In order to operate wind energy in an economic way, ideally without subsidies, the better wind sites must be selected and wind farm layout must be optimised for maximum energy production and minimal cost of energy production
1. Site Identification and Optimal Plant Design for Onshore and Offshore Wind Plants Arno J. Brand ECN Wind Energy
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12. Topography and land/sea use Site identification Offshore Onshore Conditions Complex Flat Forested
13. Turbulence and stratification Site characteristics Offshore Onshore Conditions Stable Unstable Stratification Low High Medium Turbulence Complex Flat Forested
14. Recovery distances Site characteristics Long Short Medium Recovery distances Offshore Onshore Conditions Stable Unstable Stratification Low High Medium Turbulence Complex Flat Forested
15. Optimal spacing Optimal plant design Long Short Medium Recovery distances Offshore Onshore Conditions 7D … 10D 6D … 7D 4D … 5D 5D … 7D 2D … 3D 4D … 5D Optimal spacing Most frequent wind directions Least frequent wind directions Stable Unstable Stratification Low High Medium Turbulence Complex Flat Forested
16. Optimal hub height Optimal plant design Long Short Medium Recovery distances 20 + D/2 D 2h + D/2 D Optimal hub height Offshore Onshore Conditions 7D … 10D 6D … 7D 4D … 5D 5D … 7D 2D … 3D 4D … 5D Optimal spacing Most frequent wind directions Least frequent wind directions Stable Unstable Stratification Low High Medium Turbulence Complex Flat Forested
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