PQ Forum 2011 proceedings http://www.leonardo-energy.org/power-quality-forum-2011-tue-eindhoven

1. Leonardo ENERGY Power Quality Forum 2011
ENERGY EFFICIENCY: STATUS & OUTLOOK
A CASE STUDY: BUILDING AUTOMATION
Eindoven 27.1.2011
Angelo Baggini*, Franco Bua**
*University of Bergamo angelo.baggini@ecd.it
** ECD Engineering Consulting and Design franco.bua@ecd.it
New office building
132 m2
Project archive
ROMA Italia
Ground Floor
1

2. 319 m2
Project archive
Floor 1, 2 e 3
Lighting
4x18 W FL
20 W biAL
Floor 1, 2 e 3
2

3. User Profile and Operation Times
1,0 27
0,9 °C
0,8 25
0,7
0,6 23
500 lx
Tset
0,5
OCC
0,4 21
0,3
0,2 19
0,1
0,0 17
0h 2h 4h 6h 8h 10h 12h 14h 16h 18h 20h 22h 24h
EN 15232:2007 (E)
Lighting
59.228 kWh
Floor 1, 2 e 3
3

4. Heathing ventilation and cooling system
Floor 1, 2 e 3
User Profile and Operation Times
1,0 27
0,9 °C
0,8 25
0,7
0,6 23
Tset
0,5
OCC
0,4 21
0,3
0,2 19
0,1
0,0 17
0h 2h 4h 6h 8h 10h 12h 14h 16h 18h 20h 22h 24h
EN 15232:2007 (E)
4

5. Heathing ventilation and cooling system
55.190 kWh (5.788 m3/y gas)
16.153 kWh (electricity)
Floor 1, 2 e 3
EN 15232
Energy performance of building
Impact of building automation, controls and building management
1. Definition of EE class related to building automation
2. Criteria of assignement of class
3. Methods for energy savings calculation
5

6. EN 15232 - Energy performance of building
Impact of building automation, controls and building management
BAC efficiency class
Class A:
A • High Energy Performance BACS and TBM
Class B :
B • Advanced BACS and TBM
Class C:
C • Standard BACS (reference)
Class D:
D • Non energy efficient BACS
EN 15232 - Energy performance of building
Impact of building automation, controls and building management
AUTOMATIC CONTROL DEFINITION OF CLASSES
HEATING CONTROL Residential Non residential
Function list and assignment to BAC efficiency classes EN 15232:2007(E)
Emission control D C B A D C B A
The control system is installed at the emitter or room level, for case 1 one system can control several rooms
0 No automatic control
1 Central automatic control
Individual room automatic control by thermostatic valves or
2 electronic controller
Individual room control with communication between controllers and
3 to BACS
Integrated individual room control including demand control (by
4 occupancy, air quality, etc.)
Control of distribution network hot water temperature (supply or return)
Similar function can be applied to the control of direct electric heating networks
0 No automatic control
1 Outside temperature compensated control
2 Indoor temperature control
Control of distribution pumps
The controlled pumps can be installed at different levels in the network
0 No control
1 On off control
2 Variable speed pump control with constant Dp
3 Variable speed pump control with proportional Dp
6

7. EN 15232 - Energy performance of building
Impact of building automation, controls and building management
AUTOMATIC CONTROL DEFINITION OF CLASSES
LIGHTING CONTROL Residential Non residential
Function list and assignment to BAC efficiency classes EN 15232:2007(E)
Occupancy control D C B A D C B A
0 Manual on/off switch
1 Manual on/off switch + additional sweeping extinction signal
2 Automatic detection Auto on / Dimmed
3 Automatic detection Auto on / Auto off
4 Automatic detection Manual on / Dimmed
5 Automatic detection Manual on / Auto off
Daylight control
0 Manual
1 Automatic
BLIND CONTROL
0 Manual operation
1 Motorized operation with manual control
2 Motorized operation with automatic control
3 Combined light/blind/HVAC control (also mentioned above)
EN 15232 - Energy performance of building
Impact of building automation, controls and building management
Calculation procedure of BAC efficiency
Detailed BAC factor
Building Detailed calculation
of BAC efficiency
Detailed
calculation
of BAC
efficiency
Systems Bac efficiency factor
Energy use Energy use
Delivered energy Delivered energy
7

8. EN 15232 - Energy performance of building
Impact of building automation, controls and building management
BAC(/TBM) factor method
• Heating EN 15316 e 13790
• Cooling EN 15255 e 13790
• Lighting EN 15193
• Ventilation EN 15241
EBAC= fBAC· E
User profile -
Internal heat gains -
Control accurancy and quality -
EN 15232 - Energy performance of building
Impact of building automation, controls and building management
BAC(/TBM) Efficiency factors
fBAC.EL fBAC.HC
Building Building type
D C B A D C B A
Offices 1,10 0,93 0,87 1,51 0,80 0,70
Lecture hall 1,06 0,94 0,89 1,24 0,75 0,5a
Education buildings (school) 1,07 0,93 0,86 1,20 0,88 0,80
Hospitals 1,05 0,98 0,96 1,31 0,91 0,86
Non-residential
Hotels 1,07 0,95 0,90 1,31 0,85 0,68
1 1
Restaurants 1,04 0,96 0,92 1,23 0,77 0,68
Wholesale and retail trade 1,08 0,95 0,91 1,56 0,6°
service buildings 0,73
Single family houses
Residential Apartment block 1,08 0,93 0,92 1,10 0,88 0,81
Other res. buildings or similar
8

9. EN 15232 - Energy performance of building
Impact of building automation, controls and building management
BAC(/TBM) Efficiency factors
Energy need Losses Aux fBAC
ENH + EN.aux ƒBAC.hc
Heating =
+ Eh.aux ƒBAC.el
ENC + EC.aux ƒBAC.hc
Cooling =
+ Ec.aux ƒBAC.el
Ventilation = Ev.aux ƒBAC.el
Lighting = Elight ƒBAC.el
A Class A
High Energy Performance BACS and TBM
Lighting
• Offices
• Show room
• Toilets
• Open Air
• Parking
TBM
Heathing and Cooling
• Room level
• Generation and Distribution
Ventilation
• Automatic flow
9

10. Class A
A
High Energy Performance BACS and TBM
Lighting – Offices
• Daylight Control
• Automatic detection Auto On/ Auto Off
• Manual ON-OFF switch
occupancy
0,97
Light level
0,96
Occupancy control
0,95
fW
Daylight Control
0,94
0,93 Day Light
0,92
8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Day
ΔTm
Class A
A
High Energy Performance BACS and TBM
Lighting – Offices
• Daylight Control
• Automatic detection Auto On/ Auto Off
• Manual ON-OFF switch
10

11. A Class A
High Energy Performance BACS and TBM
Lighting – Show Room
•Daylight Control
•Automatic detection Auto On/ Auto Off
Class A
A
High Energy Performance BACS and TBM
Lighting – Toilets
• Automatic detection Manual On/Auto Off
11

12. Class A
A
High Energy Performance BACS and TBM
Lighting – Open Air
• Manual on/off Switch
• Automatic detection Manual On/Auto Off
•
Class A
A
High Energy Performance BACS and TBM
Lighting – Parking
• Automatic Detection Auto On / Auto Off
12

13. Class A
A
High Energy Performance BACS and TBM
Heating and Cooling – Room Level
• Automatic Detection Auto On / Auto Off (presence)
• Thermostat ON-OFF
• Windows ON-OFF
• Control Shields
Class A
A
High Energy Performance BACS and TBM
Heating and Cooling – Generation and Distribution
• Indoor temperature control
• Variable speed pump
• Automatic control with optimum start/stop
• Output Temperature control with load
• Priorities based on generator efficiency
• Partial interlock (dependant of the HVAC system)
13

14. Class A
A
High Energy Performance BACS and TBM
Ventilation
• Automatic flow
Class A
A
High Energy Performance BACS and TBM
Technical Building Management
• Optimization
• Detecting faults
• Reporting information regarding energy consumption
14

15. Class A
A
High Energy Performance BACS and TBM
Offices Floor Ground Floor
# Description # Description
3 Rilevatore di movimento infrarossi
1 Internet gateway
1 Rilevatore di movimento infrarossi
21 Rilevatore IR + crepuscolare nero 7 Rilevatore di movimento infrarossi
2 Attuatore 1 canale 16°A 2M nero
13 Rilevatore di movimento infrarossi
11 Attuatore comando motore 1 canale 8°A
2 Rilevatore IR + crepuscolare
9 Termostato con display da parete titanio
24
4
50.235,44 € + VAT
Contatto a vista antintrusione
Rilevatore crepuscolare 1-100lux IP55
4 Attuatore 1 canale 16°A
1 Rilevatore crepuscolare 1-100lux IP55
3 Alimentatore 640 mA
3 Alimentatore 320 mA 1 Alimentatore 320 mA
3 Accoppiatore di Linea/Area
1 Interfaccia USB
14 Interfaccia 4 canali per contatti tradizionale
8 Interfaccia 4 canali per contatti tradizionale
1 Attuatore 4 canali guida din generico
15 Dimmer universale 1 canale 500 VA 5 Attuatore 4 canali guida din generico
Class B
B Advanced BACS and TBM
Lighting
• Offices (group)
• Show Room
• Toilets
• Open Air
• Parking
TBM
Heathing and Cooling
• Room Level
• Generation and Distribution
(software)
Ventilation
• Automatic flow
15

16. Class B
B
Advanced BACS and TBM
Offices Floor Ground Floor
# Descrizione # Descrizione
3 Rilevatore di movimento infrarossi
1 Internet gateway
1 Rilevatore di movimento infrarossi
21 Rilevatore IR + crepuscolare nero 7 Rilevatore di movimento infrarossi
2 Attuatore 1 canale 16°A 2M nero
13 Rilevatore di movimento infrarossi
11 Attuatore comando motore 1 canale 8°A
2 Rilevatore IR + crepuscolare
9 Termostato con display da parete titanio
31.302,95 € + VAT
24 Contatto a vista antintrusione 3 Attuatore 1 canale 16°A
4 Rilevatore crepuscolare 1-100lux IP55
1 Rilevatore crepuscolare 1-100lux IP55
3 Alimentatore 640 mA
3 Alimentatore 320 mA 1 Alimentatore 320 mA
3 Accoppiatore di Linea/Area
1 Interfaccia USB
8 Interfaccia 4 canali per contatti tradizionale
8 Interfaccia 4 canali per contatti tradizionale
4 Attuatore 4 canali guida din generico
15 Dimmer universale 1 canale 500 VA 5 Attuatore 4 canali guida din generico
BAC/TBM Efficiency factors – EN 15232:2007 (E)
fBAC.EL fBAC.HC
Building Building type
D C B A D C B A
Offices 1,10 0,93 0,87 1,51 0,80 0,70
Lecture hall 1,06 0,94 0,89 1,24 0,75 0,5a
Education buildings (school) 1,07 0,93 0,86 1,20 0,88 0,80
Hospitals 1,05 0,98 0,96 1,31 0,91 0,86
Non-residential
Hotels 1,07 0,95 0,90 1,31 0,85 0,68
1 1
Restaurants 1,04 0,96 0,92 1,23 0,77 0,68
Wholesale and retail trade 1,08 0,95 0,91 1,56 0,6°
service buildings 0,73
Single family houses
Residential Apartment block 1,08 0,93 0,92 1,10 0,88 0,81
Other res. buildings or similar
16

17. Solution Comparison
Consumptions (kWh/year) Savings
EN 15232 Class CO2
Thermal Electrical Total Consumption Emission
(kWh/y)
(kg)
D D 55.190 59.228 114.418 - -
35.119
B B 29.251 50.048 79.299 9.222
(30,7%)
41.961
A 25.608 46.849 72.457 11.281
(36,7%)
Solution Comparison
14.000,00
IRR A = 3,28%
12.000,00
IRR B = 6,10%
10.000,00
8.000,00
€/year
6.000,00
4.000,00
2.000,00
D B A D B A D B A
0,00
En. Termica En.Elet r. En. Totale
17

18. Anna and GianPaolo’s
house
Anna and GianPaolo’s flat renovation
PAVIA Italy
archivio progetti
Anna and GianPaolo’s 100 m2
flat
Residenziale
Lighting and conditioning
illuminazione
Residenziale riscaldamento
illuminazione acqua
21% 3% 16% riscaldamento
21% 3% 16%
acqua riscaldamento
4%4% riscaldamento
ambiente ambiente
6% aria condizionata
6% 50%
cucinare
aria condizionata
elettrodomestici
50%
cucinare
10.776 kWh thermal
archivio progetti
elettrodomestici
656 + 328 kWh el (cond. and light.)
18

19. Class A
High Energy Performance BACS and TBM
A
Lighting
• Corridoir etc.
SUPERVISION
Air conditioning
• Rooms
• Generation and distribution
Ventilation
• Automatic renovation
A Class A
High Energy Performance BACS and TBM
Ligthing
• Automatic ON-OFF occupancy with timer (100%)
• Manual ON-OFF
* Number of points: unchanged
19

20. Class A
A
High Energy Performance BACS and TBM
Air conditioning
• Automatic occupancy ON-OFF • ON-OFF window opening
• ON-OFF thermostat • Shading control
A Class A
High Energy Performance BACS and TBM
Heating and cooling – Production and distribution
• Water Temp. With room temp. • Input Temperature with the load
• VSD distribution pumps • Generators on the base of efficiency
• ON-OFF optimized • Heating and cooling interblock
20

21. A Class A
High Energy Performance BACS and TBM
Ventilation
• Automatic internal air renovation
A Class A
High Energy Performance BACS and TBM
Control and supervision
• Consumption check/shifti • Optimimization
• Centralized C-A Scenarios • Fault research
21

22. A Class A
High Energy Performance BACS and TBM
# Description
1 Alimentatore 320 mA
3 Attuatore 4 canali KNX-Easy
5 Attuatore 1 canale KNX-Easy
8 Interfaccia contatti 4 canali KNX-Easy
4 3.433,37 € + VAT
Rilevatore di movimento infrarossi KNX-Easy
1 Scatola 8P. (4+4) alta capienza
5 Attuatore comando motore 1 canale
7 Contatto magnetico in plastica a vista antintrusione
1 Pannello di controllo KNX-Easy
4 Termostato da parate KNX-Easy
Class B
Advanced BACS and TBM
B
Ligthing
• Entrance and Corridor
SUPERVISION
Heating and cooling
• Rooms (NO window contacts)
• Distribution and generation (sw)
Ventilation
• Automatic renovation
22

23. Class B
B Advanced BACS and TBM
# Description
1 Alimentatore 320 mA
3 Attuatore 4 canali KNX-Easy
5 Attuatore 1 canale KNX-Easy
6 Interfaccia contatti 4 canali KNX-Easy
4 Rilevatore di movimento infrarossi KNX-Easy
1 3.205,02 € + VAT
Scatola 8P. (4+4) alta capienza
5 Attuatore comando motore 1 canale
2 Contatto magnetico in plastica a vista antintrusione
1 Pannello di controllo KNX-Easy
4 Termostato da parate KNX-Easy
C Classe C
standard BACS
Lighting
SUPERVISIONE
• Full swich off Scenario
Heating and cooling
• Rooms (Manual Shad.)
• Production and distribution
Ventilation
• Manual renovation
23

24. Classe C
C standard BACS
# Description
1 Alimentatore 320 mA
3 Attuatore 4 canali KNX-Easy
3
5
1.636,50 € + VAT
Attuatore 1 canale KNX-Easy
Interfaccia contatti 4 canali KNX-Easy
0 Rilevatore di movimento infrarossi KNX-Easy
0 Scatola 8P. (4+4) alta capienza
0 Attuatore comando motore 1 canale
0 Contatto magnetico in plastica a vista antintrusione
0 Pannello di controllo KNX-Easy
0 Termostato da parate KNX-Easy
1 Cronotermostato da parete
Solution comparison
Consuption (kWh/year) Savings
Classe Energy Emissions
Thermal Electrical Total
(kWh/y) CO2 (kg)
D* D 10.776 984 11.760 - -
1.054
C B 9.795 911 10.706 238,9
(9,0%)
2.292
B 8.621 847 9.468 515,8
(19,5%)
2.991
A
A 7.931 838 8.769 666,9
(25,4%)
* As is
24

25. BAC/TBM Efficiency factors – EN 15232:2007 (E)
fBAC.EL fBAC.HC
Building Building type
D C B A D C B A
Offices 1,10 0,93 0,87 1,51 0,80 0,70
Lecture hall 1,06 0,94 0,89 1,24 0,75 0,5a
Education buildings (school) 1,07 0,93 0,86 1,20 0,88 0,80
Hospitals 1,05 0,98 0,96 1,31 0,91 0,86
Non-residential
Hotels 1,07 0,95 0,90 1,31 0,85 0,68
1 1
Restaurants 1,04 0,96 0,92 1,23 0,77 0,68
Wholesale and retail trade 1,08 0,95 0,91 1,56 0,6°
service buildings 0,73
Single family houses
Residential Apartment block 1,08 0,93 0,92 1,10 0,88 0,81
Other res. buildings or similar
Solution comparison
Consuption (kWh/year) Savings
Classe Energy Emissions
Thermal Electrical Total
(kWh/y) CO2 (kg)
D* D 10.776 984 11.760 - -
1.054
C B 9.795 911 10.706 238,9
(9,0%)
2.292
B 8.621 847 9.468 515,8
(19,5%)
2.991
A
A 7.931 838 8.769 666,9
(25,4%)
* As is
25

26. Solution comparison
€1.000,00
€900,00
€800,00
€700,00
€600,00
€/year
€500,00
€400,00
€300,00
€200,00
€100,00
D C B A D C B A D C B A
€0,00
En. Termica En.Elettr. En. Totale
26