[ PHPFC V / DarkMiraTour ] - Controlando Php com arduino - Easy WayVinícius Feitosa
Nesta apresentação expus de maneira simplificada uma visão geral sobre o Arduino e como é simples para realizar uma comunicação entre a placa Arduino e a aplicação.
A apresentação foi direcionada para o tipo de comunicação através da porta USB.
A classe PHPDuino foi criada com o mesmo propósito exposto na apresentação, facilitar a leitura e envio de informações para a placa Arduino ou similares. Você pode utiliza-la à partir do link a seguir: https://github.com/vinnyfs89/PHPDuino
Espero que gostem!
Columbia offers a constantly changing variety of special things to see and do. The following schedule of activities is not intended to list everything in our community, rather a sampling of popular happenings during your visit.
Nesta apresentação sobre Docker foram abordados e aplicados importantes conceitos para a melhor forma de utilizar alguns recursos que a plataforma nos fornece.
Se você deseja conhecer um pouco sobre o docker e o que essa plataforma tem para nos oferecer, vale à pena conferir.
[ PHPFC V / DarkMiraTour ] - Controlando Php com arduino - Easy WayVinícius Feitosa
Nesta apresentação expus de maneira simplificada uma visão geral sobre o Arduino e como é simples para realizar uma comunicação entre a placa Arduino e a aplicação.
A apresentação foi direcionada para o tipo de comunicação através da porta USB.
A classe PHPDuino foi criada com o mesmo propósito exposto na apresentação, facilitar a leitura e envio de informações para a placa Arduino ou similares. Você pode utiliza-la à partir do link a seguir: https://github.com/vinnyfs89/PHPDuino
Espero que gostem!
Columbia offers a constantly changing variety of special things to see and do. The following schedule of activities is not intended to list everything in our community, rather a sampling of popular happenings during your visit.
Nesta apresentação sobre Docker foram abordados e aplicados importantes conceitos para a melhor forma de utilizar alguns recursos que a plataforma nos fornece.
Se você deseja conhecer um pouco sobre o docker e o que essa plataforma tem para nos oferecer, vale à pena conferir.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Záverečná úloha KPI - Štubňová I.
1. Masarykova univerzita
Filosofická fakulta
Katedra filosofie
Bc. Ivana Štubňová
Záverečná úloha k predmetu KPI11 Kurz práce s
informacemi
KPI11 Kurz práce
Filozofia jazyka a teoretická sémantika v podaní Gottloba Fregeho
December 2012
2. Argumentácia
Text som si vybrala z toho dôvodu, že nižšie zmienenú problematiku som spracovávala
v rámci svojej bakalárskej práce. Zároveň sa jedná o jedno z hlavných tém filosofie jazyka,
teda nie je možné sa tématu vyhnúť pri štúdiu samotnej filosofie. Téma v rámci filosfie jazyka
som zúžila na začiatky snahy o jasné postihnutie a riešenie problematiky jazyka a samotného
sveta, teda toho, o čom sa jazyk vyjadruje. A preto som nakoniec dospela k zmienenému
názvu a osobe Gottloba Fregeho, teda toho, kto stojí v čele celého zástupu filosofov, ktorý sa
snažia o exaktné zachytenie vzťahu jazyka a sveta.
2
4. Anotácia
Text sa venuje filosofii jazyka a teoretickej sémantike vo filosofii Gottloba Fregeho,
ktorý je pokladaný za zakladateľa samotnej teoretickej sémantiky. Text je koncipovaný ako
základné zhrnutie príspevku Fregeho vo filosofii jazyka a v oblasti tvrdení o identite. Prináša
stručné vysvetlenie vzťahu zmyslu a významu vo Fregovej filosofii. Zároveň s tým text
prináša i vysvetlenie Fregeho riešenia problému netriviálnosti tvrdení o identite. V texte je
spomenuté i Fregeho riešenie výrazov, ktoré nemajú referenta, teda výrazov, ktoré majú
(v rámci Fregeho sémantickej teórie) iba zmysel. Zároveň je naznačené i to, akým spôsobom
sa Fregeho sémantická teória vysporiadáva s problematiku nepriamych kontextov tvrdenia,
teda problematiku netransparentných referenčných kontextov.
Kľúčové slová
Význam, zmysel, filoz(s)ofie jazyka, Frege, sémantika, rovnosť tvrdení.
4
5. Filozofia jazyka a teoretická sémantika v podaní Gottloba Fregeho
V stati Über Sinn und Bedeutung sa Frege venuje hlavne rozlíšeniu medzi slovom ako
výrazom a tým, na čo toto slovo odkazuje. Prečo tak činí? Problematickým sa pre neho
ukazuje vzťah rovnosti. Zameriava sa na zistenie rozdielu medzi tvrdením 'a = a' a 'a = b',
pretože rovnosť v týchto tvrdeniach sa zdá byť rozdielna. Zatiaľ, čo prvý je tvrdením
o totožnosti 'a' so samým sebou, druhý sa ukazuje ako tvrdenie, ktoré má inú poznávaciu
hodnotu, nejakým spôsobom obohacuje naše poznanie. Niektoré tvrdenia o identite sú teda
informatívne a hovoria nám niečo netriviálneho. Týmto zistením prechádzame spolu s Fregem
k otázke po tom, či je rovnosť vzťah medzi predmetmi alebo medzi menami pre predmety. 1
Relevantnosť tejto problematiky demonštrujem na Fregeho príklade. 'Jitřenka
je Večernice'2 je tvrdenie, ktoré pre niekoho môže byť triviálne, pretože vie, že oba výrazy
označujú to isté indivíduum. V tomto prípade je to indivíduum Venuša. To znamená, že toto
tvrdenie vyjadruje totožnosť Venuše samej so sebou. Ale objavuje sa tu problém v tom, že nie
každý môže disponovať poznatkom, že obe mená, Jitřenka i Večernica, označujú Venušu.
Táto veta teda vyjadruje nejaké poznanie. Netriviálnosť tvrdenia o identite vedie k tomu, aby
Frege zamietol vzťah identity v tomto tvrdení ako vzťah medzi predmetmi, ktoré pomenúvajú
dané výrazy. Informatívnosť tvrdenia sa ukáže, ak nebudeme znaky, mená chápať ako
pomenovanie predmetu, ale spočíva v spôsobu udania predmetu, ktorý je označený menom.
„Je tedy nasnadě spojit s nějakým znakem (jménem, slovním spojením, písmenem) nejen to, co
označuje, a co bych nazval významem (Bedeutung), ale i to, co bych chtěl nazvat smyslem
(Sinn) tohoto znaku, v němž je obsažen způsob udání.“3 Význam mien Jiřenka a Večernice
je rovnaký, ale odlišujú sa spôsobom udania – zmyslom. Identita na rovine významu
je zachovaná, ale zároveň je zachovaná i informatívnosť tvrdenia typu 'a = b' na úrovni
zmyslu.4
Cesta od výrazu k označovanému vedie cez zmysel, ktorý určuje význam výrazu.
Je to jednosmerná cesta, pretože zmysel výrazu určuje význam, ale opačne neplatí, že by
1
Porovnaj s FREGE, G. Über Sinn und Bedeutung: O smyslu a významu. Scientia et Philosophia 4, 1992, s.
35.
2
Porovnaj tiež tam, s. 45.
3
Porovnaj tiež tam, s. 37.
4
V tomto momente si dovolím jedno terminologické objasnenie. V modernej logickej sémantike Fregovu
pojmu zmyslu zodpovedá pojem významu a dnešný pojem referentu a denotátu zodpovedá Fregov pojem
významu. Tieto moderné termíny logickej sémantiky budem ďalej používať i vo svojej práci.
5
6. význam určoval zmysel výrazu. Jednosmerná z toho dôvodu, že napríklad z významu viet –
pravdivostných hodnôt nie je možné odvodiť zmysel vety. V rámci tejto teórie vlastné meno,
slovo, znak, spojenie znakov, výraz vyjadruje svoj zmysel a označuje svoj význam. 5 Zároveň
nie každý výraz, ktorý má zmysel, musí mať význam (napr. vlastné meno 'Odysseus' postráda
význam).6
Myslím si, že v tomto momente je potrebné vyjasniť, čo je vlastne zmyslom – spôsobom
danosti predmetu. Frege koncipuje zmysel, tak aby mal objektívnu povahu. 7 Zmyslom
sa nemôže stať predstava, ktorá by ako silne subjektívne psychické vlastníctvo nemohla
zaručiť spoločné vlastníctvo mnohých. Zmyslom výrazu je spôsob danosti daného predmetu
a tieto spôsoby danosti nie je možné obmedziť, čo znamená, že zmyslov nejakého výrazu
je neobmedzene. Pri prenesení sa na úroveň celej vety sa zmyslom vety stáva myšlienka, ako
obsah vety. Myšlienka je, taktiež ako zmysel výrazu, pojímaná ako objektívna, nemenná
a samotná sa môže stať predmetom mysli.8
Okrem toho, že Frege svojou teóriou rieši problém netriviálnosti niektorých tvrdení
o identite, taktiež sa snaží riešiť problematiku nepriamych kontextov tvrdenia, teda
problematiku netransparentných referenčných kontextov. Tieto kontexty vyjadrujú propozičné
postoje, ako vyjadrenie vzťahu medzi agensom a propozíciou (tieto kontexty majú väčšinou
logickú formu typu 'x verí, že p', pričom sloveso verí môže byť nahradené inými – napríklad:
domnievať sa, vedieť, predpokladať, priať si, myslieť, ...), prípadne ak je výraz v nepriamej
reči, či priamej citácii alebo ak sa vyskytuje v modálnych kontextoch. Pri analýze takýchto
kontextov prídeme na to, že nie je možné vždy dodržať princíp zameniteľnosti synoným salva
veritate.9 Frege toto porušenie vysvetľuje tým, že v postojoch k propozíciám, v nepriamej reči
sa jedná o nepriame kontexty, v ktorých sa významom vnoreného výrazu stáva jeho zmysel.
5
Porovnaj s FREGE, G. Über Sinn und Bedeutung: O smyslu a významu. S. 43.
6
Porovnaj s ZALTA, Edward N. 3. Frege's Philosophy of Language in Gottlob Frege. ZALTA, Edward
N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophi [online]. Stanford: Stanford University, Center for the Study of
Language and Information, Metaphysics Research Lab, 1995, 22. 10. 2012 [cit. 2012-12-27]. Dostupné z:
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/frege/.
7
Táto koncepcia vznikla i ako snaha vyhnúť sa psychologizmu v logike.
8
Podrobnejšie vysvetlenie je možné nájsť napríklad v MARVAN, Tomáš. Otázka významu: cesty analytické
filosofie jazyka. Vyd. 1. Praha: Togga, 2010. S. 21.
9
Princíp kompozicionality (The Pripciple of Identity Substitution)- referent zloženého výrazu je možné
zložiť z referentov zložiek tohto výrazu. Inak formulované – referent výrazu je funkciou jeho zložiek.
Z toho vyplýva, že je možné zameniť nejakú zložku výrazu – podvýraz zameniť za výraz s rovnakým
významom a význam celku zostane nezmenený. Tento odvodený princíp zameniteľnosti synoným je
nazývaný zameniteľnosť synoným salve veritate. Porovnaj s PEREGRIN, Jaroslav. Úvod do teoretické
sémantiky: principy formálního modelování významu. 1. vyd. Praha: Karolinum, 1998. 206 s.
6
7. To znamená, že agens nemá postoj k pravdivostnej hodnote vety, ale zastáva nejaké
stanovisko smerom k zmyslu vety. Napríklad:
1) 'Adam sa domnieva, že Martin Kukučín je autorom diela Dies irae.'
2) 'Adam sa domnieva, že Matej Bencúr je autorom diela Dies irae.'
Je dobre vidieť, že Adam má v tomto prípade nejakú domnienku o myšlienke, ktorú
vyjadruje vnorená propozícia a nie o pravdivostnej hodnote tvrdenia, že MK/MB je autor
diela Dies irae. Zameniteľnosť týchto dvoch mien nie je možná, pretože síce majú rovnaký
význam, odkazujú k rovnakému indivíduu, ich zmysel je rozdielny a čo viac, zmyslel tvrdenia
'domnieva sa, že Martin Kukučín je autorom diela Dies irae ' je odlišný od zmyslu tvrdenia
'domnieva sa, že Matej Bencúr je autorom diela Dies irae'.
Takéto podanie vysvetlenia pre nezameniteľnosť dvoch výrazov s rovnakým významom,
ale odlišným zmyslom v nepriamom kontexte neporušuje ani princíp kompoziocionality, ani
prirodzenú intuíciu o nezameniteľnosti spôsobu danosti výrazu v takýchto prípadoch,
nepriamej reči, citovanej reči a modálnych kontextoch.10
Okrem iných myšlienok je však problematické Fregeho riešenie vzťahu pomenovania –
vzťahu medzi zmyslom a významom, ich spojením a tým, že nepriamy význam slov vo
vedľajších vetách vedie k zmnožovaniu entít.11
10
Porovnaj s ZALTA, Edward N. 3. Frege's Philosophy of Language in Gottlob Frege. ZALTA, Edward
N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophi [online]. Stanford: Stanford University, Center for the Study of
Language and Information, Metaphysics Research Lab, 1995, 22. 10. 2012 [cit. 2012-12-27]. Dostupné z:
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/frege/.
11
Porovnaj s CARNAP, Rudolf. Význam a nevyhnutnosť. 1. vyd. Bratislava: Kalligram, 2005. S. 189–209.
7
8. Bibliografia
CARNAP, Rudolf. Význam a nevyhnutnosť. 1. vyd. Překlad Richard Cedzo. Bratislava:
Kalligram, 2005, 380 s. ISBN 807149660X.
(Hodnotenie zdroja: relevantná primárna literatúra, monografia venovaná danej téme, text
je dôveryhodný a odborne kvalitný, autor je veľmi dobre erudovaný v rozoberanej téme,
hĺbka a šírka rozoberanej témy je viac než dostačujúca;)
FREGE, Gotlob. Über Sinn und Bedeutung: O smyslu a významu. Scientia
et Philosophia 4, 1992, s. 33-75.
(Hodnotenie zdroja: relevantný primárny zdroj, článok venovaný vybranej problematike,
text je dôveryhodný a odborne kvalitný, jeden zo základných textov danej problematiky,
hĺbka a šírka obsiahnutej problematiky je viac než dostatočná;)
MARVAN, Tomáš. Otázka významu: cesty analytické filosofie jazyka. Vyd. 1. Praha:
Togga, 2010, 202 s. ISBN 9788087258330.
(Hodnotenie zdroja: relevantná sekundárna literatúra - kompendium, text je dôveryhodný
a odborne kvalitný, hĺbka a šírka obsiahnutej problematiky je dostatočná, text obsahuje
odkazy na použitú literatúru, autor je erudovaný v danej téme;)
PEREGRIN, Jaroslav. Úvod do teoretické sémantiky: principy formálního modelování
významu. 1. vyd. Praha: Karolinum, 1998, 206 s. ISBN 8071846856.
(Hodnotenie zdroja: relevantná sekundárna literatúra, text je dôveryhodný a odborne
kvalitný, hĺbka a šírka obsiahnutej problematiky je dostatočná, autor je veľmi dobre
erudovaný v danej téme, text obsahuje danú odbornú terminológiu;)
8
9. ZALTA, Edward N. 3. Frege's Philosophy of Language in Gottlob Frege. ZALTA, Edward
N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophi [online]. Stanford: Stanford University, Center for
the Study of Language and Information, Metaphysics Research Lab, 1995, 22. 10. 2012 [cit.
2012-12-27]. Dostupné z: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/frege/.
(Hodnotenie zdroja: relevantná sekundárna literatúra, text je dôveryhodný a odborne
kvalitný, hĺbka a šírka obsiahnutej problematiky je veľmi značná a dostatočná, autor je dobre
erudovaný v danej téme, informácie v texte sú presné a objektívne ;)
9