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英语教学中若干细节的处理
在英语教学实践中,有些细节看似无足轻重,但若处理不当,难免造成学员困惑,阻碍学员提高。
针对这些细节的具体情况,笔者尝试了不同的方法各个击破,取得了一定效果,为学员的提高扫除了一
些障碍。本文试举数例。
在讲解动词类别时,有学员问:“及物动词”所及之“物”为什么可以是人?笔者意识到这是传统英
语语法理论的误译造成的误导,忙给学员解释,所谓“及物”、“不及物”所及与不及之“物”,实为动
词的宾语,既可以是物,亦可以是人,“及物”实为“及宾”,“不及物”实为“不及宾”。但为了与外界
保持一致,应该回避中文译法,把“及物动词”(及宾动词)连同“及物”(及宾)的动词组即短语动词
(phrasal verbs)统称为 vt,而把“不及物动词”(不及宾动词)连同“不及物”(不及宾)的动词组即短
语动词统称为 vi。
笔者在英语教学实践中留意到,学员对 vi 的理解一般比较准确,但对 vt 的理解往往有偏差,以为
vt 的宾语可有可无。同样的一批学员,为何对这两种动词的掌握水平都有这么大的差异?经过深入的分
析思考,笔者意识到,同学们大多掌握了“vi 不可有动词宾语(与 vi 直接相关的宾语是介词宾语)”这
一正确命题,而把关于 vt 与其宾语之间关系的命题理解为对“vi 不可有动词宾语”这一正确命题的双重
否定。这样理解在一定程度上是符合逻辑的,vt 确实是对 vi 的一种否定,但问题在于另一重否定既可以
是“可有动词宾语”,也可以是“不可没有动词宾语”。遗憾的是,大多数学员把对“vi 不可有动词宾语”
这一命题的双重否定理解为“vt 可有动词宾语”,而“vt 不可没有动词宾语”才是正确的理解。明乎此,
笔者调整了细节,不从正面纠缠“可以”与“必须”,而从反方向给学员讲解 vi、vt 各自的“不可”,即
vi 不可有动词宾语,vt 不可无动词宾语。为给学员加深印象,笔者提示学员:对 vi 而言,动词宾语像“害
人之心”;对 vt 而言,动词宾语则像“防人之心”。害人之心不可有,防人之心不可无。
一波未平,一波又起。部分学员又提出了他们的困惑:为什么在过去进行时态中有现在分词,而现
在完成时态中却有过去分词?笔者意识到传统英语语法理论对分词的定义容易引起误解,明白在这个问
题上难以与外界保持一致了,只能自行其是,决定采取互动教学的方法来处理这个问题,遂组织学员讨
论,重新定义英语的分词。讨论中,有学员提出,形如相应动名词的分词都以后缀-ing 结尾,可命名为
“-ing 分词”,但另一种分词却存在不规则现象,不能用后缀来命名。笔者总结说,不能从形式的角度
来命名分词,并进一步启发学员,指出分词体现的是态(语态与时态中的状态方面)而非时,用时间来命
名分词容易误导,顺便教了他们一个形容词 misleading。进而引导学员懂得-ing 分词体现主动进行状
态,另一种分词体现完成状态和 vt 的被动语态。有学员提出把形如相应动名词的分词称为进行分词,把
另一种分词称为完成分词。笔者仍不满意,对学员提出了更高的要求,提醒学员进行状态的被动语态谓
语中也有他们所称的“完成分词”,却与完成状态无关,并启发学员,英语有且仅有两种分词,只要命
名了其中相对简单的一种,另一种的命名问题也就迎刃而解了。哪种分词相对简单呢?形如相应动名词
的分词都是规则的,而另一种分词可能不规则,且既是“完成分词”(从时态中的状态方面来说),又是
“被动分词”(从 vt 的语态来说),堪称“两用分词”,难以从单一的角度来定义,却惟独不体现主动进
行状态,不妨从为形如相应动名词的分词寻找补集的角度来命名。这场讨论逐步取得了结论,在笔者的
课堂上,形如相应动名词的分词被称为进行分词(continuous participle 或 progressive participle),
与之对应,另一种分词被称为非进行分词(non-continuous participle 或 non-progressive
participle)。
笔者还把时态分解成时间和状态两个方面,设计了以时间为行、状态为列的 4 行 4 列表格,把 16
钟时态集于一表,每种时态占一格。实习老师自告奋勇,以常用动词 look 为例,在每一格中填入一种
时态的谓语形式,16 个格子涵盖英语 16 种时态的谓语形式,形成了英语 16 种时态一览表,作为教辅材
料发给学员,并组织学员利用这张表做动词替代练习。
实习老师发挥其在 IT 方面的优势,把这张表做成电子版,电子版的 16 个格子里没有填入具体的谓
语,取而代之的是 16 种时态的名称,每个格子分别对应一盏灯,练习时点亮某一盏灯,显示出某种时
态的名称,同时报出主语和动词,指定学员按所要求的时态、主语和动词说出句子。
结果实习老师很失望,学员差错颇多,尤其是涉及原形、过去式和非进行分词各不相同的不规则动
词时,经常混淆过去式与非进行分词;其次是忽略主语对谓语形式的影响。笔者态度相对积极,乐观地
看到同学们在-ing 分词和规则动词方面几无差错。这促使笔者思考,何以学员在不同方面的表现有如此
反差?经过对学员在不规则动词方面的表现作进一步的梳理分析,笔者发现,同为不规则动词,学员在
过去式与非进行分词相同的不规则动词方面也很少出错。这一发现让笔者恍然大悟,原来学员对过去式
与非进行分词的概念始终在混淆,只是规则动词和过去式与非进行分词相同的不规则动词有一个共同
点,即过去式与非进行分词形式相同,这类不规则动词与规则动词之间的这一共同点甚至大于这类不规
则动词与其他不规则动词之间的共同点。也正是这一共同点,掩盖了学员对过去式与非进行分词的混淆。
在总结的过程中,笔者逐渐意识到原来那张辅导表格除了为节约篇幅过于简明,未体现出主语对谓
语形式的影响外,例词选取这一细节也未处理好,用规则动词作例词,使读者难以辨别过去式与非进行
分词,发生混淆。既然发现了问题,立即着手对细节进行修改,增加最有代表性的第一称复数与第三称
单数等作为主语,与 16 种时态的谓语组成各种时态的完整句子;选取可用作 vi 且原形、过去式和非进
行分词各不相同的不规则动词 go 作例词,使主谓俱全的完整句子既体现出主语对谓语形式的影响,又
尽可能少占表格篇幅(例词可用作 vi,没有宾语也不违语法)。经过对这些细节的优化,形成下表。
状态
时间
一般(主动语态
谓语中无分词)
非一般(谓语由一般状态+一种或两种分词构成)
(一般)进行 完成 完成进行
现在
We go.
He goes.
We are
I am going.
He is
We have
gone.
He has
We have
been
He has
going.
过去
We
went.
He
We were
going.
He was
We
had gone.
He
We
had been going.
He
将来
We shall
go.
He will
We shall
be
He will
going.
We shall
have
He will
gone.
We shall
have
He will
been going.
过去
将来
We should
go.
He would
We should
be
He would
going.
We should
have
He would
gone.
We should
have
He would
been going.
把经修改的表格发给学员,让他们据以记忆、练习,但不修改电子版。一段时间后,再用电子表格
组织学员做替代练习,错误率显著下降。
细节往往可以影响成败,英语教学活动中,在把握好大方向的前提下,抓好细节,有望事半功倍。
本文作者乐炯,详细通讯地址:上海市龙漕路 160 弄 38 号 402 室,联系电话:139XXXXXXX1,邮编:200235,
工作单位:高才国际教育培训中心,电子邮箱地址:le-jiong@163.com
中国教育学刊论文评选函件
“中国梦·全国优秀教育教学论文评选大赛”征/稿/启/事
教育托起中国梦,教育是百年梦想实现的基础。根据《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要》
的最新精神,为进一步提高我国教育管理工作者和广大教师教育教学的实践和理论水平,《中国教
育学刊》杂志社、《学校教育研究》编辑部及大赛组委会等联合相关单位共同举办“中国梦·全国
优秀教育教学论文评选大赛”。大赛秉承“公开、公平、公正”的原则,旨在为广大教育工作者提
供交流教育教学经验和发表教育教学研究成果的平台。本大赛在原来成功举办十二届的基础上,继
续面向教育系统工作者特别是广大教师征稿。具体事项如下:
一、征稿对象
各级教育行政科研部门、学校教育管理工作者、教育教学研究人员、广大教师。
二、征稿内容
征稿分为以下五个部分:一是教育思想与教育理论;二是教育行政管理与教育教学管理;三
是素质教育和创新教育;四是教材教法研究与教育教学经验总结;五是教育现代化和信息化。
以上范围仅供参考,来稿可自行确定选题和内容。
三、征稿说明
1.征稿时间:2015 年 3 月 1 日至 2015 年 6 月 15 日.。
2.稿件要求:稿件限 5000 字以内,可以是公开发表过的,也可以是新撰写的;稿件一律打
印(网上投稿除外),自留底稿;稿件末尾注明作者详细通讯地址、联系电话、邮编、工
作单位等。
四、评奖
活动将评出一、二、三等奖和优秀奖。
五、组稿编委
本活动欢迎各级教育行政部门、教研机构负责人和学校管理工作者担任组稿编委,优秀者将
获得组织奖。.. .
六、稿件投递
地 址:北京 100085 信箱 45 分箱 组委会收
联 系 人:王老师 沈老师
电 话:(010)82751502 82751503
邮 编:100085.
投稿邮箱:jiaoyuxuekan5@sina.com

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