会金和人才等）的商业实践。新兴都市政府有整顿、规范整个通过组织公共运动给“创意工业和艺术”赋予重要新兴都市合同。程而拆除有文化历史价值的旧建筑。如果当地政府规划观不是没有道理的。除了借民意起草的多元社会政和文化的多样化将影响到城市发展的寿社会人力和财力的政治权力。新兴都市政府能把整个城市改性和意识，从而改变缺少动力和想象力的社会症让地方和外国开发商随各自的利益而发展，一不小策会更具有经济和政治的可持续发展性以外，开发中的命。如果中国城市的发展允许并鼓励社造成一条流水线，产品是市场经济。新兴都市的专家统治需要极高的政治手腕和商业敏结。正在开发的中国城市可从新加坡的特殊困境中心中国城市将很容易成为存放外来设计的棋盘。但城市必须了解复制纯粹自上而下的城市规划的弊端。这会的参与，它们将不但会有新加坡财富不少中国城市仅仅通过吸引外资来开发，其庞大的感。然而它的成功主要依靠的是政府对社会的控制并把治学到：为了短期经济目标而忽略社会文化影响的政戏剧性的是，尽管新加坡像是能瞥见中国城市未来些成熟的公式或许能更快被有关当局批准，也能更快吸积累的效率，也不需要以后再来弥补在发规模与极端的速度必将导致出乎预料的社会和政治后果。国方略包装成持续经济繁荣和城市化的“多赢策略”。在策，终将伤害国家和人民的利益。中国的经济自由的水晶球，能为中国借鉴如何吸纳外来城市设计的引外资，但它们不是为这些城市多样的社会和文化需求展中失去的文化财富。这篇文章试图参考新加坡的实例，为中国城市的发展提供新兴都市里人民与政府之间没有“社会契约”，而只有化让人民重新信任政府，而这信任可以成为中国城方法，新加坡的开发商却在今天的中国开发了迪斯而量体设计。城市和社会的发展不但是由直接的经济成经验与教训。为什么选择新加坡呢？这是因为新加坡有可 “新兴都市合同”：一种交换财富的政治共识。市发展的巨大社会资本，但也很容易被滥用。发展尼主题公园般的住宅项目，比如“新英格兰”风格果来计算，也得通过社会和政治的持续发展来衡量。进能是世界上或亚洲城市第一个成功掌握新兴都市发展策略新兴都市的特征是中的中国城市必须认真保护这广袤国国土上多元化的分户式住宅。口的都市模式和开发方案(不论是中国还是外国事务所设的城市。新城的技术统治 (Technocratic)至上，混合亚 1)一个以经济为主体的；的文化和社会财富。由社会不同阶层对话产生的政计)都得经过一番本地化，才能真正改进人民的生活质洲价值观以及福特-泰勒主义（Fordist-Taylorist）管理 2)专政政府；策才能迎合不同人的志向、天赋与才能，也许能防新兴都市是乌托邦吗? 量。政府只有让人民生活得到真正的、长期的改方式，从而促成了一个全面受控而且满足感强烈的社会， 3)舶来的城市规划；止像新加坡那样的单一发展的问题。善，国家才能长治久安。国家资源和人们的情绪亦得到有效地动员。更重要的是，从纯经济的角度来发展社会的一个大问题， 4)强制的社会性格；新兴都市的生活水平和经济机会吸引着向往新而具讽刺意味的是，人们新加坡以民族和经济发展为基础的发展策略与中国颇为相即是把复杂的人道与文化问题简化成了人口统计 5)贫困的近代史；兴都市生活并愿意服从新兴都市合同的移民。来新反而更难相信新兴都似。我们相信，新加坡是中国城市未来的一面明镜。的数据。此类基于消费的规划只把社会划分为各个 6)只发展经济的治国方针；加坡的移民往往来自政治或经济稍逊的邻国，如东市发展论从新加坡1965年独立以来，卫生与环境标准一直是 “收入阶层”以及与之匹配的“生活方式”，然而 7)消极的政治态度。南亚国家或澳洲。也有移民是印度的专业人士或俄吸引国外投资的主要优势。整个城市都为了“清洁、绿中国城市的经济特区、自由贸易区、国家即经济技这些新兴社会缺乏土生土长的中产阶级文化根基，国的寡头，他们发现新加坡护照在今天要比美国护色”的市场营销战略而规划发展。绿色的城市景观是新加术开发区以及高新科技开发区都因为主题十分单一，所以规划师和建筑师亦无从参考。事实上，新生的中国照更为好用。不认同新兴都市合同的公民坡的主要魅力，庭院、公园和绿色草坪与沿街的绿化带以有成为新兴都市的危险。中产阶级无法很快忘却离去不久的贫困，从而也对也会离开。在新加坡，那些才能及绿树荫荫的停车道相连，这是吸引外资和游客的重要因中国城市很容易通过完成“理想城市的清单”上所一切外来事物产生扭曲、过度膨胀的期待与兴奋。在政策并不惠及的行业素。中国城市必须了解，没有健康的环境、社会和文化发有的项目，而成为“取悦外资”的新兴都市。质量和单调要创造一个成功的新兴都市，城市的一切都 (直到近期也展目标的都市化必然不能长期维系。的问题将不可避免。大规模交通基础设施、摩天大楼、著得以经济为首要目标。政府要将财政和法律往吸引包名设计师的新建筑、崭新的博览中心、为旅游业新建的投资的方向调整。这是需要全民参与才会成功的行向新加坡学习。丰碑、(为展示有文化的)新表演艺术馆、“超五星”的酒动。所幸的是，在经济利益的诱惑下，人民会很容店、干净的环境虽然都能被又快又经济地修建，但是这些易就被说服并服从所有的政策。与抽象政治乌托邦在新加坡，所有与最新发展规划相抵触的建筑都会建筑质量往往被忽略，这些都市的特征只有短暂的视觉的所不同的是，经济繁荣主义很有说服力。被拆除。街道与人行道都一铺再铺，以保持整洁感。高效现代化冲击，却对城市的遗产毫无贡献。如此炮制城市的一旦人们认为某项政策是符合个的现代城市规划为外资准备好了重要的基础设施。好比北方式所创造的只会是一个缺乏文化依据与身份的都市。人利益的，即使没有直京，浩大的监视系统详细地监视着整齐的、带绿化的交通高速和大规模的开发让中国新兴都市没有本地化的接效益，新网，并为意外事故派遣救护车。地铁﹑电车与巴士把人们时间。基础设施、都市计划和住宅发展都是根据外来模兴从家门口送到市中心。有井盖的走道为公共住宅与公共停式拷贝，或由外国顾问设计。新加坡在70年代和80年代车场提供连接; 冷气走廊将办公大楼与商场相连，以便消也靠进口都市模型来提升它的城市规划——例如费者和办公室员工无需暴露在炎炎烈日下。 The Beijing Boom Tower is the theoretical 荷兰圆环城市(Randstad)模式和勒这在许多开发中的中国城市听上去，更象是个理想 product of a genuine market attempt to supply 科布西耶的高层住宅，并的都市，但是对于一个社会来说，单纯的物质累积仍是不 according to demand: suburban luxuries in the center of a 且成功地把这些 major city. In the BBT you can have your cake and eat it. Beijing’s 足够的。这些看上去很美的设施的功能效率以及如此大规 extremely coarse urban landscape can only find its match in giant 外国模城市化的社会与环境后果更应该被重视。而新加坡不间 tower blocks. Designed to offer LA style villa’s at precisely 10 times 断的城市改造消灭了所有历史的遗迹与社会根源。这虽然 Manhattan density the BBT is able to reinstate a minute and erratic 保证了让外人赞不绝口的妥善打理的崭新的都市景 quality lost in China’s generic mega blocs. The 12,500 inhabitants 巨亲近观，但损失了社会的记忆。这不是社会 60 61 are all accommodated with big balconies, and orientated towards 的失忆，而是对社会集体记忆 the sun. There’s drive-in parking, 2 subway stations, and 8 public 的不断消磨——这 squares. The uncompromising design indicates the kinds of sacrifices Meticulous Bigness 记忆本 which need to be made to allow luxurious future living standards within a compact integrated urban environment. 项目/何新城+萨斯基亚·范德尔 Project-/Neville MARS + Saskia Vendel Socially conscious, the BBT presents a wall-free solution for China’s 北京生活梦工厂 inner-cities. The regimented society of the communist era has naturally progressed to form a sophisticated gradient of privacies The Beijing Boom Tower and increasing opulence. Only the housing sector still depends on a very crude form of segregation. The different “北京生活梦工厂”是满足真实市场需求的理论化尝试：是位于市中心的郊区的奢侈。在 residential compounds, represent well-defined niche “北京生活梦工厂”里，鱼与熊掌可以得兼。北京极度粗糙的城市景观只能与巨型塔楼街区相 markets. But bluntly fenced-off from the street and 配。以曼哈顿十倍的密度设计以提供洛杉矶别墅的生活方式，“北京生活梦工厂”重申的是遗 disconnected from each other they lack any real 失在大型街区中的小尺度及弹性的品质。12,500居民都拥有阳光充足的宽敞阳台，还有与公路 communal space. Effectively a city in a city the BBT 干线连接的停车场、两个地铁站，以及八个广场。这一没有妥协的设计预示了在紧凑的城市环境 aims to overcome this problem by offering its residents 中保证个人奢侈的生活需要作出的种种牺牲。 a radical diversity of facilities. They form the massive “北京生活梦工厂”为中国的城区提出了一个无围墙的解决方案。共产主义时代社会的军团化 base of the building with direct internal subway and 已经自然演进，并形成了隐私与财富的社会阶层之色谱。只有房地产仍然依赖于粗劣的社会疏离。 highway access. 不同的住宅小区代表了不同的细分市场。他们从街道旁突兀地围合起来，彼此之间亦无联系，社区空间则无法形成。“北京生活梦工厂”事实上是城中城，为解决这一问题，它为居民提供了大量可 The apartment towers are connected with bridges to form three 供彼此遇见的配套设施，建筑的大型底部也以内部地铁和公路相连。 distinct clusters, each with a hollow tower at the core. These clusters 住宅楼由桥接形成了三个独立的组团，每一组团在核心位置有一个空心塔。这些组团折射出不同 present a soft social gradient through the different neighborhoods, 社区社会地位的微妙差异，并在周围配以适当的设施。空心塔是电梯的集合，通过相连的桥接，它们 served by tailored facilities in the vicinity. The hollow towers contain extra 也与拥有极致奢华的私人电梯、外形极细的高端别墅相连。 vertical infrastructure, connected to bridges with the skinny villa skyscrapers all the high-end homes enjoy the perfect luxury of a private elevator.

12,500 PEOPLE 5,000 APARTMENTS 6 HECTARES OF LAND 10X MANHATTAN DENSITY! THE THEORETICAL PRODUCT OF THE MARKET RESPONDING TO ALL FUTURE DEMANDS: SUB- URBAN STYLE LIVING IN THE HEART OF CHINA’S CAPITAL. B A just above the parkinglot: upper class C in between the di erent towers squares are unfolding directly accessable from the di erent squares you nd all kinds of service providing facilities (sauna, swimmingpool, clotheshops, KTV, bars, restaurants,...) middle class sun grad high above the parkinglot: ient 3 di erent living typologies linked to di erent transportsystems: 62 63 high end, elegant stacked villas (directly connected to the parkinglot) private elevator spare space: middle class living blocs lower middle class overall structure: (connected with express elevators to the underground) 40% of total buildingsite is kept building free so there’s space left for green space the whole complex can be lower middle class social slabs devided into 3 sections, based on (connected with escalators to the ground oor) sun orientatien and tower type: A: most expensive section, some towers are divided into cheaper and more expensive appartments according to: is orientated totally towards the - accessability: the easier to access, south and contains mostly stacked the more expensive villa towers - sungradient: the more sunlight you get, express elevator B: middle priced section, the more expensive your apartment is orientated partly towards the south and contains all kinds of tower types C: cheapest section, is orientated towards the North and contains the biggest hub - towers THIRD RING ROAD parkinglot: Clearly divides building into up and under; with sunlight and without under parkinglot: A wall less city, people can walk in and out freely Big Box retail inside the towerroots small shops and o ces on the outside of the towerroots giving the customers the possibility to shop in a halfopen space.

狂野北京醒这城市潜在的疯狂，并最终将之彻底改变。这一项目采取了一种将相反的两方面合而为一的路径：大尺度的将发展全能广告墩座视为建立封闭区域的自上而下的规划 vs. 覆盖城市每一个角落的细小的不受约束的城市生活。它推广一种新的城市进程，将利用广大的城市化发展作为各种街头商业活动衍生的框架。这些日常的随意活动不再是寄生性的，它们将与 [或一切存在] All-inclusive commercial podium 现有的巨构体交织在一起，像病毒感染一般取而代之。一旦它们超越了临界的数量后，将成为能够自我展开的系统。整个城市终将演变成一个能够承载一切生活所需的、连续不断的、超高密度的人造景观。基地：大红门地区——北京城南三环至四环路之间 Wild Be[ij]ing 为在不断改变的城市环境中同时协调住户、小商户、市场和政府等各个方面， Wild Be[ij]ing提出一种动态的设计过程。下面是三个不同尺度不同阶段的发展提议，分别面对当前系统中的不同方面。它们并不试图项目/王硕对基地现状给出一套完全的解决方案，而是尽可能描画出可实现的城市未来场景。 Project/Shuo WANG The Beijing Olympic Games presented us the image of a total integrated approach to the urbanity. It put up an 北京奥运为我们呈现了一幅城市整 extreme appearance that the city-state works as one mega-system with clear determination. Yet paradoxically, 体化路线图。在这瞬间的表象中，整个 if you zoom in to the urban surface, out of the aesthetic of a perfectly manufactured stable image, emerges the fine grains of the proliferation of seemingly uncontrolled urban substances. The city is inundated with 城市——政府有如一个目标明确的巨大 innovative urban upheavals – “vertical” eruption of the underground dynamics. We are witnessing the 系统一般同步运作。然而矛盾的是，如 mutation of the city, in which logics for (re)production of urban substance are constantly reinvented. It is a 果放大城市表面来看，在一个完美的稳定 paradigm of urban wildness that thrives against any discipline. 的意象之下，正涌动出更多细小的，看似不受控制的城市形态。这个城市正在被许 The wild growth driven by the economic boom has lead to the city’s heterotopias of countless 多前所未有的剧变所冲刷着，无法抑制的 lockdown enclaves. Huge segregated residential compounds have exploded to the point that architecture has swallowed any urban vision. Of the few strategies trying to deal with the 动力正从城市底层喷发出来。我们正在经 uncontrolled rapid growth, many are preoccupied with domesticating order. Beijing simply 历一场城市的突变。狂乱的北京，一个生 subverts all those, and proof that the purifying procedure failed in registering the inherently 长和复制的逻辑总在重新被定义的城市， turbulent mode of the multi-dimensional dynamics and tensions by which the city actually 一个无法约束的“城市野生物种”泛滥的典 develop. 范。经济暴发带来城市的疯狂生长，导致 Wild Be[ij]ing inscribes a prospective history for the mutating reproduction, attempts to evoke the wild city rather than claim to represent it. The project responds to the all- 北京对于无数孤立自闭的城市“飞地”的纵 encompassing paradigm of wildness with an approach that merges two seemingly 容。巨大的与外界隔绝的居住区填满了整个 opposing concepts of urbanity into one: the mega-scale top-down planning that treats 地表。这样倒置的乌托邦吞噬了人们所有对 developments as lockdown enclaves vs. the unregulated mobile activities that flood 于城市的憧憬。在少数几个试图应对失控的 the urban ground. It propagates a new urban process by utilizing the vast urban 快速增长的策略中，推行某种“秩序”大都 developments as framework to proliferate street commerce – instead of being 成为一种当务之急。然而北京却推翻了这些 parasitical, unregulated activities can weave into the rigid structure of existing mega-blocks and disturb it like a virus infection. Once they reach the critical 企图，并证明了类似“净化”的措施用来对付 masses that catalyst the ferment, the city will become a self-unfolding system 城市中各种汹涌而至的张力时显得毫无用处。 that ultimately reinvents itself as an uninterrupted hyper-dense artificial Wild Be[ij]ing为突变中的城市书写 landscape, capable of accommodating all manners of life. 一段前瞻性的历史。它并不力图真实表达北京的现状，而是试图 Site: Dahongmen Area - South of Beijing between 3rd-4th ring road 通过将突现的细小城市 Wild Be[ij]ing proposes dynamic design procedures as a means of 生命体激发到巨大 choreographing simultaneously the inhabitants, small initiatives, 的城市尺度 market and governmental forces in relation to the continuous 中，来 changing urban environments. Below are three tests on pieces of 唤 urban fragments - of different scale, different stage, attacking different aspect of an existing system – they aren’t providing a complete set of answers to the site in present, nor do I desire 小：大： to offer one, rather they are possible scenarios of a desirable , 中国的建筑设计已突破临界、扮演起城市规划的角中国打破了有关大型的所有纪录。爆炸性 future. 色来。在管理与效率层面，公共空间都被巨型小区增长的城市已找到了无数与之匹配的庞大的围墙吞没。中国城市最可贵的品质是静谧、宜结构。大——商业上诱人、技术上快捷、人，比如胡同。要复兴宜居城市，小尺度项目需要政治上强势。其实在超大型结构内用心设在新城市景观中被允许、被发扬。计，细腻的、独立的尺度也能再现：\"大\" STEP 第八步已死，\"大\"永恒。 7 SMALL： BIG： STEP Chinese architecture has exploded to the point China has broken all the records it has taken over the role of urban planning. when it comes to size. The exploding The public domain has administratively and cities have found their match in 8 effectively been swallowed up within the countless suitably gargantuan walls of mega-compounds. While the most structures. Big is commercially cherished qualities of the Chinese city are seductive, technically fast and the tranquility and intimacy of environments politically formidable. With careful such as the hutong. To revive these qualities, design within the mega-structure small scale projects must be promoted and the minute and independent can be allowed to survive in the new cityscape. safely reintroduced: Bigness is dead, Long live Bigness. 64 65

1．组织管理和课程设置： future needs today, diversity should be nurtured and no 如何产生良好的建筑师？ architectural ideology or no fixed design method should be 学校在教授建筑时通常将其设定为一种艺术形式（设计主 pre-imposed. What then should be on offer instead? Or, what 导）、一门学科（技术主导）或研究领域（研究主导）。 is the X-factor of a modern architecture school? 2．环境：建设类型学、城市背景、面积、人口，通行的 How to produce good architects? To find out, we’ve analyzed the composition of 16 renowned 语言和在线信息。 but radically different design institutes. Three aspects seem 项目/水晶石空间设计实验室[何新城+安健生+戴夫·哈兰德 ] 3．社群：与专业社群和产业界的联系，与其他教职员、 to most affect the quality of a design school: 其他设计机构的联系，交换学生的人数，教师与教授的简介。 1. Organization and Curriculum: Projects/Crystal Urban Creation Schools tend to teach architecture either as an art form [Neville MARS + Jason ANDERSON + Dave HARLANDER] (design driven), a discipline (technology-driven) or a field 设计学院的X因素就是混与连（Mix and Connect）文-建筑/何新城 (research driven). 我们设计了一套新的学校制度，容身于一个新（刻意不 2. Environment: The building typology, the urban setting, Text-Architecture/Neville MARS 向外开放）建筑。作为一个卫星组织，学校希望能适应当地条 size, population, languages offered and online presence. 中国城市进步的一大困难就是缺少好的设计师。该 3. Community: Links with the professional community 件，但又需在一个互相交换、借鉴经验的学院网络中运作。我 and industry, relations with other faculties, other design 问题本身又可归结为缺少好的设计教育。后奥运时代的建们的目标可以描述为三种设计理念： institutes, number of exchange students, profile of teachers 筑学校必须停止生产制图者，转而培养全国各地都大量需迷你校园：大楼的活动框架中到处都开设有设计工作室。 X and professors. 要的设计师。我们不能指望为数不多的几个“海龟”变身校园整合了住宅与商业用途，在保障交流最大化畅通的同时，明星建筑师来拯救中国的城市。相反，我们应该探讨如何创造一种缓发展、高密度又通透的低层建筑。 The X-factor of a design school is to Mix and Connect. 创造一种教育结构和课程，培养出能应对两大特色的设计购物中心：提供各种课程；学生货比三家，根据个人能力 We have designed a new school system, accommodated by X-Factor ENVIRONMENT x MINI-CAMPUS number of factors that could better position BK_Delft within the market, principally by producing more diverse, better equipped designers. To achieve this, we have How to make师：快速变化的城市景观，以及中国城市居民快速变化的 a new (intentionally introvert) architecture. The school as a 和未来志向进行课程混搭。 defined X-change as the central goal; knowledge X-change and social X-change. COMMUNITY x MALL Studio 49% This goal is translated into three spatial concepts: good architects? ORGANIZATION x MOTHER * MALL: Architectural layout and urban setting have a profound impact on the studio:49% satellite that aims to adapt to local conditions, but operates A good architecture school makes good architects; a place that produces office:44% 需求。事实是，相较于中国的转型，教育进程显得十分缓 lecture halls:11% interactions a student has. Inner-city schools and dense, particularly low-rise Office 44% library:5% other educational facilities:16% 母舰：身处全球市场，掌握当地条件是致胜关键。设计学 faculty labs:11% conference rooms:5% designers who can adhere to the changing needs of society. No ideology, no structures maximize opportunities for X-change. The TU district lacks such urban SHIP method can be pre-imposed. Then what should be on offer instead, and within qualities. However, as outlined in the universities 2010 urban plan, BK_Delft will Lecture Halls 11% which framework? What is the X-factor of an architecture school? gain prominence as one of the main entries to the district. within a network of institutes that exchange and build on 慢。为了适应未来的需要，现在就必须培养多样性，并保 Library 5% 院必须成为知识网络中的节点。 To find out, we’ve analyzed the organizational structure, environmental factors We aim to expand on this opportunity by creating a porous structure on top of and community make-up of 16 design institutes. We have mapped the following an underground parking and retail deck. The ground level of BK_Delft becomes 12 factors: each others experiences. Our objectives can be described by 5 Other Educational CRAFT a lobby for the TU area with public services and facilities. Atriums connect to the 4 Fascilities 16% FIELD underground shopping level and parking. These atriums become a controlled 3 LEGEND ART 证不预先施加任何建筑意识形态或固定的设计方法。那应 Organization: Type of curriculum, degree and its educational character - 2 这项研究再次证实了我们业内一大宿论，即空间条件对 buffer zone and offer ample day-light throughout the building as the bases for a 1 Faculty Labs 11% distinguishing schools that approach the profession more as an art form (design 0 sustainable approach. The mall concept reduces the educational facilities to three STAR INSTITUTIONAL GRADUATES TUITION three design concepts: driven), a discipline (technology-driven) or a field (research driven). levels stimulating predominantly horizontal movement. In plan BK_Delft’s four PROFESSORS FOCUS Conference Room 5% Environment: Building typology, urban setting, size, population, language, online departments are organized in vertical neighborhoods. During the course of their presence. Storage 1%a 该提供些什么呢？或者说，什么是现代建筑学校的X因素 MIX schooling students get exposed to all aspects the school has to offer, encouraging 社会互动的影响。其次，相较于为教学既有观念而搭建一个平 Community: Link with the professional community and industry, relations with 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 them to shop around for knowledge, mixing and matching the products they feel Residential 49% MINICAMPUS: Design studios are created throughout the other faculties, other design institutes, number of exchange students, profile of are essential for their future. LANGUAGE ONLINE CAMPUS DEPARTMENTAL teachers and professors. PRESENCE LOCATION MIX * MOTHER SHIP: In a market that has architects working around the globe, we Commercial 49% （X-factor）？ X-rated :: How does BK_Delft compare? 台，创造一个鼓励学生开发、交流新观念的环境才更具可持续 buildings’ flexible framework. Residences and commercial feel a school the size of BK_Delft should establish international research labs. + Its large scale allows it to offer a broad array of different courses and facilities. BK_Delft becomes a mother ship with global satellites. This means at any given + BK_Delft provides an open learning environment and does not adhere to a dominant school BK DELFT _ NETWORKS point as much as a third of the graduate students may be abroad. The unoccupied of thought. _ Although BK_Delft is known for its research orientated design, disciplines that train students spaces become the lab exhibitions moving around the¬¬¬¬ studio floors; small 为寻求答案，我们分析了16所闻名于世并各具特色的 uses are integrated into the campus to produce a slowly to do research are few. 性。 two-way x-change rooms between the school and the world. _ Students (until recently) worked predominantly at home and not in studios, limiting Global Continental National Local opportunities to work in teams. * MINI-CAMPUS: Today’s architect is required to respond to increasingly complex _ The four departments that make up BK operate very autonomously. Bilateral Cooperation IDEA League TU3 Civil Engineering circumstances. Beyond the spatial dimension, a growing amount of societal + Its position is very central within the Western European Network and well connected within Agreements developing, dense, porous low rise structure of maximum Industrial Design European Leuven Network 设计学院。其中三个方面似乎对设计学校的质量影响最大： the conurbation of Holland’s Ring City. issues needs to be understood. We urge BK_Delft to take the lead in offering TRAIL Bilateral Cooperation _ At the same time the TU Delft is isolated, has few services, residents or urban program. a broad range of social studies to all students in the TU area. As a first step we Library _ The TU Delft campus is techno-centric, lacking diversity in supporting studies and courses. have included 1/3 more lecture auditoriums to realize this. The design studios are + _ Although BK_Delft is accessible to many exchange students, and has many program, little created in three types; an open curving landscape for under graduates, flexible exchange. effort is made to create strong research labs abroad. private studios for thesis students and auditorium style studios for larger teams of A serious hurdle on the road to better Chinese cities is the BK_triple X :: Creating a strategic learning environment graduates to work together, listening to each other presentation from behind their The architectural profession is changing. BK_Delft has the type of rare desks. The top floor is all residential, accessible from a private gallery for guest MALL: Offer a variety of courses; the student shops around, opportunity that only comes with great tragedy. It can conceive how its professors and post-graduate students. lack of good designers. This itself can be attributed to the lack architectural setting can support its long-term educational goals. Globalization The building, designed with minimal architectural articulation is a growing system, and unpredictability prove dominant forces, also in our field. We have defined a presented here in its maximum formation for the site. mix and matches courses according to his personal skills and ??? in good design education. In the post-Olympic era architecture CRAFT 5 CRAFT 5 5 5 CRAFT 5 FIELD 4 4 CRAFT 4 4 ART 4 FIELD FIELD future ambitions. 3 3 3 3 3 FIELD ART ART 2 ART 2 2 2 2 school must move away from producing drafters and begin 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Institutional Focus Graduates/Year :400 Tuition: 1537 Institutional Focus Graduates/Year: 210 Tuition: 2650 Institutional Focus Graduates/Year: 305 Tuition: 2880 Institutional Focus Graduates/Year: 500 Tuition: 2726 MOTHER SHIP: In a global market understanding local NU producing designers of which large quantities will be needed TSINGHUA TSINGHUA DELFT HARVARD SAO PAULO conditions is crucial. The design institute must become a node across the country. We cannot depend on the handful of Star Professors: in the knowledge network. Star Professors: Star Professors: Star Professors: Frank Gehry, Fumihiko Maki, Zhu Wenyi, Cui Kai IM, Pei ‘sea turtles’ turned star architects to save the Chinese city. Suburban Urban Urban Suburban The research reconfirms one of our profession’s long- Instead we should investigate how to create an educational MIX MIX MIX standing premises; that spatial conditions impact on social MIX 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 structure and curriculum that can produce designers who are Connected: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Connected: Connected: Language : English, Dutch Connected: Architecture, Civil Business, Engineering, Online Public Information. Language : Portuguese Language : English Online Public Information. Online Public Information. Architecture Language : English, Chinese Online Public Information. College, Government, Dental, Engineering, Industrial Architecture Curriculium. Profiles. Profiles. Curriculum Design, Aerospace, Tech- Law, Design, Medical, Public interaction. Secondly, that rather than building a platform Policy management, Applied Health, Education. Sciences able to respond to two unique features: the fast-changing where existing ideas can be taught, it is more sustainable to 5 5 5 5 CRAFT CRAFT CRAFT CRAFT 4 4 4 4 FIELD urban landscape of and the fast changing needs of China’s FIELD ART 3 3 3 3 FIELD ART ART ART 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 create an environment that encourages students to develop 0 0 0 0 Institutional Focus Graduates/Year: 180 Tuition: 7340 Institutional Focus Graduates/Year: 442 Tuition: 27544 Institutional Focus Graduates/Year: 30 Tuition: 11167 Institutional Focus Graduates/Year: 120 Tuition: 1300 urbanites. The fact is the educational process is very slow ETSAB EINDHOVEN BERLAGE MIT and exchange new ideas. compared to the transformations of China. To comply with Star Professors: Star Professors: Star Professors: Star Professors: IM PEI, Herman Hertzberger,Winy Maas Eric Milalais Kevin Lynch, Saul Griffith , Urban Urban Urban Urban MIX MIX MIX MIX 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Architecture, Urban Planning, Connected: Connected: Connected: Connected: Online Public Information. geological Sciences, health Language : English Language : Spanish Online Public Information. Online Public Information. Online Public Information. Language : English, Dutch Language : English, Dutch Architecture Architecture Architecture and Science technology. Curriculium. Profiles. Profiles. FIELD 5 5 5 5 CRAFT CRAFT CRAFT FIELD 4 4 4 4 CRAFT ART ART 3 3 3 3v FIELD ART FIELD ART 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Institutional Focus Graduates/Year: 300 Tuition: 20944 Institutional Focus Graduates/Year: 200 Tuition: 20860 Institutional Focus Graduates/Year:5 Tuition: 0 Institutional Focus Graduates/Year: 220 Tuition: 7124 AA SCI ARC PEKING HKU Star Professors: Star Professors: Star Professors: Star Professors: Ralph Learner, Cedric Price Yong - He Change Tom Mayne, Anderson Lee Suburban Urban Urban Urban MIX MIX MIX MIX 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Architecture, Arts, Business Connected: Connected: Connected: Connected: Language : English and Economics, Dentistry, Language : English, Chinese Language : English Language : English, Chinese Online Public Information. Architecture Online Public Information. Architecture Online Public Information. Online Public Information. Education, Engineering, Law, Architecture, Profiles. Medecine, Science, Scoial Information Engineering Science 5 5 5 5 CRAFT FIELDCRAFT FIELDCRAFT FIELDCRAFT 4 4 4 4 FIELD 3v 3 3 3 ART ART ART 2 2 2 ART 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Institutional Focus Graduates/Year: 191 Tuition: 1076 Institutional Focus Graduates/Year: 246 Tuition: 520 Institutional Focus Graduates/Year: 170 Tuition: 725 Institutional Focus Graduates/Year: 361 Tuition: 29784 COOPER ANGEWONTE COLUMBIA EAPLA UNION Star Professors: Star Professors: Star Professors: Shigeru Ban, Daniel Kolo Moser, Alfred Roller, Star Professors: Libeskind, Karen Bausman, Oskar Kokoschka, Henrich Bernard Tschumi, Steven Elisabeth Diller, Toshiko Tessenow, Franz Cizek Urban Urban Urban Urban Holl, barry Berqdoll, Mori kenneth Frampton, marry McLeod, Joan Ockman, Jorge Otero-PailosFelicty, Scott mark, Wigley Gwenndolyn Wright MIX 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 MIX MIX MIX Connected: Architecture, Urban Planning, 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Online Public Information. Business, Journalism, Law, 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Profiles. Medecine. Connected: Connected: Connected: Architecture Language : English Online Public Information. Online Public Information. Language : French Architecture Language : English, German Language : English Architecture, Engineering T33LM X-FACTOR Online Public Information Profiles. 概念：视觉：华丽的图像让建筑设计堕落为纯粹形式化、甚至肤城市的繁荣推动了建筑可视化技术的飞浅的实践。门把手和天际线的眩光让概念黯然失跃。建筑、城市的电影不再只是仿真电脑色。一个严重的问题是：决策者们以为理解了设计动画，而是可被迅速更改、设计的虚拟现渲染图的幻觉，会勾起他们控制设计的更强欲望。实。只需鼠标一点，不论专家还是外行，本是空间缔造者的规划师和建筑师，却被耽误了。都能了解并掌控先进、复杂的城市环境。加一步 Conceptual: Visual： Slick imagery has reduced architectural With the urban boom, architectural STEP design to a purely formal, even superficial visualization technology has taken practice. The concepts are obscured by lens- a quantum leap. Movies of buildings flares in doorknobs and skylines. The serious and cities can soon, not just be 8+1 implication: the illusion of understanding viewed in lifelike computer animation, the rendered proposals further tightens but altered and designed in real- the grip Chinese policy makers have on the time. Then the progressively complex 66 67 design process. The emergence of planners urban context can be understood and and architects as significant spatial problem controlled with the click of a mouse solvers is postponed. by specialists and laymen alike. 想改变中国城市的面貌么？同时学校必须也向外看，与外界建立更好的连接。中国各地有大量优秀的艺术家、文学家、科学家、表演者、运动员、政治领导和企业家，必须将 So,You Want to Re-Image the Chinese City? 他们带入课程，并入更多的互动交流计划。在这样的环境中，学生将被鼓励和谐社会C - 教育政策：概念图/洛克• 杨森从自我探索以及社会交流中学习。通过促进这种多元性，实验性和互联性的学习文化，中国可以培养出更有创造潜力的下一代。 Concept Sketch/Lok Jansen 创意儿童- 新学园概念那就还原那些我很怀念的事实真相吧！ Bring back some of the nit and grit i've been an entire city. Many Chinese children are not creative enough. Given that creativity has 那些不大和谐的、出乎意料的以及设计外的都是令人 missing so! This should inspire designers and become a key ingredient of cultural as well as economic competiveness A Harmonious Society C - Education Policiy: worldwide, China needs to develop intelligent means of nurturing more 宽慰的。中国式的规划是为了实现静态的光滑整洁而 Discords, the unimagined, and undesigned are planners to work with the spontaneous, Creative Kids - Concept of New School creative kids. We see the Beijing Olympic event as the culmination of a top- 牺牲自发、自然的一切。 such a reprieve. natural processes that already occur down, nationalist endeavour. The “One World, One Dream” campaign is 我在研究真菌的菌丝体，它是一种能将化工肥料分解 Chinese planning is eradicating all things in every city - and to accept that it is 文/王帷泽+王帷新 symptomatic of the socialist ideology of collectiveness that diminishes the 为肥沃土壤的菌类。它能生长一千年，其根茎能蔓延 spontaneous and natural to reveal only static sometimes better to simply let go... Text/Richard Wei-Tse WANG+Stephen Wei-Hsin WANG individual. If future visions are top-down defined, what role can children 整座城市。 slickness. play in defining their own visions of the future? More fundamentally the 设计师和规划人员或许能从中获取灵感，也许应当顺 I've been investigating Mycelium, a fungus Chinese education system is not conducive enough to enhance children’s 许多中国孩子缺乏一些创意。既然创意是全世界文化以及经济竞争力的应每座城市自发、自然的过程，并接受一个事实：有 that can break down chemical waste and imagination and creativity. Conformity, cram schools, and academic 关键成份，中国需要逐步采取一个“创造性改革”的过程。一部分的答案在 competition all but define and take over the lives of children. The problems 时候放手是最好的选择…… transform it into fertile soil. It grows over 于社会对“学校”的再构想。一方面，学校可以更多元化。“教室”也许不 become apparent as many Chinese students face difficulty when they travel millennia, expanding its rhizome to the size of 再成为教育的唯一核心空间。例如，未来学校将合并“美术画廊”以及“企 abroad and encounter a more self-initiative based system. Many Chinese 业实验室”，并由学生们，地方艺术家和企业合作策划办理。这些将提供崭新 student need constant hand-held guidance, step-by-step ‘procedural 的场所让学生来参与及体验艺术表现及企业家精神。 manuals’, before they can tackle a given problem. (to be continued...)

类型到原型 Stereotype From Stereotype to Prototype designer is squeezed out in the process. At the regional scale large swaths of land are simply gridded by universities and design institutes, to be filled in with generic urban typologies. Simultaneously the architectural scale has exploded, margin- 项目/水晶石空间设计实验室[何新城+安健生+戴夫·哈兰德 ] alizing the role of the urban designer to plotting out connecting arteries. The essential tasks of the planner providing an , Projects/Crystal Urban Creation to Prototype adaptable framework for growth and designing the space in [Neville MARS+Jason ANDERSON+Dave HARLANDER] between the buildings (the public realm we once understood 文-建筑/何新城葱翠大塔 as the actual city), are swallowed up within the confined lay- 电视塔 LUSH TOWER Text-Architecture/Neville MARS out of mega-industrial fields and micro-planned compounds. 标志建筑处处风靡，但怎样的建筑才是 TV TOWER 可持续式区域的标志？这座空心巨无霸 Big buildings are simply locked into place; their potential as 最初，在尚无任何前期条件之时，设计产业高度分割、各自为政。规划者、研究员和设计师高60层，外部立面上布满了植被，是当建造地标式电视塔就是一桩梦幻任 integral components of the urban fabric is lost. Designing from 之间很少或几乎没有互动，尽管他们的工作之间本有深刻而紧今世界上最大的垂直公园。大塔本身就务。一项针对全球现有电视塔的基 a birds-eye view fails to consider the human perspective. Ul- 是一面美丽的生态墙，排除大气毒素、密的内在联系。中国的规划文化――批评其为公然的实用主义本调查揭示了另一种现实。它们拥 timately this planning practice denies anyone other than bu- 净化我们的空气。有同样的外观――完全出于正当原也未尝不可――挫败甚至破坏了塑造我们所处环境的传统的学 Icon building is all the rage, but reaucrats the responsibility for the final outcome of the city. 因。它们唯一的目标就是以更少的科间平衡。在地方上，大片土地被大学和设计单位公然圈占， what is the icon of a sustainable 结构性付出（比如，成本）盖到更填之以形形色色的城市类型。同时，建筑本身的规模也在膨 district? This 60 story hollow giant 高。这注定它们都是内部中空，并 To achieve truly integrated schemes policy makers will have has vegetation lining its façade, 大多在塔身3/5高度的位置设有向外胀，这令城市规划师的角色更趋边缘化，仅能分割原本互联的 to learn to embrace plans that remain abstract, yet anticipate creating the world’s largest ver- 延伸的观景台和餐厅。下面三个议城市动脉。规划师的根本任务――提供可适应发展需求的弹性 tical park. The tower becomes a 案则一方面延续了固有结构逻辑， the role architecture should play to give intricacy to the city- 框架及设计建筑间的空间（这一公共领域曾被我们视为城市本 beautiful biowall, purifying the air 同时又有效地突破了这一传统。 scape. The anxiety to please developers should make way for of atmospheric toxins. 身）――但它们却在巨型工业用地和微型规划建筑群所限构的 Initially the request to make the ambition to challenge and inspire. Policy-makers should a landmark TV tower, without 版图中被侵吞殆尽。大型建筑受困于方寸之间，扼杀了其作为 concern themselves less with a stale image, more with the any preconditions, seemed a 城市肌理整体组成部分的潜能。而从俯视角度出发的设计则忽 dream assignment. A basic sur- workings of a living city. 略了人的维度。这一规划实践最终否决了除官僚阶层外其他所 vey of the word’s existing TV 有人对于城市未来的责任。 masts revealed another reality. It is this ambition that has resulted in a series of design pro- They all look identical - and for 为真正实现整合式布局，决策者必须学会接纳尚显抽象的 posals, ironically from the worlds leading image maker; Crys- good reason. Their sole objec- 规划，并寄望建筑能令城市景观繁复多姿。取悦开发商的焦虑天津博物办公塔 tive is to achieve height with tal CG. As an expert of architectural renderings it has taken the 应让路于积极迎接挑战与创造的雄心壮志。决策者应少一点对 TIANJIN MUSEUM TOWER minimum structural effort (i.ae. bold step to address this void by expanding its business into 中国公共建筑之大不幸在于其根本 cost). This reduces them to a 陈腐形象的在意，而多一点对当下城市生与息的关心。 conceptual architecture, moving from production towards in- 不面向公众。博物馆与政府大楼两 basic hollow core with a pro- 正是这样一种理想催生了这一系列设计方案，吊诡的是，者功能互融，令我们可以穿越传统 novations in the process. This collage presents the first phase trusion as a viewing deck and 这些方案却来自于世界顶级影像制作公司，水晶石数字科技有的桎梏，既允许展览向上延伸至高 restaurant at roughly at 3/5 of of our ‘pro-active urban prototypes’ for the Chinese city. 限公司（Crystal CG）。作为建筑效果图方面的专家，水晶石塔的中心，也允许办公室向下渗透 the height. These three propos- 到博物馆之中。如整体式可持续发绿舰 als effectively break with this 通过将业务扩展至概念建筑、从生产转向创新，勇敢地填充了展工程般的设计，塔身就像博物馆 tradition while maintaining the THE GREEN 这一块空白。这种拼贴正是我们为中国城市所设计的“积极型的天然通风烟囱。两座建筑的地下 inherent structural logic. CARRIER 城市原型”在初级阶段的表现。部分互相连接，利用博物馆的空旷除了最大程度吸收被动式太阳能，部分将新鲜空气送到顶端。以太阳能为主导的设计理念也值得 Chinese public buildings have The design industries are highly fragmented. Planners, re- 考虑。这一设计将一个庞大建筑置 the unfortunate quality of be- 于公共领域上，从而解决了巨大阴 searchers and designers have little to no interaction with each ing particularly non-public. 塘沽展厅影的问题。其如锥如舰的造型令阴 other yet their work is profoundly and mutually related. Chi- , The combined commission of TANGGU 影面积达到最小。 a museum and government nese planning culture - we can blame blatant pragmatism Solar oriented design concepts EXHIBITION HALL building allowed us to blur - has discouraged, even disrupted the traditional balance be- deserve consideration beyond 博物馆的柯布西耶式曲线将许多理性 the traditional borders, al- maximizing absorption of pas- tween the disciplines that shape our environment. The urban 设计理念隐藏起来。站在飘浮的甲板 lowing the exhibition to crawl sive solar energy. This design 上，参观者们俯瞰整个CBD，映入 up into the tower atrium and addresses the vast shadow a 眼帘的是悬浮在城市上空的新规划发 the offices seep down into the large building casts onto the 展，和四周倾斜玻璃立面中的倒影。 museum. Designed as an in- public domain. Its cone or carri- The Le Corbusian curves of this tegrated sustainable project, er shape minimizes this shadow museum conceal a number of the tower functions as a natu- silhouette. rational design concepts. From a rally ventilating chimney for floating deck visitors look down 分散的与折射的 the museum. Underground over the CBD, and virtually see SCATTERED AND REFRACTED the two buildings are con- the new planned developments 渐渐地，写字楼内的背光区域越来越多。这里将所 nected, drawing fresh floating over the city, reflected 有的背光办公室集中在大厦内部，通过缝隙将光线 air through the voids in its tilted glass facade. 汇聚到大厦深处，从而避免将大厦建成又一座黑暗 of the museum to 高塔。 the top. Increasingly office towers contain more and more dark program. Rather than making another gloomy silo, this tower concentrates the dark office space inside the building, while drawing in light deep into the building through craveses. 立面旋转购物中心 ROTATING FACADE SHOPPING MALL 68 69 森林停车场 PARKING LOT FOREST 太阳树（树形太阳能装置）占领了中国城市中心的混凝土海洋。仿佛钢铁树冠一般，它们子弹大厦为你的车辆带来荫凉，挡风遮 BULLET 雨又减弱城市的热岛效应。 BUILDING 噢，如果要接入树干为你的上海火车馆的设计大胆地表现混合动力车充电，千万不要了中国轨道交通闪电般的实现速度。剧院绽开客气。数天前还需几天才能到达的地方，如今只 THEATER UNWRAPPED Solar trees take over the 需几个小时就能抵达，全国数百万人的时空通常剧场的延展部分环绕在其技术核心――听众席――周围， concrete seas of China’s 体验已被火车大大压缩了。掩盖了自己的特征。本设计返璞归真，展示其基本结构以令机制 urban centers. Like a steel This design for the Shanghai Rail Pa- 世博动态图本身自言自明。将三座地下剧场、空中桥梁连接起来，使每个建 canopy, these trees pro- vilion boldly represents the lightning 筑物在空间与功能上都独立，并解放地面部分以作为公共空间。 EXPO LIVING DIAGRAM vide shade for your car, speed at which rail transportation has 上海火车馆目标是让本建筑的整体造型成为上海世博会的典范式图解：神形具备地展示全球增长规模最 Typically, the malleable program of a theater is wrapped shelter from the rain, and been realized in China. Connecting 拼拼可持续大、速度最快的城市。图解建筑体上的每座山头代表一座超大城市。宽度对应城市的大小， around the technical core of its auditorium hiding the SHANGHAI TRAIN PAVILION reduce the urban heat is- places in hours, that until recently took PUZZLE PIECE SUS- 铁轨与车站不再只是功能性基础设施，它们代表了高度则代表城市的发展速度。山体内部是投影放映厅。 characteristic features. Stripped down to its fundamental land effect. Oh, feel free to days to reach, the train has dramatical- TAINABILITY 中式大都会的两大目标：向网络城市的转型，和以 structure this design aims to let the machinery speak for The shape of this building is aimed to be the Shanghai Expo’s quintessential plug your hybrid vehicle in ly shrunk to time-space experience for 何不更新换代让你的绿色社区赶公共交通为居民现代生活方式核心的都市社会。本 itself. This is possible by connecting the three theaters diagram: the state of the world’s largest and fastest growth cities. Each hill of its trunk to recharge the millions of people across the nation. 上迭升的保密级别，在公共绿地上稳建筑展示了这种复杂三维交通节点的冰山一角。 underground, and with bridges in the air, leaving each the diagram building represents a mega-city. While the width of the hill reveals battery. 健地建起盘根错节的住房与服务网络。 building independent and efficient, while liberating the Tracks and stations are no longer just func- the size, the height of each hill represents the speed with which the city grows. Why not stack your green commu- ground surface as public space. tional infrastructure, they represent two Inside the mountain are projection halls. nity into levels of increased privacy quintessential goals of the Chinese metropolis: a shift to- and achieve a meandering network of wards the network city, and an urban society where public transport housing and services, tightly nestled in is at the heart of its residents modern lifestyle. This building reproduces a a green parkland? section of such a complex three dimensional transportation node.

何新城：商业领袖都会思考公司的可持续发展的问题而不是短期的利润。对于水晶石来说，这方面的努力是否体现在对员工的培训和构建内部水晶石的大脑 ——卢正刚: 多样化、破坏与混乱的制造者交流平台的尝试？何新城：当虚拟建筑变得日益重要时，传统意义上的建筑表现市场是否越来越不重要了呢？ Interview LU Zhenggang - CEO Crystal CG：On Creating Chaos NM: Every great business leader thinks about sustainable growth rather than quick profit. I know for Crystal this means educating it’s people 采访/何新城 NM: As the importance of virtual architecture is and trying to build a community. Interview/Neville MARS expanding, does that mean the market of architecture in the traditional sense is becoming less important for you? 卢正刚：实现水晶石的平衡是我长期的目标。一是商业与专业的平衡，太商业则无法进步，太专业则只能成为一个小工作室，这是一个非常艰难的卢正刚：现在还看不到对传统建筑表现的需求有任何萎缩的迹象。越来平衡；二是短期与长期的平衡，短期的利益最大化不能造成长期竞争力的越多的建筑师能熟练地运用各种建筑表现工具，与此同时，建筑师对于表现图行下滑。业的依赖之深也是前所未有的。对于水晶石这样的供应商来说，则意味着要面对越来保持长期的竞争力永远是我的第一任务，而核心又在于如何创新的问越挑剔、精明、有成本意识的建筑师。我还能看到一个时间差，即目前国外建筑师在可题。对于我来说，要实现创新就必须对这个组织有一定的破坏。不破坏老视化方面的需求基本上是中国五年前的水平。这说明，经过十年的发展，建筑表现已经从一的结构就无法产生新的结构。破坏会产生混乱，混乱也会产生创新。个高精尖的技术变成了一个建筑师的必备工具了，其需求正在趋于稳定。除了破坏以外，竞争也会产生创新。我要保持内部有不同的思想、水晶石的海外客户目前占到一半左右，但是当我仔细研究我们在海外的客户时，我发现观点、视角，让它们共存，让它们碰撞，又不让谁灭了谁。多样化、破我们还不是真正国际化的公司，水晶石在美国、欧洲和中东地区的客户都是以前在中国发展认坏与混乱是保持创新的三个关键词。识再转移到当地的。从市场占有率、品牌乃至客户认可度来说，水晶石都还不能说已经国际化何新城：水晶石今天还具备最前沿的技术优势么？了，这是我对目前的一个理智的判断。 LZG: it has always been my primary mission to achieve a balanced growth. Primarily the balance of commercialism and NM: Today still have a technological cutting-edge advantage? LZG: I haven’t seen any sign that the traditional rendering is diminishing. Yet professionalism. Not too commercial yet not too professionalized market structure has certainly changed. More and more architects know how to use like a small studio. Maximizing short-term profits should not 卢正刚：水晶石今天的综合技术优势在中国仍然非常明显，除了个别单项技术需要提升以 architectural rendering tools. However the dependence of architects on renderings is also

Urban China - How to be Holistic?

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