Dr. John Patience - Effects Of Reduced Oil Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles And Soybean Oil On Dietary Lysine, Fat, And Fiber Digestibility In Corn Based Diets Fed To Growing Pigs
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Effects Of Reduced Oil Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles And Soybean Oil On Dietary Lysine, Fat, And Fiber Digestibility In Corn Based Diets Fed To Growing Pigs - Dr. John Patience, from the 2015 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 19-22, 2015, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-leman-swine-conference-material
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Dr. John Patience - Effects Of Reduced Oil Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles And Soybean Oil On Dietary Lysine, Fat, And Fiber Digestibility In Corn Based Diets Fed To Growing Pigs
- 1. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION EFFECTS OF REDUCED OIL DISTILLERS DRIED GRAINS WITH SOLUBLES AND SOYBEAN OIL ON DIETARY FAT, FIBER, AND AMINO ACID DIGESTIBILITY IN CORN BASED DIETS FED TO GROWING PIGS N. A. Gutierrez, N. V. L. Serão, and J. F. Patience Iowa State University, Ames, IA
- 2. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Nutritional impact of dietary fiber in corn co-products • Dietary inclusion of corn co-products increases the concentration of dietary fiber NRC, 2012 • Fiber in corn and its co-products is rich in polymers of glucose (cellulose), xylose and arabinose (arabinoxylans) Insoluble Low fermentable Bach Knudsen, 1997; Gutierrez et al., 2014 • Substitution of highly digestible dietary carbohydrates with fiber suppose a reduction in the dietary energy supply May have an effect on other dietary nutrients
- 3. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Effect of “Xylose” concentration on the metabolizable energy (ME) of “9” different corn co-products 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0 5 10 15 ME,Mcal/lb NSP Xylose, % ME (Mcal/lb) = 1.914 - 0.236*(X) + 0.035*(X2) - 0.002*(X3) P < 0.001 R2 = 0.71 ⌃ Gutierrez et al., 2014 (a)
- 4. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Introduction • Digestibility of dietary energy decreases with the dietary fiber content Noblet and Perez, 1993 • Fermentation of fiber may contribute little to the overall energy supply of the growing pig, • Fermentability of fiber from corn and its co-products is limited Le Goff and Noblet, 2001; van Milgen, 2006, Bach Knudsen, 2011 • Need for external fat to maintain an adequate concentration of energy in the final diet Extracted fat – SBO, corn oil etc. Intact fat – contained in feed ingredients
- 5. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Introduction • Fat may impair microbial fermentation in the hindgut Degen et al., 2009 • Fat may increase the retention time of digesta Mateos et al., 1982; Cervantes-Pahm and Stein, 2008 – Slow passage rate may improve fermentability of dietary fiber • Increase of dietary fiber may stimulate bowel movement and reduce the transit time of digesta Bastianelli et al., 1996; Schneeman, 1998; Bindelle et al., 2008
- 6. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Objective To determine the effects of the dietary increase of fiber and fat from reduced oil distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS-RO) and soybean oil (SBO) • Apparent digestibility of AA, acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF)
- 7. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Materials and methods Experimental design • 18 ileal cannulated growing pigs (BW = 74.5 ± 4.9 lbs) • Individually housed in pens • 6 dietary treatments • 3-period (14 d) incomplete Latin Square design 9 d adaptation 2 d fecal collection 3 d ileal collection Feed was supplied as 90% ad-libitum • 9 replications / treatment
- 8. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Chemical composition of diets SBO,% 2 6 DDGS-RO,% 0 20 40 0 20 40 Ingredient, % Corn 81.7 61.7 41.7 77.7 57.7 37.7 Casein 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 DDGS-RO 0.0 20.0 40.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 Soybean oil 2.0 2.0 2.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 Chromic oxide 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Others 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3
- 9. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Chemical composition of diets SBO,% 2 6 Item DDGS-RO,% 0 20 40 0 20 40 AEE, % 4.4 5.7 6.3 8.4 9.1 10.1 NDF, % 6.9 11.0 14.6 6.8 9.7 14.0 AEE = Acid hydrolyzed ether extract
- 10. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Materials and methods 1. Sample analysis: Feed, ileal digesta, and fecal samples: NDF and acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE) Diets and ileal digesta: Total AA 2. Measured traits: Apparent ileal (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD): • NDF and AEE AID of Lys, Met, Thr
- 11. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Results Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of Lys, Met, and Thr
- 12. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Effect of low-fat DDGS and soybean oil (SBO) on the AID of Lys, Met, and Thr SBO, % 2 6 P-value DDGS-RO, % 0 20 40 0 20 40 SEM SBO DDGS-RO SBO * DDGS-RO AID, % Lys 88.9a 85.2b 84.6b 90.2a 84.3b 84.7b 0.82 0.629 <0.001 0.127 Met 92.8a 90.0b 89.6b 93.7a 90.1b 90.1b 0.44 0.008 <0.001 0.223 Thr 81.4a 75.4b 74.6b 82.8a 74.7b 75.6b 1.18 0.371 <0.001 0.434 a,b,c,d Means within a row lacking a common superscript letter are different (P < 0.05) Least squares means of 9 pigs per diet
- 13. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Effect of dietary increase of corn co- products on the AID of AA 1. Decrease in AID of AA was attributed to heating and addition of solubles during manufacture of DDGS • e.g. AID of Lys is less in DDGS than in corn (Urriola et al., 2009) 2. Insoluble dietary fiber (corn-fiber) has minor effects on the AID of dietary AA (Zhu et al., 2005) 3. Apparent ileal digestibility of Lys, and most AA, is not predictable from the dietary fiber concentration (NSP-Xylose) in corn co-products (Gutierrez et al., 2014)
- 14. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Results Apparent digestibility of NDF
- 15. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Effect of low-fat DDGS and soybean oil (SBO) on the AID of dietary NDF DDGS-RO = low-fat DDGS SBO = Soybean oil SBO * DDGS-RO2 P = 0.037 R2 = 0.53 DDGS-RO, % SBO, % 2 6 AID of NDF, % 0 2040 50 40 30 20 10
- 16. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Effect of low-fat DDGS and soybean oil (SBO) on the ATTD of dietary NDF ATTD of NDF, % DDGS-RO, % SBO, % 55 50 45 40 6 2 0 20 40 SBO * DDGS-RO P = 0.004 R2 = 0.36 DDGS-RO = low-fat DDGS SBO = Soybean oil
- 17. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Summary • Apparent digestibility of NDF was greatest in diets with high extracted-fat (SBO) and low fiber (DDGS-RO) content High fat and low fiber intake may increase the retention time of digesta Increase of time exposure of NDF to intestinal microbiota This observation is offset by increase of DDGS-RO • At low levels of extracted-fat from SBO, the apparent digestibility of NDF was not affected by fiber increase from DDGS-RO
- 18. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Results Apparent digestibility of acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE)
- 19. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Effect of low-fat DDGS and soybean oil (SBO) on the AID of dietary fat (AEE) SBO * DDGS-RO P = 0.003 R2 = 0.68 AID of AEE, % DDGS-RO, %SBO, % 85 80 75 70 40 20 0 2 6 DDGS-RO = low-fat DDGS SBO = Soybean oil
- 20. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Effect of low-fat DDGS and soybean oil (SBO) on the ATTD of dietary fat (AEE) DDGS-RO = low-fat DDGS SBO = Soybean oil ATTD of AEE, % SBO * DDGS-RO P = 0.004 R2 = 0.79 SBO, % DDGS-RO, % 80 75 70 65 60 2 6 40 20 0
- 21. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Effect of nutrient content on measured values of apparent, standardized and true digestibilities Stein et al., 1997
- 22. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION True ileal digestibility (TID) of total fat (AEE) SBO, % 2 6 P-value DDGS-RO, % 0 20 40 0 20 40 SEM SBO DDGS-RO SBO * DDGS-RO a,b,c,d Means within a row lacking a common superscript letter are different (P < 0.05) Least squares means of 9 pigs per diet TID, % 94.0 92.5 94.1 94.8 93.8 93.2 1.06 0.586 0.467 0.506 AID, % 72.5a 75.9bc 79.1b 83.5a 83.4a 83.9a 1.05 <0.001 0.005 0.011
- 23. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION True total tract digestibility (TTTD) of total fat (AEE) SBO, % 2 6 P-value DDGS-RO, % 0 20 40 0 20 40 SEM SBO DDGS-RO SBO* DDGS-RO a,b,c,d Means within a row lacking a common superscript letter are different (P < 0.05) Least squares means of 9 pigs per diet TTTD, % 93.6 91.5 93.2 93.7 92.0 93.9 1.31 0.587 0.108 0.959 ATTD, % 62.6d 67.6c 71.6b 77.5a 77.0a 80.4a 1.30 <0.001 <0.001 0.008
- 24. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Summary • Inclusion of co-products from the corn-ethanol distillation industry may decrease the AID of dietary AA Decrease in AID of AA may be the product of heat damage • The AID of AA was not affected by the dietary increase of SBO • Apparent digestibility of NDF was modulated by the dietary fat and fiber intake from SBO and DDGS-RO Increase the retention time of digesta due to high fat and low fiber intake Increase of time of exposure of NDF to intestinal microbiota
- 25. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Summary • Apparent digestibility of AEE was modulated by the dietary concentration of fat from SBO and DDGS-RO • Low values of apparent digestibility of AEE in diets with low dietary fat concentrations are the result of endogenous losses of AEE • No differences were observed among treatments for true digestibility of AEE
- 26. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Thank You Appreciation is expressed to the National Pork Board for financial support, and to DSM and Ajinomoto Heartland for in-kind support.
Editor's Notes
- The substitution of highly digestible dietary carbohydrates with fiber decreases the dietary energy supply from the feed ingredient. Additionally the increase of dietary fiber may also have a negative effect on other nutrients from the feed ingredient.
- In previous research from our lab we observed a cubic decline of the ME with the NSP-Xylose concentration in corn co-products Interestingly, 71% of the variation of ME was explained by the NSP-Xylose concentration
- It has been previously reported that the energy of a “complete diet” decreases with the dietary fiber content The French reported that the net contribution of Fermentation of dietary fiber to the energy supply is negligible in the growing pig Therefore, external fat is needed.
- Addition of fat to high fiber diets may have different effects... However, a high fiber diet may also offset some of the positive effects of dietary fat on fiber fermentability due to stimulation of bowel movement and decrease in transit time of digesta (Increase of passage rate of digesta)
- A corn-casein diet with 2% SBO was formulated to meet or exceed the nutrient requirements of growing pigs (NRC, 2012), and 5 additional dietary treatments were obtained by adding DDGS-RO and SBO at the expense of corn So the only source of fiber was corn and DDGS-RO And the only source of fat was SBO and DDGS-RO
- Our objective was to increase the dietary fat concentration with the inclusion of SBO and, to a lesser degree, DDGS-RO. Our objective was to increase the NDF concentration with the inclusion of DDGS-RO
- No interaction or effect of SBO was observed for the AID of AA The AID of AA decreased with DDGS-RO. Look at P-value for DDGS-RO
- Similar effects from the dietary increase of co-products from the corn-ethanol distillation industry have been previously reported (Urriola and Stein, 2010; Gutierrez et al., 2013). In both cases, the decrease in AID of AA was attributed to “heating and addition of solubles” during the production of DDGS. This is supported by the fact that the AID of AA, such as Lys, is less in DDGS than in corn (Stein et al., 2006; Urriola et al., 2009). Insoluble fiber has only minor effects on the AID of AA In previous research trials the increase of dietary fiber may reduce the digestibility of AA (Schulze et al., 1994), BUT the effect of insoluble dietary fiber, such as corn fiber, showed only minor effects on the digestibility of dietary AA (Zhu et al., 2005) and on the basal endogenous losses of AA (Leterme et al., 1996). This is also supported by previous research results from our Lab, where the AID of Lys, and most AA, was not predictable from the dietary concentration of NSP-Xylose in corn co-products.
- The rising AID of TDF tells me that the TDF present in the corn bran with solubles has some soluble component to it
- An interaction between the effect of SBO and the quadratic component of DDGS-RO was observed for the AID of NDF The AID (46.4 to 22.4%) of NDF showed a quadratic response to DDGS-RO addition at 6% SBO, but no effect was observed at 2% SBO Supports findings that fermentation of fiber at the end of the ileum occurs The AID of NDF increased (32.5 to 46.4%) with SBO at 0% DDGS-RO, but no effect was observed at 20 or 40% DDGS-RO. The different response to DDGS-RO addition between diets with 2% and 6% SBO is possibly the consequence of the elevated dietary fat concentration in the 6%SBO diets – increasing retention time and therefore fermentability at the terminal ileum At 0% DDGS the effect may be clear, but diminishes as fiber increases and passage rate increases with it Increase of transit time of digesta and the time for fermentation of NDF in the intestinal tract
- an interaction between the effects of SBO and DDGS-RO inclusion on the AID and ATTD of NDF was observed. The ATTD (52.0 to 40.9%) of NDF decreased with DDGS-RO at 6% SBO, but no effect was observed at 2% SBO The AID of NDF increased, however, was not affected by the presence of SBO. In this case the quite large error did not allow us to catch differences in ATTD of NDF with SBO inclusion at 0% DDGS-RO The different response to DDGS-RO addition between diets with 2% and 6% SBO is possibly the consequence of the elevated dietary fat concentration in the latter set of diets, and the ability of dietary fat to increase the transit time of digesta and the time for fermentation of NDF in the intestinal tract At 0% DDGS the effect may be clear, but diminishes as fiber increases and passage rate increases with it The results of ileal digestibility of NDF at 2% SBO are similar to the results obtained in the first experiment.
- The rising AID of TDF tells me that the TDF present in the corn bran with solubles has some soluble component to it
- An interaction between DDGS-RO and SBO on the AID (P = 0.011) of AEE was observed The AID of AEE increased with SBO across DDGS-RO levels The AID (72.5, 75.9, and 79.1%) of AEE increased with DDGS-RO at 2% SBO, but no effect was observed at 6% SBO. The observed response in apparent digestibility of AEE was modulated by the source of dietary fat. This was evidenced by the the slopes for the effects of SBO on AID and ATTD of AEE were greater than those of DDGS-RO.
- Similarly, An interaction between DDGS-RO and SBO on the ATTD (P = 0.011) of AEE was observed The ATTD of AEE increased with SBO across DDGS-RO levels. The ATTD (62.6, 67.6, and 71.6%) of AEE increased with DDGS-RO at 2% SBO, but no effect was observed at 6% SBO. The observed response in apparent digestibility of AEE was modulated by the source of dietary fat. This was evidenced by the the slopes for the effects of SBO on AID and ATTD of AEE were greater than those of DDGS-RO.
- The concentration of the nutrient in the diet/feed ingredient has an effect on the measured values of apparent digestibility due to the weight of endogenous losses of the nutrient. This is more critical at low concentrations of the nutrient.
- Contrast between determined values of AID vs. TID No differences were observed for TID of AEE
- Contrast between determined values of AID vs. TTTD No differences were observed for TTTD of AEE
- An interaction was observed between the effects of addition of DDGS-RO and SBO on the apparent digestibility of NDF and AEE
- An interaction was observed between the effects of addition of DDGS-RO and SBO on the apparent digestibility of NDF and AEE
- 2. In previous research trials, the estimate of ELF at the end of the ileum and over the entire tract was greater for intact fat than for extracted fat. This is likely the result of the greater concentration of fiber in diets containing intact fat compared with diets containing extracted fat.
- How to estimate ELF at the end of the ileum and over the entire tract
- TAD = Total apparently digested AEE 3 first treatments are from diets with low fat: Treatments 2% SBO and 0, 20, and 40% DDGS-RO 3 last treatments are from diets with high fat: Treatments 6% SBO and 0, 20, and 40% DDGS-RO Similar slopes between the two groups, therefore we expected the intercept to be similar for both curves. Since no differences were expected, we included all the data points in the same regression, and were able to explain 99% of the variation in a single curve.
- Similar to the previous slide
- Greater endogenous losses of AEE have reported at the terminal ileum vs. the entire intestinal tract Our estimates fall within previous reported values for intact and extracted fat