The alternator charges the car battery and powers electrical components. If the car battery is not charging, the problem could be a damaged alternator, belt, pulley, wiring, or computer system. Other potential issues include a blown fuse, or the alternator or battery reaching the end of its lifespan. The document provides details on causes such as a broken belt preventing the alternator from generating power, disconnected wiring cutting power to the alternator, or a computer error related to alternator malfunction.