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第一章  原生动物门 ( Protozoa)
一、原生动物门的主要特征 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
草履虫
绿眼虫
 
2 、其生理活动是由各种 细胞器官 ( organelle) 来执行和完成的。 ,[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
G 、 生殖机能 有性生殖: 配子生殖;接合生殖 无性生殖: 二分裂;出芽生殖;多分裂;质裂;孢子生殖
无性生殖: ( 1 )二分裂 ( binary fission ) 是原生动物最普遍的一种无性生殖,一般是有丝分裂( mitotic ),分裂时细胞核先由一个分为二个,染色体均等的分布在两个子核中,随后细胞质也分别包围两个细胞核,形成两个大小、形状相等的子体,二分裂可以是纵裂,如眼虫;也可以是横裂,如草履虫;或者是斜分裂,如角藻( Ceratium )。 ( 2 ) 出芽生殖( budding reproduction ) , 实际也是一种二分裂,只是形成的两个子体大小不等,大的子细胞称母体,小的子细胞称芽体。
 
有性生殖:配子生殖和接合生殖 ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
二、代表动物:草履虫   Paramecium caudatum   1  结构和功能   ● 表膜   : 包被草履虫体表的膜 ,即 细胞膜 、 分三层 : 最外层 膜连续覆盖在体表和纤毛上 中间层和内层膜形成 表膜泡镶嵌系统
表膜镶嵌系统:
表膜上有纤毛和口沟 ● 纤毛: 为细胞质的丝状突起,是草履虫的 运动器官 。纤毛的基部有复杂的微管纤维网,控制和协调纤毛运动。 原生动物的纤毛、鞭毛与高等动物的精子鞭毛具有相同的结构:由 9 + 2 双联体微管纤维组成。
9 + 2  双联体微管纤维 人精子 精子鞭毛 9+2 微管系统 鞭毛虫 原生动物鞭毛 9+2 微管系统
9 + 2  双联体微管纤维亚显微结构
9 + 2  双联体微管纤维亚显微结构
草履虫的运动 草履虫的运动
● 口沟: 从草履虫身体后端开始,在表膜上一条斜沟伸向身体中部的沟。沟的未端为口。 草履虫的食物
● 细胞质 : 分成外质和内质二部分 外质 : 为表膜下面的一薄层,较透明。剌丝泡分布在外质中。 ●   剌丝泡 : 为纺缍形小杆状结构,有小孔开口于表膜。当受到外来刺激时,能释放出内含物,吸水后聚合成丝,能麻庳敌害,有防御功能。 内质 : 内含颗粒状结构,有流动性。有许多重要结构分布在内质中 : ● 食物泡 : 散布在内质中的许多泡状结构。 食物泡的形成 食物泡的消化功能
● 伸缩泡和收集管 : 位于内外质的交界处, 2 组,身体前后半部的中部各一对。 功能 : 排除 体内 多余 水分。 草履虫体内水分来源 : A. 大部分由外界通过表膜渗透进来。 B. 一部分随食物经胞口和食物泡进入细胞质。 C. 小部分为新陈代谢过程中产生的代谢水。
伸缩泡工作原理
●   细胞核 : 位于细胞中央,有二种 大核 : 一个,肾形,位于胞咽附近。 功能 : 主管营养代谢、有丝分裂、细胞分化,通过蛋白质合成来控制表型基因,称为 营养核 。 小核: 一个或多个,位于大核凹陷处。 功能: 含极少 RNA , 是基因储存地,负责基因交换、基因重组,并由小核产生大核。主管生殖、遗传,称为 生殖核 。
草履虫与其它原生动物一样,无专门的呼吸、循环胞器。 ● 呼吸、排泄: 靠表膜渗透 ● 循环: 靠内质环流
2  草履虫的生殖 ● 无性生殖: 横二分裂: 小核先作有丝分裂,大核再作无丝分裂,各自延长,分成二部分。虫体从身体中部横缢,形成  2  个子体
● 有性生殖: 接合生殖: :
有性生殖:接合生殖
● 疟原虫引起的疟疾的我国五大寄生虫病之一。 ● 寄生在人体的疟原虫主要有 4  种: 1 )间日疟原虫 ●东北  西北  华北 2 )三日疟原虫 3 )恶性疟原虫 ●云南  贵州  四川  海南岛 4 )卵形疟原虫 4  种疟原虫的生活史基本相同 三、重要的病原体— 疟原虫
间日疟的生活史 ● 有二个中间寄主: 人 雌按蚊 ● 有世代交替现象: 无性世代:   在人体内进行 有性世代: 在雌按蚊体人内进行 ● 传播媒介: 雌按蚊
1、在 人体 内的发育 :     按蚊 叮人     0.5 小时 子孢子----->血液 ----> 肝细胞 (发育)。环状体  随唾液进入      进入           ↓        入侵 红细胞   裂殖子← 裂殖体←大滋养体 ( 红细胞外期 ) 红细胞内期      雌性配子母细胞 环状体->大滋养体↗       ↘雄性配子母细胞 裂殖体->裂殖子->重复入侵红细胞 ( 裂体生殖 ) 间日疟原虫:48小时 三日疟原虫:72小时 恶性疟原虫:24-48小时 卵形疟原虫:24-48小时
2 、在 按蚊 体内的发育 :      蚊胃 雄配子母细胞--->雄配子 结合 雌配子母细胞――->雌配子--->合子 ( 配子生殖 )  发育 合子--->动合子->卵囊->孢子 ( 孢子生殖 )
人是怎样染上疟疾的? (一)、 基本形态 1、环状体:(小滋养体)戒指状 2、大滋养体:一核 3、裂殖体:多个核 4、裂殖子 5、大配子母细胞->大配子体 6、小配子母细胞->小配子体 7 、动合子(有 鞭毛 )
间日疟原虫的形态
间日疟原虫的生活史
●   红细胞前期:在人的肝脏中进行。 临床意义:决定潜伏期的长短 ●   红细胞内期:在人体的红血细胞中进行 临床意义:决定疟疾症状反复发作的间隔  时间。 ●   红细胞外期:在人体肝脏中进行 临床意义:疟疾复发的根本原因 间日疟原虫生活史分期
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],二、分类
 
 
 
太阳虫
 
 
 
孢子虫纲( Sporozoa)------ 间日虐原虫
疟原虫
三、 原生动物与人类的关系 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
原生动物是动物界中最原始、最低等的一类动物,它们大多是单细胞的有机体。 从细胞结构上看,原生动物的单细胞相似于多细胞动物身体中的一个细胞。 从机能上看,原生动物的这个细胞又是一个完整的有机体,它能完成多细胞动物所具有的生命机能,例如营养、呼吸、排泄、生殖及对外界刺激产生反应,这些机能由细胞或由细胞特化而成的细胞器( organelles ) 来执行。所以不同的细胞器在机能上相当于多细胞动物体内的器官及系统。 它们是在不同的结构水平上执行着相同的生理机能。
[object Object],[object Object]
复习思考题: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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2 原生动物