chemical paramete

1. 12/17/2023
1
Chemical Parameters in Basic
Environmental Technology

2. 12/17/2023
2
Introduction
This session will briefly cover the following:
 Physical Parameters : Turbidity, Color, Taste and
Odor.
 Chemical Parameters: Acid, Bases, pH, BOD,
Solids, Hardness, Pb, F, Cl, Chlorine, Sulfates,
Nitrogen, Acidity, Alkalinity

3. 12/17/2023
3
Introduction Cont’d
The lab session will demonstrate the following analysis:
 Pb
 Turbidity
 Color and Odor
 DO, BOD
 COD
 Solids

4. 12/17/2023
8
Color, Taste and Odor
 Color
 Taste
 Odor

5. 12/17/2023
9
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
 Important parameter of WS. Abbreviated as DO
 Fish and other aquatic organisms need DO in the water to
survive. The higher the DO is, The better the quality of
water.
 DO solubility depends on temperature and altitudes
(E.g. 0 C--14.6ppm, 10 C --11.3ppm, 20 C --9.3ppm & 30 C--7.6 ppm) These values represent
the solubility of oxygen at the saturation point.
 DO can be measured by a wet chemical method or by
membrance electrode meter.

6. 12/17/2023
10
DO by Wet Method
 Winkler Method:
– Collect a water sample in 300ml glass-stoppered BOD
bottle
– Add 1ml of Magnesium Sulfate Heptahydrate & 1ml
of Alkaline Azide Iodide solution
– Immediately insert the stopper so that no air is trapped
in the bottle. Invert several times to mix.
– Wait until the floc in the solution has settled

7. 12/17/2023
11
DO by Wet Method (Cont’d)
 Remove the stopper and add Sulfamic acid.
 Replace the stopper without trapping air in the bottle
invert several times, and mix.
 Pour 200ml of the solution into 250ml Erlenmeyer
flask.
 Fill a 25-ml buret to the zero mark with 0.025 N Sodium
Thiosulfate solution

8. 12/17/2023
12
DO by Wet Method (Cont’d)
 Titrate the prepared sample with 0.025N
SodiumThiosulfate to a pale yellow color.
 Add starch indicator solution. Titrate until
the solution changes from dark blue to
colorless.
 ml titrant used = mg/L DO

9. 12/17/2023
13
DO by Membrane Electrode Meter
 DO by Winkler Method is good for clean
sample
 Membrane Electrode Meter required to use
for unclean sample.
 Membrane Electrode Meter required to
calibrated with known DO solution.
 Known DO solution obtained by
measuring DO with Winkler Method

10. 12/17/2023
14
BOD
BOD is a measure of the quantity of oxygen consumed by microorganisms during
the decomposition of organic matter. BOD is most common parameter determined
on the receiving water of municipal or industrial discharge.
Water holds only limited supply of DO and it comes from the diffusion from
atmosphere at the air/water interface, and as a byproduct of photosynthesis.
Photosynthetic organisms , such as plants and algae, produce oxygen when there is
sufficient light. During times of insufficient light, same organisms consume
oxygen from DO of water.
BOD samples degrade significantly during storage between collection and
analysis. Sample should be store at 4 degree C and should be analyze within 6 hrs.
The sample require to warm to 20 degree C.
The BOD concentration in most waste-waters exceeds the concentration of DO
available in an air-saturated sample. This require to dilute the sample before
incubation to bring the oxygen demand and supply into appropriate balance. The
bacteria growth required nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace metals.
These nutrient added to buffered solution that the pH of the incubated sample
remains in a range suitable for bacterial growth. The poor quality of dilution water
will effect BOD results.
.

11. 12/17/2023
15
5- Day BOD Test
 The method consists of filling with sample, to overflowing , an airtight bottle of
the specified size and incubating it at the specific temperature for 5days. DO is
measured initially and after incubating using calibrated DO meter.
 BOD bottles are of 300ml capacity. Bottles should be clean with detergent, rinse
thoroughly, and drain before use. Keep water seals on BOD bottle to the flared
mouth. Place plastic cup over flared mouth of bottle to reduce evaporation.
 Sample temperature should be 20 degree C before making dilution.
 Incubator: Thermostatically controlled at 20 degree C with + or – 1 degree to
prevent photosynthetic production.
 The seed solution should have sufficient microorganism population. The fresh seed
solution from active waste water treatment plant is good choice.
 Sample should be neutralized to pH 6.5 to 7.5 using sulfuric acid and sodium
hydroxide such a way that quantity of the reagent does not dilute the sample more
than 0.5%.
 Check the sample for residual Chlorine. If residual chorine is present, then
dechlorinate the sample and then add seed solution.
 Residual Chlorine can be destroyed by adding sodium sulfite solution.
 Sample containing toxic substance requires special study and treatment.

12. 12/17/2023
16
COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand
 COD used as a measure of the oxygen equivalent to the organic matter content of sample
that susceptible to oxidation by strong chemical oxidant.
 COD and BOD can be related empirically to BOD if the sample source is the same.
 Dichromate solution is superior oxidizing agent and applicable to wide variety of
samples. Pyridine and related compounds resist oxidation.
 Ammonia is not oxidized in the absence of significant concentration of free chloride.
Mercuric sulfate and silver sulfate should be added in dichromate solution. Silver sulfate
reacts with halide and free halide are not available. Now ammonia oxidized because
Halide free ion are not available. Mercuric sulfate act as catalyst to finish oxidizing
process fast.
 Closed Reflux, Colorimetric Method.
Homogenize sample for 2 minutes.
Turn on the COD reactor, pre heat to 150 oC. Place the plastic shield in front of the reactor
Remove the cap of COD digestion reagent vial for appropriate range.
Sample conc range COD Digestion Reagent
0-150 Low range
0-1500 High range
0-15000 High range plus
1. Hold the vial at 45 oC angle. Pipet 2.0 ml of sample into vial.

13. 12/17/2023
17
COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand
2. Replace the vial cap tightly. Rinse the COD vial with deionized water and wipe the
vial clean with a paper towel.
3. Hold the the vial by the cap and over a sink. Invert gently several times to mix the
contents. Place the vial in the preheated COD reactor.
4. Prepare a blank by repeating step 1 to 3, substituting 2 ml deionized water for the
sample. Also run 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 150 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 1500 ppm,
5000 ppm, 10000 ppm and 15000 ppm of COD standard.
Take reading on UV/VIS spectroscopy using 420 nm wave length. Use 1 cm cell.
Plot graph for low range-blank, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, and 150 ppm.
Plot graph for high range-blank, 500 ppm, 1000, ppm and 1500 ppm.
Plot graph for high range plus-blank, 5000 ppm, 10000 ppm and 15000 ppm.
5. Heat the vials for 2 hours.
6. Turn the reactor off. Wait about 20 minutes for the vials to cool to 120 oC or less.
7. Invert each vial several times while still warm. Place the vials in to a rack. Wait
until the vital have cooled to room temperature.
8. Use one of the following analytical technique to determine the sample
concentration:

14. 12/17/2023
18
COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand
BOD
•Consume long time
•Sample should be immediately
checked.
•BOD bottle required to tight and
sample water should be kept on
flared mount.
•Sample required to store at 4 oC
and requited to analyze at 20 oC,
which require some time.
•Require fresh and good seed
solution
COD
•Immediate results
•Sample can be preserved with sulfuric
acid.
•Vial should be tightly sealed and kept
behind plastic seal as a safety.
•Enough time to run sample and
maintain the temperature.
•Dichromate solution should be equally
in concentration and volume for each
vial. This is possible. Different
Dichromate conc required different
range of COD.

15. 12/17/2023
19
COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand
BOD
•Sample required to be neutralized
at the time BOD analysis.
•Required to check Chlorine of
samples and if necessary it is
required to dechlorinate sample.
•Sample containing toxic
substance required special study
and treatment.
•DO meter required to calibrate
every time.
•Incubator should work properly.
COD
•Sample should be precisely
homogenous due to use 2 ml of sample.
•COD method for different range should
be stored in UV/VIS spectroscopy.
•It is required to run check standard
only.

16. 12/17/2023
20
oCOD is used as a measure of the oxygen equivalent to the organic matter
content of sample that susceptible to oxdidation by strong chemical oxidant.
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

17. 12/17/2023
21
Where to Get More Information
 Other training sessions
 List books, articles, electronic sources
 Consulting services, other sources