14. What
is
a
Natural
Landscape?
• View
the
following
images
and
state
whether
you
consider
them
to
be
natural
landscapes
15.
16.
17. Defining
Natural
Landscapes
• What
do
we
mean
by
natural?
– Parts
of
the
environment
that
are
present
within
it
without
the
influence
of
people
• What
do
we
mean
by
landscape?
– All
the
features
of
the
environment
that
can
be
seen
or
observed
18. Describing
a
Landscape
• ConcentraIng
on
a
couple
of
the
images
we
have
already
looked
at,
how
can
we
describe
the
landscape
in
more
detail?
23. Natural
landscape
• Refers
to
the
Visible
features
of
the
environment
– Varies
from
place
to
place
and
form
paLerns
which
can
be
described/mapped
• Includes
interacIng
components
or
elements,
including
– Relief
– Climate
– Soils
– Vegeta2on
24. Relief
• Height
and
shape
of
the
land
• Processes
that
have
formed
the
land
over
geological
Ime
25. Climate
• Average
atmospheric
condiIons
over
a
long
period
of
Ime
• Rainfall,
temperature,
sunshine
hours,
humidity,
wind
etc
26. Soils
• Weathered
or
eroded
materials
from
rocks
• Of
interest
is
soil
type,
ferIlity,
drainage
27. VegetaIon
• Plant
cover
of
an
area
• VegetaIon
types
and
their
distribuIon
28. InteracIon
• Elements
of
the
landscape
affect
one
another
in
different
ways
• As
a
consequence
of
interac2on
the
natural
landscape
of
an
area
can
be
seen
as
a
system
Climate
Relief
Vegetation
Soils
Interactions in
the
natural
landscape
Direct interaction
Indirect interaction
29. AcIvity
1. Define
‘natural
landscapes’
2. Define
‘interacIon’
3. Study
photo
and
answer
the
following
a) Describe
two
relief
features
of
the
area
b) Describe
one
feature
of
the
climate
c) Describe
one
vegetaIon
feature
d) Describe
one
soil
feature
4. Describe
how
relief
is
interacIng
with
climate
in
the
area
5. Describe
how
climate
is
interacIng
with
relief
in
the
area
Head of Lake Wakatipu, Dart River
31. Cultural
landscapes
• The
acIviIes
and
ways
which
people
have
influenced
the
landscape
are
known
as
it’s
cultural
landscape
• Cultural
features
are
established
by
people
as
they
modify
the
natural
landscape
– In
order
to
use
it
• The
main
cultural
features
are
(leave
two
lines
between
each)
– Land
use
– Transport
features
– PopulaIon
and
seLlement
• Natural
features
in
the
area
will
affect
the
cultural
features
– Very
few
people
live
in
the
hoLest
or
coldest
climates
• Cultural
factors
can
influence
features
of
the
environment
as
people
and
the
environment
interact
– An
opencast
mine
changes
the
relief
features
of
the
environment
33. Land
use
• PaLerns
made
by
people
as
they
use
the
land
for
mining,
farming,
forestry
etc
• For
example
– Altering
the
vegetaIon
by
clearing
forests
to
make
pasture
34. Transport
features
• Networks
of
roads,
railways,
canals,
shipping
lanes,
airports
etc
• Known
as
infrastructure
35. PopulaIon
and
seLlement
• PaLerns
of
populaIon,
its
distribuIon
and
the
locaIon
of
seLlements
• Such
as
– Farmsteads
– Villages
– Towns
– CiIes
36. AcIvity
1. Define
‘cultural
landscape’
2. Study
the
photograph
of
The
Canterbury
Plains
3. Describe
2
natural
features
4. Describe
3
cultural
features
5. Show
an
example
of
a. Influence
of
relief
on
climate
b. Influence
of
relief
on
farming
37. ความหมายของ…การจัดการ (Management)
P – Planing - วางแผน
O – Organizing - จัดองคกร
C – Coordinating - ประสานงาน
C – Communicating - สื่อสาร
C – Controlling - ควบคุม
55. The Burra Charter Process
Sequence of investigations, decisions and actions
10 Australia ICOMOS Inc The Burra Charter, 1999
IDENTIFY PLACE AND ASSOCIATIONS
Secure the place and make it safe
GATHER AND RECORD INFORMATION ABOUT THE PLACE
SUFFICIENT TO UNDERSTAND SIGNIFICANCE
Documentary Oral Physical
ASSESS SIGNIFICANCE
MONITOR AND REVIEW
PREPARE A STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE
IDENTIFY OBLIGATIONS ARISING FROM SIGNIFICANCE
PREPARE A STATEMENT OF POLICY
GATHER INFORMATION ABOUT OTHER FACTORS
AFFECTING THE FUTURE OF THE PLACE
Owner/manager’s needs and resources
External factors Physical condition
MANAGE PLACE IN ACCORDANCE WITH POLICY
Develop strategies
Implement strategies through a management plan
Record place prior to any change
DEVELOP POLICY
Identify options
Consider options and test their impact on significance
56.
57. แนวทางการทำ Inventory Report
Cultural Landscape Management (1)
• The
study
and
its
context
• Study
area
• Study
method
• IdenIficaIon
• Contextual
boundaries
• DescripIon:
Landscape
type
• DescripIon:
Site
boundaries
• Primary
landscape
features
• DescripIon:
Significant
landscape
systems
58. แนวทางการทำ Inventory Report
Cultural Landscape Management (2)
• DescripIon:
Landscape
details
and
historic
remnants
• History
• Statement
of
significance
• Type
of
integrity
• Threats
to
the
significance
• Future
acIons
for
management
of
the
area
59. Past, current and future trends in
Latvian landscapes
Inga Rasa
University of Latvia
E-mail: Inga.Rasa@lu.lv
60. • Rural landscape in Latvia is the result of
interaction between nature and human
and has a particular structure of land-use
and settlement dynamics
62. • Basic structure of rural landscape in Latvia
formed at the end of 19th century and at
the beginning of 20th century:
– large forest massives on less fertile soils,
– agricultural lands (arable lands, pastures, meadows)
with single farmsteads,
– wetlands,
– unique cultural landscapes (river valleys, lake
surroundings)
63. • Since 1920ties the main tendencies are –
growth of woodlands and decrease of
agricultural lands
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1935 1949 1960 1970 1980 1992 2000 2004
Other land use Forests Agricultural land
64. Research questions
– Changes of rural landscapes in Latvia during
the 20th century
– Factors influencing these changes
– Current and future trends in rural landscapes
65. Materials and Methods
– Analysis of topographic maps, ortophotos and
other cartographic materials by using ArcGIS
software
– Field work to analyse present tendencies of
land-use
– Analysis of farmers applications for the EU
direct payments (single area payment), to
estimate possible changes of rural landscape in
future
67. Types of land-use changes
1. Increase and homogenisation of large forest massives
Bārta parish at the beginning of the 20th century Bārta parish at the end of 20th century
68. 2. Formation of the mosaic-type landscape instead of
agricultural landscape (in morain uplands)
Nautrēni parish at the beginning of the 20th
century
Nautrēni parish at the end of 20th century
Types of land-use changes
69. 3. Formation of woodland patches and large forest massives
(at the margins of rural muncipalities)
Vecsaule parish at the beginning of the 20th
century
Vecsaule parish at the end of 20th century
Types of land-use changes
70. 4. Changes of unique cultural landscapes (e.g. change of
land-use in valley of Gauja river)
View from “Gleznotāju kalns” to the
valley of Gauja river in 1959
View from “Gleznotāju kalns” to the
valley of Gauja river in 2005
Types of land-use changes
71. Valley of Gauja river at the beginning
of the 20th century
Valley of Gauja river at the end of
the 20th century
72. Politics - the crucial factor causing changes in
rural landscapes during the 20th century
• Agricultural reforms
• Afforestation of agricultural lands
• Deportation of the inhabitants to Russia
• Elimination of single farmsteads and formation
of villages
• Amelioration of agricultural lands
• Other factors
73. Current and future trends in rural
landscapes in Latvia
• Single area payment – a payment for agricultural
land, which has mantained in good agricultural
and environmental conditions:
– Agricultural land is cultivated;
– At least yearly pastures, meadows and perennial
graslands are cut or pastured;
– There are no shrubs or weeds in agricultural land;
– Agricultural land is not bogged up or afforested.
• Single area payment can get for all agricultural
land, which corresponds to the receipt
conditions.
78. Conclusions
• In the 20th century the rural landscape in Latvia
has become, on the one hand, more
homogeneous, on the other – more
heterogeneous
• With the present land-use tendencies in Latvia,
woodlands will increase and the agricultural
lands will decrease
• The main factors influencing these changes are
economic, social factors and land owners’
decisions – to use or not to use the agricultural
land
79. Transform
Cultural Landscape Management
into
Cultural Heritage Management
in Practice
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