3. CARDIAC REFLEXES
Cardiac reflexes are fast-acting reflex loops
between the Heart and CNS
Contribute to
- regulation of Cardiac function
- maintenance of Physiologic Homeostasis
Cardiac receptors are linked to the CNS by
myelinated or unmyelinated afferent fibres that
travel along the vagus nerve.
7. Changes in BP are monitored by Circumferential
and Longitudinal stretch receptors located in the
carotid sinus and aortic arch
Respond rapidly to changes in BP , maintain
powerful moment-to-moment control of arterial
pressure
Capable of regulating arterial BP around a preset
value through a Negative-feedback loop
8. BARORECEPTOR REFLEX CONT.
Respond much more to a rapidly changing
pressure than to a stationary pressure
Maintain relatively constant arterial pressure in the
upper body during Changes in Body Posture
Reduce the minute by minute variation in arterial
pressure
Pressure buffer system, Buffer nerves
12. Vasoconstrictor
area
Vasodilator
area
Sensory area
Tractus solitarius
Location Bilaterally
Anterolaterally
Upper medulla
Bilaterally
anterolateral
Lower medulla
Bilaterally
posterolateral
medulla ,lower pons
Neurons
Function
All levels of the
spinal cord,
Excite
sympathetic
nervous system.
Inc. BP
Project upwards
Inhibit
vasoconstrictor
area
Vasodilation
Dec. BP
Receive sensory
signals through the
Vagus and
Glossopharyngeal
nerves
Controls both
vasoconstrictor and
vasodilator areas
13.
14. Increase in MAP
↓
Stretch of BR
↓
Impulses to NTS
↓
Secondarysignals- Inhibit- Vasoconstrictor area
Excite - Vasodilator area
↓
Dec. Symp outflow
Inc. Parasymp outflow
↓
Vasodilatation,Dec HR,Contractility
↓
BP back to normal
15. BARORECEPTOR REFLEX CONT.
Important role during - Acute blood loss
Shock.
volatile anesthetics ( Halothane) inhibit the HR
component of this reflex
Concomitant use of CCB’s, ACE inhibitors, or
PDE inhibitors will lessen the CV response of
raising BP through the baroreceptor reflex
- direct effects on the peripheral vasculature
- interference with CNS signaling pathways
(calcium, angiotensin)
16. BARORECEPTOR RESETTING
Baroreceptor will adapt to the long term change of
blood pressure in 1-3 days
Adaptation makes the baroreceptor system
unimportant for long-term regulation of arterial
pressure
Patients with chronic hypertension often exhibit
perioperative circulatory instability as a result of a
decrease in their baroreceptor reflex response
17. CHEMORECEPTOR REFLEX
Chemosensitive cells located in the carotid bodies and
the aortic body.
Transduce chemical signals into nerve impulse
Each carotid or aortic body is supplied with an abundant
blood flow through a small nutrient artery,so that the
chemoreceptors are always in close contact with arterial
blood
Respond to - changes in pH (H+ ions excess)
- blood oxygen tension lack.
- blood Co2 tension excess
20. CHEMORECEPTOR REFLEX CONT.
Do not respond strongly until BP < 80 mm of Hg.
In the case of Persistent Hypoxia, the CNS will be
directly stimulated, with a resultant increase in
sympathetic activity.
21. CHEMORECEPTOR REFLEX CONT.
Stimulates the respiratory centers and thereby
increasing ventilatory drive
Ventilatory Response to Arterial Hypoximea
- Stimulates breathing when Pao2 <60 mm of Hg
- Inhibited by - Volatile Anaesthetics (0.1 MAC)
- Barbiturates
- Opiods
22. BAINBRIDGE REFLEX
Both the atria and the pulmonary arteries have in
their walls stretch receptors called Low-
pressure receptors.
They are similar to the baroreceptor stretch
receptors of the large systemic arteries
Prevents damming of blood in the Veins, Atria, and
Pulmonary circulation
23. BAINBRIDGE REFLEX CONT.
Increase in right-sided filling pressure
↓
Stretch receptors in
RA wall,CavoAtrial junction SA node(15%)
↓
Vagal afferent signals
↓
Vasomotor center in the medulla
↓
Dec PS tone (40-60%) Inc HR
FOC
24. CNS ISCHEMIC RESPONSE
Arterial pressure elevation in response to cerebral
ischemia
CNS ischemic response is one of the most powerful
of all the activators of the sympathetic
vasoconstrictor system
The degree of sympathetic vasoconstriction caused
by intense cerebral ischemia is often so great that
some of the peripheral vessels become occluded
and kidney caese urine production
25. CNS ISCHEMIC RESPONSE CONT.
Does not become significant until the arterial
pressure < 60 mm Hg and reaching its greatest
degree of stimulation at a pressure of 15 to 20 mm
Hg
Emergency pressure control system that acts
rapidly and very powerfully to prevent further
decrease in arterial pressure whenever blood flow
to the brain decreases dangerously close to the
lethal level.
“Last ditch stand” pressure control mechanism
26. CUSHING REFLEX
Increased intracranial pressure(ICP = MAP)
↓
Cerebral ischemia at the Medullary VMC
↓
initial activation of the SNS
Inc HR, BP, and contractility Inc vascular tone
↓ ↓
improved cerebral perfusion BR reflex
( MAP > ICP)
↓
Reflex Brady
28. BEZOLD-JARISCH REFLEX
Noxious ventricular stimuli ( Dec ventricular filling )
↓
Chemo, Mechano receptors within the LV wall
↓
Unmyelinated vagal afferent type C fibers.
↓
Reflex Inc in PS tone
↓
Triad Hypotension,
Paradoxical Bradycardia (cardioprotective)
Coronary artery dilatation.
29. BEZOLD-JARISCH REFLEX CONT.
Cardioprotective in MI, Thrombolysis or
Revascularization and Syncope
Spinal , Epidural
Less pronounced in patients with Cardiac
hypertrophy or Atrial fibrillation
30. VALSALVA MANEUVER
Forced expiration against a closed glottis
↓
Increased intrathoracic pressure
↓
Venous return, CO and BP will be decreased
↓
BR reflex
↓
Inc HR , Contractility
32. ABDOMINAL COMPRESSION REflEX.
When a BR or CR reflex is elicited, nerve signals
are transmitted simultaneously through skeletal
nerves to skeletal muscles of the body, particularly
to the abdominal muscles.
This compresses all the venous reservoirs of the
abdomen, helping to translocate blood out of the
abdominal vascular reservoirs toward the heart.
As a result , increased quantities of blood are made
available for the heart to pump
33. OCULOCARDIAC REFLEX
Pressure applied to the globe of the eye
Traction on the surrounding structures.
↓
Strech receptors on EOM
↓
Short ,Long ciliary N. ( Ophthalmic – Trigeminal )
↓
Gasserian ganglion
↓
Inc PS tone
↓
Bradycardia.
34. Incidence during opthalmic surgery - 30% to 90%.
Glycopyrrolate or Atropine reduce incidence
35. PREVENTION AND RX
Atropine - most widely used and effective agent
in prevention and Rx of parasympathomimetic
reflex responses.
Topical anaesthesia - can eliminate the reflex at
the afferent component.
I.V Lignocaine is more effective than topical and
attenuates the cardiovascular responses to
noxious stimuli.
Initial loading dose - 100 mg IV
Continous infusion of lignocaine - 2mg / min
36. DURING SX…..
Cessation of the applied stimulus
Increase the depth of anaesthesia.
IV Atropine - 5 – 10 μg/kg
Vasopressors- Persistent hypotension
37. REFERENCES
Guyton and Hall, Textbook of medical
physiology,11th Edition
Miller’s Anaesthesia 8th Edition
Stoelting’s Pharmacolgy nad Physiology in
Anaesthesia Practice 5th Edition
Barash Clinical anaesthesia 7th Edition