فیزیولوژی پرواز و شرایط ارتفاع بر کابین هواپیما و بدن انسان
و توهمات بینایی و شنوایی و ... جهت استفاده دانشجویان خلبانی و مهمانداران هواپیما به صورت اسلاید نمایش داده میشود
6. Physiological Zones of the
Atmosphere
EFFICIENT ZONE: Sea level to 10,000 feet
SPACE EQUIVALENT ZONE: 50,000 feet and above
DEFICIENT ZONE: 10,000 to 50,000 feet
18,000 ft
63,000 ft
13. Pt = P1 + P2 + ...+ Pn
(Dalton’s Law)
The pressure exerted by a mixture
of gases is equal to the sum of the
partial pressures of each gas in the
mixture.
17. FUNCTIONS OF THE CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
Oxygen and nutrient (fuel) transport to the
cells.
Transport of metabolic waste products to
organ removal sites.
Assists in temperature regulation.
38. Hypoxia and Night Flying
The rods of the eye use more oxygen than the
cones
During the day you don’t notice decreased vision
because your cones are active
دیدمناسبطیومخریرنوهایگیرنده....؟........وجزئیاتتشخیصایرب
.....؟........
At night the decrease is more noticeable
هایگیرندهشبلطودر......؟......استفعال
44. Up Slop Runway
Narrow Runway than Usual
Featherless Terrain
Absence of ground features (night with no ground lights) creates
the illusion that the plane is higher than it is.
م ایجادار توهم این شناییور عدم دلیل بهمینز های بلندی پستیتشخیصعدمکه یکند
است آن از باالتر هواپیما
Rain
Water Refractionآبشکست
Rain on the windshield distort the ‘picture’ and make you think you
are at a different attitude
یردا تفاعرا اختالف که میکند ایجادار رتصواین جلوشیشه یوربرانربا شرباد
Landing Illusions
45. Haze
Makes you feel like you are farther away than you really
are
ایدگرفته اررقدردا واقعیت آنچهاز ترردو که میکنید احساس
Conversely, severe clear can make you feel closer
هستید نزدیکتر خیلی که میکنید احساسآنبرعکس.
وآمده باال ميكند احساس خلبان باال حالتهاي درAppانجام لمعمو حداز تر پايینار خود
ميدهد
. Low Approaches
52. Spatial Disorientation
Is An Incorrect Mental Image Of Your Position , Altitude Or Movement
In Relation To What Is Actually Happening To Your Airplane .
-ابراضط(Anxiety)وخستگی(FatigLoad)میزان دارووالکلمصرف و باالSpatial
Disorientationمیدهد افزایش شدت به ار.
Vertigo : Is The Feeling That You Are Spinning Or That The World Is
Spinning Or Tumbling About You
Vertigoمربوطبهبدناست
Spatial Disorientationاز ی ناشجیرخامحرک یکاست.
-به ميكنيمپرواز ابرخ هوايرد كه مانيز يا شبدر ويا يمرندا ديدكه مانيزدر بايد ما داليلهمین به
Instrumentنكپیروي خود بدن احساس ازوكنيم اعتماد هانیم.
54. Night myopia
Another problem associated
with night flying is night
myopia, or night induced
nearsightness. It is similar to
empty feield myopia. But is
more pronounced because of
the lack of visual references.
With nothing to focus on
,your eyes automatically focus
on a point 3 to 6 feet in front
of you . This happens less
frequently to pilots who are
more than 40 years old
.searching out and focusing
on distant light sources, no
matter how dim will help the
onset of myopia
بینی نزدیک شبزاوپر با تباطرادر دیگرمشکلدر
یا و،شباست شبازحاصل بینی نزدیک.شبیه و
است بینی نزدیکدر میدانی دید.د به بیشترامالیل
است یبصر منابع فقدان.
خودکترصو بهچشم ، شیئی یور بر تمرکز نبدوار
در3تا6کنند می تمرکز جلوتر پا.هایی خلباندرکه
از بیش40اف می اتفاقکمتر امراین ندردا سنسالتد
.نبدو،ردو یرنو منابع بر تمرکز وکردن جستجو
بین نزدیکعوشر بهآن شناییورانزمی به توجهکمک ی
کرد خواهد
55. keep self imposed stresses out of the aircraft
DEATH
Drugs مخدریهاودار
Exhaustion فرسودگیوخستگی
Alcohol الکل
Tobacco دخانیات
Hypoglycemia نخوقندکاهش
58. Syndrome resulting from the
effects, excluding hypoxia, of a
pressure differential between
the ambient barometric
pressure and the pressure of
gases within the body.
66. Don’t Panic
Control your breathing
Check your oxygen equipment - it may be hypoxia
Hyperventilation
(corrective actions)
67. BOYLE’S LAW
The volume of a gas is inversely
proportional to its pressure;
temperature remaining
constant.
فش عکس با است متناسبگاز حجمار
باشد ثابت دما اگر
72. Gas Expansion
(prevention of gas pain)
Watch your diet, don’t eat too fast
Avoid soda and large amounts of water just prior
to going to altitude
Don’t chew gum during ascent
Keep regular bowel habits; eat your fiber
74. Trapped Gas
Ear - eardrum flexes causing pain
Head colds & infections can block Eustachian tube
(more common on descent)
Remedy
swallow, yawn, tense throat, valsalva, nasal inhalant
Ascend until pain resolves, then use a slower descent
80. Trapped Gas - Sinus
Pressure occurs the same
way as in the ears
Pain is felt on sides of
nose, upper jaw, above
eyes
Occurs more commonly
on descent
Remedy
Valsalva maneuver
Nasal sprays can be used
only to help with
descent…DO NOT USE
PRIOR TO FLIGHT!
81. Treatment of an Sinus/Ear Block
Stop the descent of the aircraft and attempt to
clear by valsalva.
If unable to clear, climb back to altitude until
clear by pressure or valsalva.
Descend slowly and clear ear frequently during
descent.
82. Barodontalgia
Tooth pain due to:
Gum abscess: dull pain on ascent
Inflamed pulp: sharp pain on ascent
Inflamed maxillary sinus: pain
primarily on descent
83. Trapped Gas - Toothache
Problem
abscesses
imperfect fillings
inadequately filled root canals
Remedy
descent
visit to dentist
84. Trapped Gas - Gastrointestinal
Problem
Abdominal Pain
Difficulty breathing
Lowers blood pressure, leading to shock
Severe pain above 25,000’
Remedy
belching, passing flatus, descending
85. Decompression Sickness
(evolved gas dysbarism)
Results due to the reduction in atmospheric
pressure. As pressure decreases, gases dissolved
in body fluids are released as bubbles.
86. Henry’s Law
The amount of gas dissolved
in solution is directly
proportional to the pressure
of the gas over the solution.
یک ازیمقدارگازدمای در مایع یک معین حجم در که
است متناسبگازفشار با شودمی حل ثابت
87. Evolved Gas Disorders
N2 bubbles become
trapped in the joints.
Onset is mild, but
eventually painful!
The Bends مفاصل درودخمیدگی
(انوز)
88. Evolved Gas Disorders
Paresthesia ی حساختالل
N2 bubbles form along nerve
tracts. Tingling and itchy
sensation and possibly a mottled
red rash.
89. Evolved Gas Disorders
The Chokes
N2 bubbles block smaller
pulmonary vessels.
Burning sensation in
sternum. Uncontrollable
desire to cough. Sense of
suffocation ensues.
سینهجناغشزسو
لکنترنبدوهایسرفه
خفگیاحساس
90. Evolved Gas Disorders
CNS N2 bubbles affect spinal
cord. Visual
disturbances, paralysis,
one sided tingling.
91. Evolved gas factors
Rate of ascent
Altitude
Body fat content
Age
Exercise
Duration of
exposure
Repeated
exposure
95. Over-the-Counter Drugs
Aspirin, Ibuprofen (Motrin®, Nuprin®), and Tylenol
toxic effects are rare
safe to take it and fly
Side effects
Upset Stomach
96. Over-the-Counter Drugs
Antihistamines
Drowsiness
Inattention, confusion
Depression
Dizziness, Vertigo
Impaired depth perception
Generally not approved, talk with your AME
97. Over-the-Counter Drugs
Nasal decongestants
Proper use in-flight can relieve sinus pain or blockage
Short-term effects
Improper use causes sinus and ear blocks
Prior to flight
Repeated or frequent use
Motion sickness medications
wait 8-12 hours after taking
Drowsiness
Anti-diarrhea medications
wait 12 hours after use
could cause drowsiness, visual disturbances, accidents
Gas expansion problems are also more likely
98. Prescription Drugs
What is being treated may cause you to be grounded
Ear infections
Sore throats
AME is authority on prescription drugs and flying
Amphetamines (No Doz, etc)
Do Not Fly
Nervousness
Impaired Judgment
Euphoria
99. Prescription Drugs
Tranquilizers
Do Not Fly
Poor Judgment
Alertness
Efficiency
Overall Performance
Sedatives
Can help a person get to sleep
Wait 12 – 24 hours after taking to fly
Antibiotics
Pilot is usually too sick to fly anyway
Ask Doctor
100. Alcohol
Two ounces of alcohol
absorbed into bloodstream in
10 minutes
takes 6 hours to metabolize
out of system
101. Fatigue
One of the most treacherous hazards of flying
Both acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term)
Be aware of your sleeping habits!
102. Stress
Body’s reaction to physical and psychological demands
Excessive stress reduces the body’s efficiency
results in degraded performance
103. Stress Of Life
CHANGES
FINANCIAL
FAMILY
INTERPERSONAL
PERSONAL
STRESS IS CUMULATIVE!!!!!!
108. Aeronautical Decision Making
Decision making under pressure
Time Pressure
Other than time pressure
Knowledge
Skills Required
Understanding
Self Awareness
109. Flight Restrictions Due to Exogenous Factors
• Aircrew
members will
not be regular
blood donors.
• After blood
donation,
aircrew members
will be restricted
from flying for 72
hours
110. Scuba diving
The recommended waiting time
before going to flight altitudes of
up to 8,000 feet is at least 12
hours after diving that does not
require controlled ascent
(nondecompression stop
diving),
and at least 24 hours after
diving that does require
controlled ascent
(decompression stop diving).
The waiting time before going to
flight altitudes above 8,000 feet
should be at least 24 hours after
any scuba dive. These
recommended altitudes are
actual flight altitudes above
mean sea level (AMSL) and not
pressurized cabin altitudes.
112. Blood Donation
Symptoms of hypoxia at lower altitudes
Most airlines:
No flight for 72 hours after donation of whole blood
No flight for 12 hours after donation of plasma