In industry, bogey testing, also known as the zero-failure testing, is often used to demonstrate product reliability. This test method is simple to apply; however, it requires excessive test time and/or a large sample size, and thus is usually unaffordable. For some products whose failure is defined as a performance characteristic exceeding a threshold, it is possible to measure the performance characteristic during testing. The measurement data can be employed to predict whether or not a test unit will fail by the end of test. When there are sufficient data to make such a prediction with a high degree of confidence, the test of the unit can be terminated. As a result, the test time is reduced.
This presentation describes the test method, sample size computation, degradation models, and cost function for the lognormal bogey testing. Then the presentation discusses the optimum test plans, which choose the optimal sample size and the expected test time by minimizing the total test cost and simultaneously satisfying the constraints on the type II error and the available sample size. An example is given to illustrate the test method.
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3. Efficient Reliability Demonstration Tests
快速可靠性验证试验
Guangbin Yang (杨广斌), Ph.D.
Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan, U.S.A.
Email: gbyang@ieee.org
4. Overview
1. Introduction
2. Sample sizes for bogey tests (zero-failure tests)
3. Principles of test time reduction
4. Test cost modeling
5. Risk of early termination of the test
6. Optimal test plans
7. Procedures of test time reduction
8. Application example
9. Summary and conclusions
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5. Bogey Testing (Zero-Failure Test)
Bogey test is widely used in industry to
demonstrate, at a high confidence, that a product
achieves a specified reliability.
This test method requires a sample of
predetermined size to be tested for a specified
length of time.
The required reliability is demonstrated if no
failures occur in the testing.
So a bogey test is sometimes called the zero-
failure test.
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6. Motivation
A bogey test requires a large sample size and
excessive test time.
For example, to demonstrate that a product has
95% reliability at 1 million cycles with 95%
confidence, a bogey test requires 59 samples, each
tested for 1 million cycles.
In the current competitive business environment,
the sample size and test time must be reduced.
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7. Sample Size for Conventional Binomial
Bogey Testing
In some applications, life distribution is unknown.
To demonstrate at a 100(1–)% confidence that a
product achieves the reliability R0 at time t0, a
sample of size n1 is drawn from a population,
where
ln( )
n1
ln( R0 )
Each of the n1 units is tested for t0. If zero failures
occur during testing, the reliability is demonstrated.
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8. Sample Size for Conventional Lognormal
Bogey Testing
In some situations, the life of products can be
reasonably modeled by lognormal distribution.
The minimum sample size to demonstrate the
reliability requirement is
ln( )
n2
ln{[ ln( ) / 1 (1 R0 )]}
where is called the bogey ratio, which is the ratio
of actual test time to t0.
The equation indicates that the sample size can be
reduced by increasing the test time.
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9. Sample Sizes for Different Values of
Required Reliability and Bogey Ratio
90
80 bogey ratio=1.5
bogey ratio=2
70
bogey ratio=2.5
60
n2 50
bogey ratio=3
40
30
20
10
0
0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1
Reliability
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10. Principles of Test Time Reduction
For some products, a failure is said to have
occurred when a performance characteristic
exceeds its threshold.
For these products, it is possible to measure the
performance characteristic during testing.
The degradation measurements can be used to
reduce the test time.
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14. Sample Size for Reduced Test Time
When the test time is reduced, the type II error is
increased by c.
The minimum sample size for the lognormal
distribution is
ln( ) ln(1 )
n3
ln{[ ln( ) / 1 (1 R0 )]}
where = c /.
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15. Test Cost Modeling
The cost of a bogey test consists of
the cost of conducting the test,
the cost of samples, and
the cost of measurements.
Cost model
ln( ) ln(1 )
TC ( , ) c1t0 (c2 c3 m)
ln{[ ln( ) / (1 R0 )]}
1
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16. Consumer’s Risk Due to Early Termination
y F(t0)
G
tm t0 t
For a test unit that has y0<G, terminating test
earlier increases the consumer’s risk.
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17. Producer’s Risk Due to Early Termination
y F(t0)
G
tm t0 t
For a test unit that has y0>G, terminating test
earlier increases the producer’s risk.
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18. Risk Formulation
For a linear or transformed linear degradation
model, the risk can be formulated as
G y0
ˆ
F (t 0 ) Pr T
1 3(m 2m) 2
1
ˆ
m m 2 (m 2 1)
where T has the student-t distribution with m-2
degrees of freedom.
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19. Optimal Test Plans
The test plans are characterized by and .
The values of and are optimized by
minimizing the total cost TC(, ), while the
following constraints are satisfied:
(1) The risk associated with early termination of a test
must not exceed c/n3.
(2) The sample size must not be greater than the number
of available test units.
The optimization model can be calculated using
Excel Solver.
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20. Procedures of Test Time Reduction
During testing, each unit is inspected periodically
to measure y. When there are three measurements,
a degradation model is fitted to the data, and the
estimates of the model parameters and the risk
F(t0) are calculated.
Then we make one of the following decisions
based on the estimates.
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21. Test Termination Rules
ˆ
(1) If F (t 0 ) / n3 , then terminate the test of the unit.
This test unit passes the bogey test.
(2) If F (t 0 ) 1 / n3 , where is the specified type I error,
ˆ
then terminate the test of the unit. This test unit fails
to pass the bogey test.
ˆ
(3) If / n3 F (t 0 ) 1 / n3 , continue the test until
decision rule (1) or (2) is met, or until t0 is reached,
whichever occurs sooner.
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22. Application Example
Problem statement
A part is required to have a reliability of 95% at a
design life of 1.5105 cycles under the 95th
percentile of the customer usage profile. The part
fails due to its stiffness degradation; a failure is
said to have occurred when the stiffness degrades
to 20% of the initial value. We want to demonstrate
the reliability at a 95% confidence level.
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23. Test Plans
The calculation of optimization model for the test
plan gives = 0.3147, and = 0.631.
Then the test plan is to test 39 samples and the
expected test time is 1.325105 cycles.
In contrast, the conventional bogey test requires
testing 59 samples for each 1.5105 cycles, or 39
units each for 2.1105 cycles.
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24. Decision Rules
The decision rules for terminating the test of a
part are as follows.
(1) If F (t 0 ) 0.403 10 3 , then terminate the test of the
ˆ
unit. This test unit passes the bogey test.
ˆ
(2) If F (t 0 ) 0.9987 , then terminate the test of the unit.
This test unit fails to pass the bogey test.
(3) If 0.403 10 3 F (t0 ) 0.9987 , continue the test of the
ˆ
unit until decision rule (1) or (2) is met, or until
2.1105 cycles is reached, whichever occurs first.
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25. Summary and Conclusions
The conventional binomial bogey test requires a
large sample size and excessive test time.
If the life is known to be lognormal, the bogey
test sample size can be reduced by extending the
test time.
For products subject to degradation failure, the
test time can be reduced substantially by using the
degradation measurements.
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26. Additional Readings
G. Yang, “Reliability Demonstration Through
Degradation Bogey Testing,” IEEE Transactions
on Reliability, vol. 58, no. 4, December 2009.
G. Yang, “Optimum Degradation Tests for
Comparison of Products,” IEEE Transactions on
Reliability, vol. 61, no. 1, March 2012.
G. Yang, Life Cycle Reliability Engineering,
Wiley, 2007. (Chapter 9)
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