VI CREATIVE CITIES INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE With M. Luisa Esteve Pardo Orlando, Florida (USA). 24-25 January 2018. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.22032.71685

1. NEW FORMS OF URBAN GOVERNANCE: BUSINESS
IMPROVEMENT DISTRICTS AND THE
CHALLENGES OF THEIR INTRODUCTION IN SPAIN
Helena Villarejo Galende
Mª Luisa Esteve Pardo
6 CREATIVE CITIES CONFERENCE
University of Central Florida
ORLANDO (USA), 24-25 January 2018
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 1
© Photo: Gerald Smith

2. Helena Villarejo Galende
Senior Lecturer of Administrative Law
(Profesora Titular de
Derecho Administrativo)
Facultad de Ciencias Económicas.
Universidad de Valladolid.
Avenida Valle Esgueva, 6.
47011 Valladolid (Spain)
E-mail: helenav@eco.uva.es
María Luisa Esteve Pardo
Senior Lecturer of Tax Law
(Profesora Titular de
Derecho Financiero y Tributario)
Facultad de Derecho.
Universitat de Girona
Calle de la Universitat, 12.
17003 Girona (Spain).
E-mail: luisa.esteve@udg.edu
THE AUTHORS
This communication is part of the Project ‘Public-
private partnership and fiscal consolidation: BID
and ECAs’ (DER2015-65148-C2-1-P) financed
by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and
Competitiveness (State Program for the
promotion of scientific and technical excellence
research - 2015 call).
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 2
6 CREATIVE CITIES CONFERENCE
University of Central Florida
ORLANDO (USA)
24-25 January 2018
© AGECU

3. OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY
Objectives
• To analyse comparative experiences in the BID model
• To examine, from a legal point of view, which measures and legal reforms would be
required to transfer this public-private partnership formula to the Spanish legal system
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 3

4. OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY
Methodology
• We rely on a multi-method qualitative and quantitative research design
• Primary data collection: execution of semi-structured personal interviews with BID
managers, stakeholders and government officials in several cities
• Secondary sources included BID enabling legislation, public hearing transcripts, scholarly
papers, newspaper articles, conference proceedings, trade magazines, BID web sites and
newsletters
• We have analysed the BID experiences in Canada, USA, United Kingdom and Germany in
order to establish the main characteristics of the international BID model. Using the same
methodological approach, the main issues of the urban economy in Spanish cities and the way
the BID model can face them have been identified, we have designed the main features of a
Spanish BID from a legal point of view.
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 4

5. ESTRUCTURE
1. New forms of urban governance in XXI century cities: Business Improvement Districts
as a paradigm of creativity and innovation in public administration
2. General perspective of the BID model
2.1. Definition, origin and international expansion
2.2. Formation, finances and functions
3. Proposal for adapting the BID model in Spain
3.1. General characteristics
3.2. Necessary legislative reform
4. Conclusions
5. References
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 5

6. 1. NEW FORMS OF URBAN
GOVERNANCE IN XXI CENTURY CITIES
BUSINESS IMPROVEMENT DISTRICTS
AS A PARADIGM OF CREATIVITY AND
INNOVATION IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 6

7. CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION IN PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION
 A ‘silent revolution’ has been taking place in public administration in recent years
(Salamon, 2002)
 Fundamental changes in the decision-making process: blurring of the division
between states and markets and an unprecedented level of innovation in the design of new
policy tools
 BIDs as a new form of public-private collaboration within the sphere of local
government
 BIDs exemplify public-private collaboration within the framework of urban regeneration
with their interesting combination of business initiative and public funding
 BIDs are ‘a conspicuous illustration of creative thinking at the local level’ (Mitchell,
1999)
 The growth in the number of BIDs over the last few decades suggests that there is ‘great
value’ in this institutional model (Briffault, 2010)
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 7

8. 2. GENERAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE
BID MODEL
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 8

9. WHAT IS A BID?
‘[…] self-assessment districts that are usually initiated and
governed by property owners or business owners, enabled by
state laws, and authorised by local governments to provide
public services in designated urban and suburban areas’
(Morçöl y Wolf, 2010: 906).
Property owners (or businesses) in a delimited geographical
area themselves agree by a majority vote to provide
additional public services through charging a levy or
compulsory assessment on all the property and business
owners located in the area (Mitchell, 1999: 6).
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 9

10. ORIGIN
Urban
sprawl
Malls
Urban
downtown
decline
Decentralisation
End
WW II
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 10

11. ORIGIN
Toronto, Canada
60’
Urban downtown
decline
Revitalization
initiatives financed by
members of the
voluntary business
association
free riders
They proposed a
charge on all the
business owners in
the district
Province of
Ontario and City
of Toronto passed
legislation
First BIA, 1969
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 11

12. IN UNITY, STRENGHT© Fred Niblo, Three Musketeers (1921)

13. Initiative: private sector – After a ballot (democratic process)
Creation and oversight: local authority
Management: private entity, under professionalized structure
Public sector support
Purpose: promoting business development and improving an area’s quality of life through
suplemental services
Special assessment or levy paid by property owners or tenants within the district
Limited lifespan: 5 years – can be renewed
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
KEYS
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 13

14. Enabling
Legislation
BID Proposal
Business Plan
Ballot Process
(democratic) BID
HOW TO CREATE A BID?
Local
Ordinance
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 14

15. VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 15
© www.worthingtowncentre.co.uk/

16. HOW IS A BID FUNDED?
ASSESSMENT / BID FEE / LEVY
a charge to fund the BID is compulsory
=
TAX
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 16

17. UNDER THE LAW, ALL HAVE TO PAY
To avoid free riders
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 17© Laurel&Hardy,Thicker than water (1935)

18. SERVICES DELIVERED
• Security
• Sanitation, cleaning
• Marketing, events, promotional
programs
• Capital improvements, and
beautification for the area
• Lobbying
• Accesibility, transport, social services
Suplemental services, additionally to
public sector activities
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 18
© https://goldentriangledc.com

19. CITY
Cleaner, safer, more attractive
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 19
© Fritz Lang, Metropolis (1927)

20. Modelo contrastado internacionalmente
‘BID BANG’
Worldwide travelling idea
Example of ‘policy transfer’
EXTENSIVE EXPERIENCE PROVEN IN MANY COUNTRIES,
WITH A LONG HISTORY
1970
2003
2005
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 20

21. 82 BUSINESS IMPROVEMENT AREAS
Steeles Ave W
Steeles Ave E
CarlingviewDr
03
way27N
y27S
Brown'sLine
MartinGroveRd
Mornings
Dix n Rd
KiplingAve
Dr
E linton Ave W
IslingtonAve
n
College
UniversityAve
rlton St
Richm
Dundas St E
St Clair Ave E
nch Ave E
Rd
Sheppard Ave E
BrimleyRd
MarkhamRd
S
w 07 08
Sheppard Ave W
02
09
W ilson Ave
o
Lawrence Ave W
77
12
51
g
27
04
11
St Clair Ave W
64
37
02
18
75 69
14
0608 Bloor St W
10
13
05
60
63 56
Evans Ave
F G Gardine
49
06
48
Lake Shore Blvd W
4146 Lake Ontario
24
17
29
DufferinSt
16
10
79
23
115 5
82 73
53 21
17 58 35 80
Dupont St
21
20
0509
19
40
50
34
25
15 44
3945
72
57
Adelaide St W
54
76
43
14
31
26
SpadinaA
12
38 Ellesmere Rd
68
YorkSt
Richmond St W
30
71
70
16
22
04
BaySt
28
47
61
07
22
23
81
74
27
Bloor
13
JarvisSt
Queen St E
36
65
t
52
PleasantRd
26
E
03
67
11
o
A
59
25
44
Eastern Ave
30
LairdDr
24
Highway 401
York Mills Rd
29
55
33
32
42
P
34
31
19
32
20 Danforth Ave 18
WoodbineAve
66
78
nAve
39
01 28
Finch Ave W
01
40
35
BirchmountR
landAve
37
36
0 1 2 4 6
km
41
nRd
42
33
62
38
Lawrence Ave E
43
Updated: May, 2016
1 Etobicoke North
2 Etobicoke North
3 Etobicoke Centre
4 Etobicoke Centre
5 Etobicoke-Lakeshore
6 Etobicoke-Lakeshore
7 York West
8 York West
9 York Centre
10 York Centre
11 York South-Weston
12 York South-Weston
13 Parkdale-High Park
14 Parkdale-High Park
15 Eglinton-Lawrence
Ward Information
16 Eglinton-Lawrence
17 Davenport
18 Davenport
19 Trinity-Spadina
20 Trinity-Spadina
21 St. Paul's
22 St. Paul's
23 Willowdale
24 Willowdale
25 Don Valley West
26 Don Valley West
27 Toronto Centre-Rosedale
28 Toronto Centre-Rosedale
29 Toronto-Danforth
30 Toronto-Danforth
31 Beaches-East York
32 Beaches-East York
33 Don Valley East
34 Don Valley East
35 Scarborough Southwest
36 Scarborough Southwest
37 Scarborough Centre
38 Scarborough Centre
39 Scarborough-Agincourt
40 Scarborough-Agincourt
41 Scarborough-Rouge River
42 Scarborough-Rouge River
43 Scarborough East
44 Scarborough East
1 Albion Islington Square
2 Baby Point Gates
3 Bayview Leaside
4 Bloor-Yorkville
5 Bloor Annex
6 Bloor By The Park
7 Bloor Street
8 Bloor West Village
9 Bloorcourt Village
10 Bloordale Village
11 Cabbagetown
12 Chinatown
13 Church-Wellesley Village
14 CityPlace and Fort York
15 College Promenade
16 College West
17 Corso Italia
18 Crossroads of the Danforth
19 Danforth Mosaic
20 Danforth Village
21 Dovercourt Village
22 Downtown Yonge
23 Dufferin-Wingold
24 DuKe Heights
25 Dundas West
26 Dupont by the Castle
27 Eglinton Hill
28 Emery Village
29 Fairbank Village
30 Financial District
31 Forest Hill Village
32 Gerrard India Bazaar
33 Greektown on the Danforth
34 Harbord Street
35 Hillcrest Village
36 Historic Queen East
37 Junction Gardens
38 Kennedy Road
39 Kensington Market
40 Korea Town
41 Lakeshore Village
42 Leslieville
43 Liberty Village
44 Little Italy
45 Little Portugal
46 Long Branch
47 Midtown Yonge
48 Mimico By The Lake
49 Mimico Village
50 Mirvish Village
51 Mount Dennis
52 Mount Pleasant
53 Oakwood Village
54 Ossington Avenue
55 Pape Village
56 Parkdale Village
57 Queen Street West
58 Regal Heights Village
59 Riverside District
60 Roncesvalles Village
61 Rosedale Main Street
62 Sheppard East Village
63 shoptheQueensway.com
64 St. Clair Gardens
65 St. Lawrence Market
Neighbourhood
66 The Beach
67 The Danforth
68 The Eglinton Way
69 The Kingsway
70 The Waterfront
71 Toronto Entertainment
District
72 Trinity Bellwoods
73 Upper Village
74 Uptown Yonge
75 Village of Islington
76 West Queen West
77 Weston Village
78 Wexford Heights
79 Wilson Village
80 Wychwood Heights
81 Yonge Lawrence Village
82 York-Eglinton
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 21
© https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/97ab-
map-bias-in-toronto.pdf

22. VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 22
© www.nyc.gov/bid

23. • UK Local Government Act 2003
• Since 2005 - 279 BIDs (56 in London)
• BID proposer is required to develop a BID proposal and submit this to the
local authority, along with a business plan
• Businesses that will be subject to the levy vote in a ballot. ‘Dual key-test’: yes
from 50% voters + 50% rateable value
• A BID is funded by a levy charged on all non-domestic ratepayers in the BID
area in addition to their non-domestic rates bill
• The general scale of an additional BID levy is between 1% and 1.5% of the
rateable value of each business
• Additional funding from other sources
• Defined period: Normally 5 years)
• Average size: 300-400 businesses --- Income: £200,000-£600,000 per year
UK BIDS
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 23

24. • 10 Länder
• 30 BID working
• 100 BID in development
GERMANY BIDS
Source: Costela (2017) VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 24
Land
Year of Law
Active BIDs/ non renewed BIDs
Proyected BIDs
Voluntary BIDs
Land has passed BID law
BID law in process
Similar to BID initiatives
Without BID Law

25. • Property owners make decisions
• Proposal: 15% property owners + 15% rateable
value
• City Council must accept “business plan”
• Constitution process: Max. 33% negative voters
• Property owners in the district must pay a
‘special tax’ (Sonderabgabe), calculated from two
parameters:
- budget of the BID
- rateable value of the properties
• Limited period of time: Max. 5 years
BID - HAMBURG
Villarejo y Esteve 25
© https://neuerwall-hamburg.de/

26. IRELAND BIDS
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 26
© https://www.wearedublintown.ie/

27. BID IN THE NETHERLANDS 2009 – Experimental BIZ Law
60 municipalities, 120 BIZs
2015 – New permanent legislation (Wet op de
bedrijveninvesteringszones)
Property owners and/or Businesses
Charge on WOZ (real state tax)
2018 – Amsterdam (17), The Hague (20), Rotterdam (5)
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 27©

28. 3. PROPOSAL FOR ADAPTING THE
BID MODEL IN SPAIN
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 28
© Chaplin, Modern times (1936)

29. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Initiative to establish a BID comes from the private sector, from economic operators
If the proposal has enough support, the City Council will approve the BID
Collaboration between BID and City Council: agreement or public contract
BIDs are managed by private non-profit bodies or public-private partnerships
BIDs' services are provided in addition to those offered by local governments
BID budget mainly covered by the BID charge, a compulsory charge levied by the City Council
Limited lifespan: 4 or 5 years
The City Council is responsible for monitoring and supervising the BID
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 29

30. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
SUPERVISION
and
MONOTORING
CITY COUNCIL
BID
SUPLEMENTAL SERVICES
CITY COUNCIL
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 30

31. NECESSARY LEGISLATIVE REFORM
LEGISLATION
STATE
Enabling Legislation
Modification Local
Government Finance Act
AUTONOMOUS
COMMUNITIES
Model definition
BID Act
CITY COUNCIL
Implementation
Local Ordinances
BID agreements
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 31

32. AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITIES
INITIATIVE
Who? How?
CONSTITUTION
Vote (ballot)
Quorum
Agreement BID – City Councill
Duration
ORGANIZATION
Estructure General Assembly
Board of Directors
Chairman
Manager
OPERATION
Under democratic principles
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 32

33. 4. CONCLUSIONS
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 33
©Photo:
http://www.regentstreetonline.com

34. CONCLUSIONS
First
 BIDs are a worldwide success as a new model of municipal governance
 Rapid expansion across the different continents and the high number of BIDs operating in the
different cities all over the world
 Good tool for urban centers management
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 34

35. CONCLUSIONS
Second
Despite some criticisms, BIDs are effective (provide sustainable funding for an agreed period
of time)
 Allow the private sector to work with the local authorities to deliver a variety of projects
aimed at improving their business environment
 Good instrument in the hands of local governments to prevent urban degeneration and to
stimulate economic development
 BIDs benefits are clear in two areas:
1. reductions in crime
2. positive impact on the value of commercial property
 BIDs participate actively and positively in urban governance. They are 'net contributors to
public life' (Briffault, 1999: 477)
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 35

36. CONCLUSIONS
Third
 BIDs are the best response to the problems currently facing the urban economy in Spain
 A good way to solve the pressing financing needs arising from the crisis
 Many public administrations, private organizations and political parties have expressed their
interest in the potential development of this model
 Considering its long history and proven success, we believe that the time has come to
introduce the BID model in Spain
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 36

37. CONCLUSIONS
Fourth
 The main features of a Spanish BID have been defined is this communication
Fifth
 In regional and local levels of government flexible solutions should be developed to help
Spanish BIDs to maximize their creative potential to improve business and neighborhood
quality and meet the needs of the public and private interests at play
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 37

38. 5. REFERENCES
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 38
© Photo: Gerald Smith

39. REFERENCES
Borja, J. & Castells, M. (1996). Local and Global: Management of Cities in the Information Age. London: Earthscan.
Brenner, J. (2010). “Private initiatives in German urban development policy”, Urban Research & Practice, Vol. 3, No. 2: 219-228.
Briffault, R. (1999). “A Government for Our Time? Business Improvement Districts and Urban Governance”, Columbia Law Review, 99 (2): 365-477.
Briffault, R. (2010). “The Business Improvement District comes of age”, Drexel Law Review, Vol. 3: 19-33.
BritishBIDs (2016). Nationwide BID survey 2016. Ipswich: BritishBIDs.
Cook, I. R. (2008). “Mobilising urban policies: the policy transfer of US Business Improvement Districts to England and Wales”, Urban Studies 45 (4): 773-795.
Cook, I.R. (2009). “Private sector involvement in urban governance: The case of Business Improvement Districts and Town Centre Management partnerships in
England”, Geoforum, 40: 930-940.
Costela Sánchez, A. (2016). “Los Business Improvement Districts (BIDs): implantación en Europa, experiencia en el Reino Unido, y futuro”, Comunicación presentada
en el VII Congreso Internacional en Gobierno, Administración y Políticas Públicas (GIGAPP) celebrado en Madrid en octubre de 2016,
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Costela Sánchez, A. (2017). «Los Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) alemanes como modelo para España», Comunicación presentada al VIII Congreso
Internacional en Gobierno, Administración y Políticas Públicas (GIGAPP) celebrado en Madrid en septiembre de 2017,
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Davies, M. S. (1997). “Business Improvement Districts”, Journal of Law and Contemporary Law, Vol. 52: 187-223.
DIHK (2017). Deutscher Industrie- und Handelskammertag - BID News 30/2017. [online]. Available at:
https://www.dihk.de/themenfelder/wirtschaftspolitik/info/bidnews/aktuell/bidnews-30-17-engl/at_download/file?mdate=149969234088
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 39

40. REFERENCES
Eick, V. (2012). “The co-production of purified space: hybrid policing in German Business Improvement Districts”, European Urban and Regional Studies, 19(2): 121-
136.
Eick, V. (2014). “Emerging semi-states: The BIDisation of German Cities”. Integrating interests: future-proofing city centre retail economies? University of Sheffield,
School of Law. 31 March 2014. Available at: http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.366953!/file/VolkerEick_EmergingSemi-States.pdf
Esteve Pardo, M.L. (2015). “Un recargo sobre el IBI como posible fórmula para financiar los planes público-privados de dinamización comercial”, en Marta Villar
Ezcura, coord., Estudios sobre el sistema tributario actual y la situación financiera del sector público. Homenaje al Profesor Dr. D. Javier Lasarte Álvarez. Instituto de
Estudios Fiscales (IEF): Madrid.
Esteve Pardo, M.L. (2015). “Financiación de actuaciones público-privadas de promoción del comercio urbano mediante tributos: la experiencia alemana”, Quincena
Fiscal, nº 22: 21-47.
Friesecke, F. (2006). “Revitalization of Urban Areas through Business Improvement Districts (BID)-Trends and Expectations for Shrinking Cities”, Promoting Land
Administration and Good Governance. 5th FIG Regional Conference. Accra, Ghana, March 8-11.
Hernandez, T. & Jones, K. (2005). «Downtowns in transition. Emerging business improvement area strategies», International Journal of Retail & Distribution
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Hochleutner, B.R. (2003). «BID fare well: The democratic accountability of Business Improvement Districts», New York University Law Review, vol. 78: 374-404.
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Houstoun, L.O. (1997). BID: Business Improvement Districts, Washington, D.C.: Urban Land Institute.
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 40

41. REFERENCES
Hoyt, L.M. y Gopal-Agge, D. (2007). «The Business Improvement District Model: A Balanced Review of Contemporary Debates», Geography Compass, 1 (4): 946-958.
Hoyt, L.M. (2006). «Importing ideas: The transnational transfer of urban revitalization policy», International Journal of Public Administration, vol. 29: 221-243.
Hoyt, L. M. (2005), “Do Business Improvement District Organizations Make A Difference? Crime In and Around Commercial Areas in Philadelphia”, Journal of Planning
Education and Research, 25: 185-199.
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Regeneration and Renewal, Vol. 2, 4: 304-317.
Lloyd, G., McCarthy, J., McGreal, S. y Berry, J. (2003). «Business Improvement Districts, planning and urban regeneration», International Planning Studies, vol. 8, issue
4: 295-321.
Meltzer, R. (2010). "Clean and Safe" for All? The Interaction Between Business Improvement Districts and Local Government in the Provision of Public Goods. National
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Mitchell, J. (1999). Business improvement districts and innovative service delivery, The PricewaterhouseCoopers Endowment for the Business of Government, New
York.
Mitchell, J. (2008). Business Improvement Districts and the Shape of the City. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Morçöl, G., Hoyt, L., Meek, J. W., & Zimmermann, U. (2008). Business Improvement Districts. Research, Theories and Controversies. Nueva York: CRC Press.
Morçöl, G., & Wolf, J. (2010). Understanding Business Improvement Districts: A New Governance Framework. Public Administration Review, 70(6), 906-913.
Morçöl, G.; Vasavada, T.; Kim, S. (2014). “Business Improvement Districts in Urban Governance: A Longitudinal Case Study”, Administration & Society, Vol. 46 (7): 796–
824.
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 41

42. REFERENCES
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Peyroux, E., Pütz, R. & Glasze, G. (2012). “Business Improvement Districts (BID): The internationalization and contextualization of a travelling concept”, European
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Villarejo Galende, H. (2014). »Colaboración público-privada para la revitalización de espacios urbanos: la introducción de los Business Improvement Districts en el
ordenamiento jurídico español". Revista de Gestión Pública, III (2), 235-277.
Villarejo Galende, H. y Esteve Pardo, M.L. (2017). Propuesta normativa para la implantación de los BID en España. AGECU, Valencia.
Ward, K. & Cook, I.R. (2014). “Business Improvement Districts in the UK: Territorialising a ‘global’ model?”, Imagining Urban Futures Working Paper 13. Available
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Ward, K. (2006). «‘Policies in motion’, urban management and state restructuring: The trans-local expansion of Business Improvement Districts», International
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VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 42

43. COPYRIGHT PERMISSIONS
MUSIC: Antonín Dvořák. Symphony no. 9 in Em, 'New World' - III.
Scherzo, molto vivace - DuPage Symphony Orchestra [available at:
https://musopen.org/music/2751/antonin-dvorak/symphony-no-9-in-e-
minor-from-the-new-world-op-95/].
* All the images used in this presentation slides include references/links
to their authors or they are licensed under a Creative Commons (CC)
Attribution-NonCommercial License. In any case, the use of images here
is for educational and researching purposes and therefore, it can be
considered as ‘fair use’.
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 43

44. Helena Villarejo Galende
Senior Lecturer of Administrative Law
(Profesora Titular de
Derecho Administrativo)
Facultad de Ciencias Económicas.
Universidad de Valladolid.
Avenida Valle Esgueva, 6.
47011 Valladolid (Spain)
E-mail: helenav@eco.uva.es
María Luisa Esteve Pardo
Senior Lecturer of Tax Law
(Profesora Titular de
Derecho Financiero y Tributario)
Facultad de Derecho.
Universitat de Girona
Calle de la Universitat, 12.
17003 Girona (Spain).
E-mail: luisa.esteve@udg.edu
FOR FUTHER INFORMATION, PLEASE DO NOT
HESITATE TO CONTACT US
This communication is part of the Project ‘Public-
private partnership and fiscal consolidation: BID
and ECAs’ (DER2015-65148-C2-1-P) financed
by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and
Competitiveness (State Program for the
promotion of scientific and technical excellence
research - 2015 call).
VILLAREJO Y ESTEVE 44
6 CREATIVE CITIES CONFERENCE
University of Central Florida
ORLANDO (USA)
24-25 January 2018
© AGECU