Ethical Answers in an Unethical World

1. Ethical Answers in an Unethical World
What is Truth?
John Oakes, PhD
APLA Jan, 2010
Christian and Other World Views

2. Suggested Resources on World ViewSuggested Resources on World View
 Copan, Paul.Copan, Paul. That’s Just Your InterpretationThat’s Just Your Interpretation. Grand Rapids:. Grand Rapids:
Baker Books, 2001.Baker Books, 2001.
 Oakes, John. “Apologetics and the Christian Worldview”Oakes, John. “Apologetics and the Christian Worldview”
www.evidenceforchristianity.orgwww.evidenceforchristianity.org..
 Copan, Paul.Copan, Paul. True for You, But Not for MeTrue for You, But Not for Me. Minneapolis:. Minneapolis:
Bethany House, 1998.Bethany House, 1998.
 Pearcey, Nancy J.Pearcey, Nancy J. Total Truth: Liberating Christianity fromTotal Truth: Liberating Christianity from
Its Cultural CaptivityIts Cultural Captivity. Study Guide ed. Wheaton, Ill.:. Study Guide ed. Wheaton, Ill.:
Crossway Books, 2004.Crossway Books, 2004.
 Sire, James W.Sire, James W. The Universe Next DoorThe Universe Next Door:: A Basic WorldviewA Basic Worldview
CatalogCatalog. 4th ed. Downers Grove, Ill.: Inter Varsity Press,. 4th ed. Downers Grove, Ill.: Inter Varsity Press,
2004.2004.
 Why Should Anyone Believe Anything At All?Why Should Anyone Believe Anything At All? DownersDowners
Grove, Ill.: Inter Varsity Press, 1994.Grove, Ill.: Inter Varsity Press, 1994.

3. Jesus Christ: “I came to testify to the truth.”
Pontius Pilate: “What is truth?”

4. The Problem as I See ItThe Problem as I See It
 The Secularization of CultureThe Secularization of Culture
 The Loss of MoralityThe Loss of Morality
 The Loss of GodThe Loss of God
 The Loss of the Intellectual High Ground atThe Loss of the Intellectual High Ground at
the University to Non-Believers.the University to Non-Believers.

5. The Culprits: The Leading Philosophies of OurThe Culprits: The Leading Philosophies of Our
DayDay
 Naturalism/Scientism/MaterialismNaturalism/Scientism/Materialism
 Postmodernism: The Loss of TruthPostmodernism: The Loss of Truth
Delos B. McKown:
“Christianity is scientifically unsupported
and probably insupportable, philosophically
suspect at best and disreputable at worst, and
historically fraudulent.”

6. World ViewWorld View
 The perspective one uses to process andThe perspective one uses to process and
interpret information received about theinterpret information received about the
world.world.
 James W. Sire “A world view is a set ofJames W. Sire “A world view is a set of
presuppositions (ie. assumptions) whichpresuppositions (ie. assumptions) which
we hold about the basic makeup of ourwe hold about the basic makeup of our
world.”world.”
James W. Sire,James W. Sire, TheUniverse Next DoorTheUniverse Next Door

7. What Makes for a “Good” World ViewWhat Makes for a “Good” World View
1.1. It is “true”It is “true”
2. It successfully answers the important2. It successfully answers the important
questions humans askquestions humans ask
3. Those who ascribe to it are better human3. Those who ascribe to it are better human
beings for having taken this as their worldbeings for having taken this as their world
view.view.

8. Questions That Need an AnswerQuestions That Need an Answer
1.1. What is the prime reality? (What is theWhat is the prime reality? (What is the
nature of God?)nature of God?)
2. What am I?2. What am I?
3. What happens to a person at death?3. What happens to a person at death?
4. Why is it possible for us to know anything4. Why is it possible for us to know anything
at all?at all?
5. How do we know what is right and wrong?5. How do we know what is right and wrong?
6. What is my purpose in life?6. What is my purpose in life?
7. What is the nature of my relationship, with7. What is the nature of my relationship, with
the “prime reality?”the “prime reality?”

9. Naturalism/Scientism/MaterialismNaturalism/Scientism/Materialism
 The belief that the only reliable or validThe belief that the only reliable or valid
instrument to deciding the truth or eveninstrument to deciding the truth or even
the value of any proposition is thethe value of any proposition is the
scientific method.scientific method.
 No basis for ethics or morality, noNo basis for ethics or morality, no
supernatural, no God, no truth (exceptsupernatural, no God, no truth (except
that found by science), no consciousness,that found by science), no consciousness,
no “I.” Justice is a figment of ourno “I.” Justice is a figment of our
imagination.imagination.

10. MaterialismMaterialism
 ““We exist as material beings in a material world, allWe exist as material beings in a material world, all
of whose phenomena are the consequences ofof whose phenomena are the consequences of
material relations among material entities." In a word,material relations among material entities." In a word,
the public needs to accept materialism, which meansthe public needs to accept materialism, which means
that they must put God in the trash can of historythat they must put God in the trash can of history
where such myths belong.”where such myths belong.”
Richard LewontinRichard Lewontin
Retrospective essay on Carl Sagan in the January 9, 1997Retrospective essay on Carl Sagan in the January 9, 1997 New York Review of BooksNew York Review of Books,,

11. Richard DawkinsRichard Dawkins
 In the universe of blind physical forces andIn the universe of blind physical forces and
genetic replication, some people are going togenetic replication, some people are going to
get hurt and other people are going to getget hurt and other people are going to get
lucky: and you won’t find any rhyme or reasonlucky: and you won’t find any rhyme or reason
to it, nor any justice. The universe weto it, nor any justice. The universe we
observe has precisely the properties we shouldobserve has precisely the properties we should
expect if there is at the bottom, no design, noexpect if there is at the bottom, no design, no
purpose, no evil and no good. Nothing butpurpose, no evil and no good. Nothing but
blind, pitiless indifference. DNA neither knowsblind, pitiless indifference. DNA neither knows
nor cares. DNA just is, and we dance to itsnor cares. DNA just is, and we dance to its
music.music.

12. Postmodernism: The Loss of TruthPostmodernism: The Loss of Truth
 Truth, if such a thing exists, is theTruth, if such a thing exists, is the
property of culture. There is no absoluteproperty of culture. There is no absolute
truth. All truth is relative. It is created bytruth. All truth is relative. It is created by
societies. There is no ultimate moralsocieties. There is no ultimate moral
authority or moral absolute.authority or moral absolute.

13. Roger BaconRoger Bacon (1214-1292)(1214-1292)
Bacon’s advice:
To study Natural Philosophy, use;
“External experience, aided by
instruments, and made precise by
mathematics.”
Christianity invents science
A (ridiculously) Brief Intellectual History of
The West:

14. LaPlace (1749-1827)
About God:
“I have no
need of that
hypothesis”

15. Charles Darwin
“It is mere rubbish
to think at this
point of the origin
of life. One might
as well think of the
origin of matter.”

16. The 20The 20thth
CenturyCentury
 Science appears triumphantScience appears triumphant
 Scientism proposed. Beyond Morality.Scientism proposed. Beyond Morality. Eugenics.Eugenics.
 Quantum Mechanics. Is determinism reality?Quantum Mechanics. Is determinism reality?
 WWI WWII Hiroshima Modernity loses itsWWI WWII Hiroshima Modernity loses its
luster. Humans are not getting better and better.luster. Humans are not getting better and better.
 Scientific Materialism cannot answer our deepestScientific Materialism cannot answer our deepest
questions. Scientism is hubris.questions. Scientism is hubris.
 Enter, Postmodernism!Enter, Postmodernism!

17. ScientificScientific MaterialismMaterialism
 Only that which can be observed andOnly that which can be observed and
measured through the technique ofmeasured through the technique of ScientificScientific
MethodMethod is real, and everything else is unreal.is real, and everything else is unreal.

18. Scientific MaterialismScientific Materialism
 Scientific Materialism accepts only oneScientific Materialism accepts only one
reality: the physical universe, composedreality: the physical universe, composed
as it is of matter and energy. Everythingas it is of matter and energy. Everything
that is not physical, measurable, orthat is not physical, measurable, or
deducible from scientific observations, isdeducible from scientific observations, is
considered unreal.considered unreal. LifeLife is explained inis explained in
purely mechanical terms, and phenomenapurely mechanical terms, and phenomena
such as Mind and Consciousness aresuch as Mind and Consciousness are
considered nothing but epiphenomena -considered nothing but epiphenomena -
curious by-products, of certain complexcurious by-products, of certain complex
physical processes (such as brainphysical processes (such as brain
metabolism)metabolism)

19. Scientific MaterialismScientific Materialism
 There is noThere is no GodGod,,
 No angelsNo angels
 No DevilNo Devil
 No goodNo good
 No evilNo evil
 No survival of physical death,No survival of physical death,
 No non-physical realities, andNo non-physical realities, and
 No ultimate meaning or purpose to lifeNo ultimate meaning or purpose to life
 No HeavenNo Heaven
 No afterlifeNo afterlife

20. A Response to Naturalism/Materialism/ScientismA Response to Naturalism/Materialism/Scientism
 It is a faith/religious belief based on circularIt is a faith/religious belief based on circular
reasoning.reasoning.
 It cannot answer the questions humanIt cannot answer the questions human
beings care about.beings care about.
 It is patently and demonstrably false.It is patently and demonstrably false.
 As a world view it is does not tend to makeAs a world view it is does not tend to make
its followers “better.” If fact it is downrightits followers “better.” If fact it is downright
dangerous.dangerous.

21. Circular ReasoningCircular Reasoning
Unprovable assumptions of science.Unprovable assumptions of science.
The universe is ordered and essentially unchanging.The universe is ordered and essentially unchanging.
The universe is observable and understandable.The universe is observable and understandable.
The universe is governed by mathematically preciseThe universe is governed by mathematically precise
laws.laws.
None of these assumptions can be proved byNone of these assumptions can be proved by
experiment. Inexperiment. In
a sense, science is not scientific.a sense, science is not scientific.

22. A recent BBC broadcast forum:A recent BBC broadcast forum:
 Questioner: How do you know that physical reality isQuestioner: How do you know that physical reality is
all there is: that there is no God?all there is: that there is no God?
 Response of a vehement materialist (after muchResponse of a vehement materialist (after much
prodding): I simply believe it to be true.prodding): I simply believe it to be true.
 Questioner: Well, now we at least have it out on theQuestioner: Well, now we at least have it out on the
table!table!
 In other words, the strongest argument I have thatIn other words, the strongest argument I have that
physical reality is “all there is” is that I believephysical reality is “all there is” is that I believe
physical reality is “all there is.”physical reality is “all there is.”

23. Questions Science Can AnswerQuestions Science Can Answer
 When?When?
 What?What?
 Where?Where?
 How many?How many?
 By what means?By what means?

24. Questions Science Cannot Answer:Questions Science Cannot Answer:
(That Christianity Does Answer)(That Christianity Does Answer)
– Why am I here?Why am I here?
– Is that the right thing to do?Is that the right thing to do?
– How valuable am I?How valuable am I?
– Does God exist? Does God actDoes God exist? Does God act
(theism)?(theism)?
– Will that God respond if I pray?Will that God respond if I pray?
– Do supernatural events (miracles)Do supernatural events (miracles)
happen?happen?

25. Materialism is Patently FalseMaterialism is Patently False
If Materialism/Naturalism is right then;If Materialism/Naturalism is right then;
 ““I” do not exist. Consciousness is just randomI” do not exist. Consciousness is just random
moving around of chemicals.moving around of chemicals.
 No soul, no spirit, no non-physical reality.No soul, no spirit, no non-physical reality.
 Belief in God is just a “meme” the unfortunateBelief in God is just a “meme” the unfortunate
accidental result of brain evolution.accidental result of brain evolution.
 Life has no value. Human beings have no value.Life has no value. Human beings have no value.
What is value?What is value?
 Love is chemicals moving around (vs. God is love)Love is chemicals moving around (vs. God is love)

26. If the Materialist is right, then…If the Materialist is right, then…
 Religious thought is absolute nonsense.Religious thought is absolute nonsense.
Prayer is chemical moving around in yourPrayer is chemical moving around in your
brain.brain.
 Art, Literature, Music have no intrinsicArt, Literature, Music have no intrinsic
value.value.
 Justice is a meaningless word.Justice is a meaningless word.
 Human rights have no basis.Human rights have no basis.
 Etc….Etc….

27. Scientism is Patently False Because….Scientism is Patently False Because….
 The universe was created.The universe was created.
 Life was created.Life was created.
 The Anthropic Principle. The universe isThe Anthropic Principle. The universe is
ridiculously well fine-tuned for us to exist.ridiculously well fine-tuned for us to exist.
 No one in their right mind can deny theNo one in their right mind can deny the
existence of right and wrongexistence of right and wrong
 The Bible is inspired by God.The Bible is inspired by God.

28. Naturalism does not tend to make its believersNaturalism does not tend to make its believers
better people. Dangerous?better people. Dangerous?
If the naturalist is right then:If the naturalist is right then:
 Good and evil are meaningless ideas.Good and evil are meaningless ideas.
 Our purpose, if it exists at all, is to pass onOur purpose, if it exists at all, is to pass on
our DNA.our DNA.
 Any kind of sexual behavior is as right asAny kind of sexual behavior is as right as
any other. Stealing is probably good.any other. Stealing is probably good.
 There is nothing inherently evil aboutThere is nothing inherently evil about
genocide.genocide.
 Racism, slavery etc can be defended.Racism, slavery etc can be defended.

29. If the Materialist is Right Then…If the Materialist is Right Then…
 Violence and greed are acceptable behavior.Violence and greed are acceptable behavior.
 Justice is a meaningless construct.Justice is a meaningless construct.
 The words “ought and should” are meaningless.The words “ought and should” are meaningless.
 There is no such thing as sin or wrong behavior.There is no such thing as sin or wrong behavior.
 Consider the only societies in human historyConsider the only societies in human history
controlled by atheists. USSR, Communist China,controlled by atheists. USSR, Communist China,
Khmer Rouge….Khmer Rouge….
 Is this where human beings want to head?Is this where human beings want to head?

30. If the Materialist is Right Then…If the Materialist is Right Then…
 Violence selfishness greed are acceptable behavior.Violence selfishness greed are acceptable behavior.
 Justice is a meaningless construct.Justice is a meaningless construct.
 The words “ought and should” are meaningless.The words “ought and should” are meaningless.
 There is no such thing as sin or wrong behavior.There is no such thing as sin or wrong behavior.
 Consider the only societies in human historyConsider the only societies in human history
controlled by atheists. French Revolution, USSR,controlled by atheists. French Revolution, USSR,
Communist China, Khmer Rouge, North Korea….Communist China, Khmer Rouge, North Korea….
 Is this where human beings want to head?Is this where human beings want to head?

31. No wonder intellectuals (over)reacted
With the result being postmodernism!
Now, let us discuss postmodernism.

32. Postmodernism/Cultural RelativismPostmodernism/Cultural Relativism
 Positive ContributionsPositive Contributions
– Importance of groups and relationships betweenImportance of groups and relationships between
groups.groups.
– Gives honor to culture, beauty, wonder,Gives honor to culture, beauty, wonder,
imagination.imagination.
– More accurate description of history (including theMore accurate description of history (including the
history of science).history of science).
– The Western mindset is not the only valid one.The Western mindset is not the only valid one.
 ProblemsProblems
– Very confusing.Very confusing.
– No world view is preferred.No world view is preferred.
– The idea of truth, for all practical purposes,The idea of truth, for all practical purposes,
disappearsdisappears..

33. Postmodernism: Cultural RelativismPostmodernism: Cultural Relativism
 Reality is a social construction.Reality is a social construction.
 Truth: It is true for you, but it is not true forTruth: It is true for you, but it is not true for
me.me.
 Meaning, if it exists, lies in a community ofMeaning, if it exists, lies in a community of
believers.believers.
 No rational way to discover which is the bestNo rational way to discover which is the best
world view.world view.

34. Theories of TruthTheories of Truth
 Correspondence Theory of Truth: ACorrespondence Theory of Truth: A
statement is true if reality corresponds tostatement is true if reality corresponds to
that which is predicted by the statement.that which is predicted by the statement.
 Relativism (postmodernism): A claim isRelativism (postmodernism): A claim is
made true for those who accept it by thatmade true for those who accept it by that
very act (of accepting it).very act (of accepting it).
 Truth is either discovered or created.Truth is either discovered or created.
 Truth is either absolute or relative.Truth is either absolute or relative.

35. If The Postmodernists are Right Then…If The Postmodernists are Right Then…
 Reality is a social construction.Reality is a social construction.
 ““It is true for you, but it is not true for me.”It is true for you, but it is not true for me.”
 Truth is found in an accepted narrative.Truth is found in an accepted narrative.
 No universal trans-cultural standard of truth orNo universal trans-cultural standard of truth or
value.value.
 No authorial prerogative. The truth of a text isNo authorial prerogative. The truth of a text is
determined by the culture reading the text.determined by the culture reading the text.
 There is no such thing as the book of Romans.There is no such thing as the book of Romans.
– Methodist Romans, Lutheran Romans, Buddhist Romans,Methodist Romans, Lutheran Romans, Buddhist Romans,
Atheist Romans.Atheist Romans.

36. Can You Accept This???Can You Accept This???
 Consciousness is social, not individual. Self is aConsciousness is social, not individual. Self is a
construction (mother, British, grad student…)construction (mother, British, grad student…)
 All truth is relative. All truth is cultural.All truth is relative. All truth is cultural.
 Individual has no authority to determine what isIndividual has no authority to determine what is
true.true.

37. Problems With PostmodernismProblems With Postmodernism
 Self-refuting.Self-refuting.
– If nothing is true, then postmodernism is not true.If nothing is true, then postmodernism is not true.
– Its authors insist on authorial privilege.Its authors insist on authorial privilege.
 I do not care what they say,I do not care what they say, some things aresome things are
just truejust true..
 Either God is real or he is not. Even if I cannotEither God is real or he is not. Even if I cannot
prove it one way or another.prove it one way or another.
 If you culture told you it was safe to jump off aIf you culture told you it was safe to jump off a
cliff, would you jump?cliff, would you jump?

38. Scientism is Bogus, But Science is NotScientism is Bogus, But Science is Not
 The naturally convincing explanation of theThe naturally convincing explanation of the
success of science is that it is gaining a tighteningsuccess of science is that it is gaining a tightening
grasp of an actual reality. The goal of scientificgrasp of an actual reality. The goal of scientific
endeavor is to gain an understanding of theendeavor is to gain an understanding of the
structure of the physical world. The conclusionsstructure of the physical world. The conclusions
are always tentative, but they are dictated byare always tentative, but they are dictated by thethe
way things actually are.way things actually are.

39. What is Wrong With Postmodernism?What is Wrong With Postmodernism?
 It does not agree with reality—with theIt does not agree with reality—with the
world as it is. Our understanding of truthworld as it is. Our understanding of truth
may be relative, but truth is not.may be relative, but truth is not.
 It can be dangerous.It can be dangerous.
– Which is better, the Nazi culture orWhich is better, the Nazi culture or
Christianity? On what basis?Christianity? On what basis?
– Sin is a cultural creation. Why prefer oneSin is a cultural creation. Why prefer one
moral system to another?moral system to another?
– Why listen to reformers like Jesus Christ orWhy listen to reformers like Jesus Christ or
Siddhartha Buddha? By definition, our cultureSiddhartha Buddha? By definition, our culture
is always right!is always right!

40. The Christian World ViewThe Christian World View
1.1. The physical world is: (Genesis 1)The physical world is: (Genesis 1)
a. real b. created and c. essentially good.a. real b. created and c. essentially good.
2. There exists a parallel unseen spiritual reality which is not2. There exists a parallel unseen spiritual reality which is not
limited to or defined by the physical reality.limited to or defined by the physical reality.
3. The creator of both the physical and spiritual realm is the3. The creator of both the physical and spiritual realm is the
God who is revealed and who reveals himself in the Bible.God who is revealed and who reveals himself in the Bible.
4. Human beings have both a physical and a spiritual nature,4. Human beings have both a physical and a spiritual nature,
but the spiritual nature is more essential as it is eternal.but the spiritual nature is more essential as it is eternal.
5. Although the physical world is good, evil does exist. Such5. Although the physical world is good, evil does exist. Such
evil is the result of freedom of will given to created beingsevil is the result of freedom of will given to created beings
and their subsequent decision to use that freedom to “sin”and their subsequent decision to use that freedom to “sin”
(defined as transgressing the will of God).(defined as transgressing the will of God).
6. There is a definite right and wrong for human behavior6. There is a definite right and wrong for human behavior
which is determined by God.which is determined by God.

41. The Christian World View Is TrueThe Christian World View Is True
 The Universe is RealThe Universe is Real
 The creation is good.The creation is good.
 Evil exists.Evil exists.
 Despite what Naturalists say, there is a spiritualDespite what Naturalists say, there is a spiritual
reality. For example, “I” exist. Consciousness is notreality. For example, “I” exist. Consciousness is not
simply an epiphenomenon.simply an epiphenomenon.
 Science and the Christian world view do notScience and the Christian world view do not
contradict.contradict.

42. Christian World View Answers the BigChristian World View Answers the Big
QuestionsQuestions
 How did I get here?How did I get here?
 Why am I here?Why am I here?
 Where am I going?Where am I going?
 Why are human beings able to comprehend theWhy are human beings able to comprehend the
universe?universe?
 Why is there pain and suffering and evil in theWhy is there pain and suffering and evil in the
world?world?

43. Christianity Offers Solutions to the Big Problems ofChristianity Offers Solutions to the Big Problems of
Human BeingsHuman Beings
 The Problem of Sin (the substitutionary death ofThe Problem of Sin (the substitutionary death of
Jesus)Jesus)
– Romans 7:24,25Romans 7:24,25
 The Problem of Suffering (compassion)The Problem of Suffering (compassion)
– Matthew 9:35-36Matthew 9:35-36
 The Problem of DeathThe Problem of Death
– 1 Corinthians 15:54-561 Corinthians 15:54-56

44. The Christian World View Has Given Us:The Christian World View Has Given Us:
 ScienceScience
 Abolition of Slavery (Wilberforce)Abolition of Slavery (Wilberforce)
 Civil RightsCivil Rights
 Women’s RightsWomen’s Rights
 Christian groups do a majority of all benevolentChristian groups do a majority of all benevolent
work in the world (James 1:27, Micah 6:8)work in the world (James 1:27, Micah 6:8)

45. World ViewsWorld Views
 NaturalismNaturalism (already discussed)(already discussed)
 Postmodernism: No World ViewPostmodernism: No World View (already discussed)(already discussed)
 DeismDeism
 PantheismPantheism
 Animism/PolytheismAnimism/Polytheism
 DualismDualism
 Biblical TheismBiblical Theism (already discussed)(already discussed)

46. The Naturalist’s Response:The Naturalist’s Response:
 What about the evil done in the name of Christianity?What about the evil done in the name of Christianity?
 What about the Crusades and the Inquisition?What about the Crusades and the Inquisition?
 Response: So you DO believe in evil?Response: So you DO believe in evil?
 At least we have a standard which tells us that theseAt least we have a standard which tells us that these
things are to be condemned. Christianity gives us athings are to be condemned. Christianity gives us a
basis to know that these things should not be donebasis to know that these things should not be done
by Christians or anyone else for that matter.by Christians or anyone else for that matter.

47. DefinitionsDefinitions
 Animism: Anima = spirit. A religious system whichAnimism: Anima = spirit. A religious system which
includes the belief that spirits inhabit inanimate objectsincludes the belief that spirits inhabit inanimate objects
and phenomenaand phenomena
 Polytheism: Poly = many. A belief that the universe isPolytheism: Poly = many. A belief that the universe is
governed by many gods. (Hinduism, Shinto)governed by many gods. (Hinduism, Shinto)
 Pantheism: Pan = all. A belief that a spirit fills thePantheism: Pan = all. A belief that a spirit fills the
universe. God is the universe, and we are part of God.universe. God is the universe, and we are part of God.
(Hinduism, Epicureanism)(Hinduism, Epicureanism)
 Dualism: A belief that the universe is governed byDualism: A belief that the universe is governed by
nearly equally matched forces of good and evil.nearly equally matched forces of good and evil.
(Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism)(Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism)
 Deism: A monotheistic view which sees God as distantDeism: A monotheistic view which sees God as distant
and not involved in human affairs. (Stoicism)and not involved in human affairs. (Stoicism)

48. One Point of View:
“Wide is the gate and broad is the road that leads to destruction, and
many enter through it. But small is the gate and narrow the road that
leads to life, and only a few find it.” -Jesus of Nazareth (Matthew
7:13-14)
I am the way, the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except
through me. Jesus of Nazareth (John 14:6)

49. God
Islam
Buddhis
m
Mysticism
Ba’hai
Another Point of
View: Different
Paths to the Same
Goal?

50. The Bible and Other World ViewsThe Bible and Other World Views
 If Genesis 1:1 is true, then animism, polytheism,If Genesis 1:1 is true, then animism, polytheism,
pantheism, dualism, naturalism, deism,pantheism, dualism, naturalism, deism,
postmodernism and every other ism is false.postmodernism and every other ism is false.
 Conflicting world views cannot be accommodatedConflicting world views cannot be accommodated
with one another. Biblical theism is incompatablewith one another. Biblical theism is incompatable
with all these other world views.with all these other world views.

51. The Bible and Other World Views (cont.)The Bible and Other World Views (cont.)
 Acts 17:16-34 Paul shares the gospel byActs 17:16-34 Paul shares the gospel by
arguing for the Christian World View.arguing for the Christian World View.
– v. 22-23 Paul finds common ground.v. 22-23 Paul finds common ground.
– v. 24-28 Paul argues for the superiority and thev. 24-28 Paul argues for the superiority and the
truth of the Christian world view as opposed totruth of the Christian world view as opposed to
Epicureanism/pantheism and Stoicism/deismEpicureanism/pantheism and Stoicism/deism
– v. 28 Paul quotes from Aretas a Stoic philosopher.v. 28 Paul quotes from Aretas a Stoic philosopher.
“ For we are his offspring.”“ For we are his offspring.”
– v. 29-31 Having laid the groundwork, Paul pointsv. 29-31 Having laid the groundwork, Paul points
them to Jesus.them to Jesus.
– v. 32-34 Some, but not all were converted.v. 32-34 Some, but not all were converted.

52. World View and Other ReligionsWorld View and Other Religions

53. HINDUISMHINDUISM
 The principle religion of India.The principle religion of India.
 Approximately 900,000,000Approximately 900,000,000
adherents.adherents.
 Began as animism/polytheismBegan as animism/polytheism
 Evolved intoEvolved into
polytheism/pantheismpolytheism/pantheism
 Syncretistic. Hinduism is notSyncretistic. Hinduism is not
really a single religion.really a single religion.
Ganesh: a Hindu deity
God of wisdom and
intellect

54. Principle gods of HinduismPrinciple gods of Hinduism
 Brahma Chief god of the pantheon.Brahma Chief god of the pantheon.
 Shiva God of destruction. WorshippedShiva God of destruction. Worshipped
as a male phalus.as a male phalus.
 Vishnu Preserver and protector.Vishnu Preserver and protector.
 Krishna The eighth emanation of Vishna.Krishna The eighth emanation of Vishna.
 Rama Seventh incarnation of Vishna. Hero of theRama Seventh incarnation of Vishna. Hero of the
Ramayana.Ramayana.
 Devi Chief female deity. The power (shakti) that animatesDevi Chief female deity. The power (shakti) that animates
the cosmos.the cosmos.
 Lakshmi Female consort of Vishnu. Godess of prosperity.Lakshmi Female consort of Vishnu. Godess of prosperity.
Lakshmi

55. Krishna, Incarnation of deity
Rama, Hero of the Ramayana

56. Scriptures of HinduismScriptures of Hinduism
 Vedas Poems. Ritualistic, priestly. 1500-1000 BC.Vedas Poems. Ritualistic, priestly. 1500-1000 BC.
Especially the Rig Veda. Include the Brahmanas.Especially the Rig Veda. Include the Brahmanas.
 Upanishads Highly philosophical essays about brahman,Upanishads Highly philosophical essays about brahman,
atman, transmigration of atman, karma and so forth. 800-atman, transmigration of atman, karma and so forth. 800-
600 BC.600 BC.
 Epics (Ramayana, Mahabarata, Bhagavad Gita) MythicEpics (Ramayana, Mahabarata, Bhagavad Gita) Mythic
adventures of Rama, Krishna and others.adventures of Rama, Krishna and others.
 Puranas Largely local legends, myths, many local deities.Puranas Largely local legends, myths, many local deities.
AD 400-1000. This is the “scripture” of most local Hindus.AD 400-1000. This is the “scripture” of most local Hindus.
 Tantras Religious discussions/teachings.Tantras Religious discussions/teachings.

57. Hindu CosmologyHindu Cosmology
Time is cyclic—like a snake that bites its own tail.
Remember, the world is not real.
Hindu apologetics?

58. Hindu World ViewHindu World View
 Maya. The physical world is an illusion. The physical world isMaya. The physical world is an illusion. The physical world is
evil. Suffering is an illusion.evil. Suffering is an illusion.
 Brahman. Universal soul. Pantheism.Brahman. Universal soul. Pantheism.
 Atman (soul). When we die, atman is swallowed up inAtman (soul). When we die, atman is swallowed up in
BrahmanBrahman
 The goal: Escape cycle of karma and reincarnationThe goal: Escape cycle of karma and reincarnation
 Nirvana; oneness with the universal soul which is withinNirvana; oneness with the universal soul which is within
yourself.yourself.
 The Hindu world view has man looking inward, not outward.The Hindu world view has man looking inward, not outward.

59. Is The Hindu World View a Good One?Is The Hindu World View a Good One?
 Is it true?Is it true?
– Hindu cosmology (cyclic time, earth on the back of fourHindu cosmology (cyclic time, earth on the back of four
elephants on a turtle swimming in a bowl of milk) iselephants on a turtle swimming in a bowl of milk) is
patently false.patently false.
– The physical world is real and it is good.The physical world is real and it is good.
– Evil is NOT an illusionEvil is NOT an illusion
 Does it answer the important questions?Does it answer the important questions?
– It does better than postmodernism or naturalism!It does better than postmodernism or naturalism!
 Does accepting this world view make one a betterDoes accepting this world view make one a better
person?person?
– Debatable. Better than naturalism. Karma. Self-focusDebatable. Better than naturalism. Karma. Self-focus
and dispassion are not helpful.and dispassion are not helpful.
– Suffering is not real.Suffering is not real.
– Evil is not real.Evil is not real.

60. BuddhismBuddhism
 Principle religion of Korea, Japan,Principle religion of Korea, Japan,
Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand,Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand,
Burma Sri Lanka and China?Burma Sri Lanka and China?
 400,000,000 adherents.400,000,000 adherents.
 A reaction against the rigidA reaction against the rigid
priestly system of Hinduism.priestly system of Hinduism.
 Pantheistic, or arguably non-Pantheistic, or arguably non-
theistic. A philosophy, atheistic. A philosophy, a
psychology.psychology.

61. Life of Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)Life of Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)
 Born into a wealthy family in north India aboutBorn into a wealthy family in north India about
550 BC.550 BC.
 Renounced his birthright. Sought nirvana/godRenounced his birthright. Sought nirvana/god
through asceticism.through asceticism.
 Decided on a middle path between asceticism andDecided on a middle path between asceticism and
sensuality.sensuality.
 Created the eight-fold path to enlightenmentCreated the eight-fold path to enlightenment
(nirvana).(nirvana).

62. Important Terms to Understand BuddhismImportant Terms to Understand Buddhism
 Nirvana awakened state, lack of suffering.Nirvana awakened state, lack of suffering.
 Bodhi awakenment, enlightenment.Bodhi awakenment, enlightenment.
 Bodhisattva an awakened being.Bodhisattva an awakened being.
 Dharma the Buddha’s teachings.Dharma the Buddha’s teachings.
 Sangha the Buddhist community of monks andSangha the Buddhist community of monks and
nuns.nuns.
 Maitreya the second coming of BuddhaMaitreya the second coming of Buddha
prophesied.prophesied.

63. The Four Noble Truths of SiddharthaThe Four Noble Truths of Siddhartha
 Suffering is not getting what one wants.Suffering is not getting what one wants.
 The cause of suffering is desire which leads toThe cause of suffering is desire which leads to
rebirth.rebirth.
 The way to end suffering is to end desire.The way to end suffering is to end desire.
 The way to the end of desire and of suffering isThe way to the end of desire and of suffering is
the eight-fold path.the eight-fold path.

64. The eight-fold path to bodhi/dharma/nirvana/lack ofThe eight-fold path to bodhi/dharma/nirvana/lack of
sufferingsuffering
 Right viewpoint (the four noble truths).Right viewpoint (the four noble truths).
 Right values.Right values.
 Right speech.Right speech.
 Right actions.Right actions.
 Right livelihoodRight livelihood
 Right effortRight effort
 Right mindfulnessRight mindfulness
 Right meditationRight meditation

65. Schools/Sects of BuddhismSchools/Sects of Buddhism
 Mahayana (the greater vehicle) China, Korea,Mahayana (the greater vehicle) China, Korea,
Japan. Ideal of the bodhisattva. Stresses theJapan. Ideal of the bodhisattva. Stresses the
divine nature of the Buddha. Many mini-divine nature of the Buddha. Many mini-
buddhas (bodhisattvas).buddhas (bodhisattvas).
 Theravada Sri Lanka, Thailand, Burma. A moreTheravada Sri Lanka, Thailand, Burma. A more
pure form of Buddhism?pure form of Buddhism?
 Zen. An offshoot of Mahayana which emphasizesZen. An offshoot of Mahayana which emphasizes
meditation to achieve nirvana.meditation to achieve nirvana.
 Vajrayana Stresses tantric practices, rituals,Vajrayana Stresses tantric practices, rituals,
initiations, mystical power. Tibet, Mongolia.initiations, mystical power. Tibet, Mongolia.
Similar to Gnosticism.Similar to Gnosticism.

67. Buddhist ScriptureBuddhist Scripture
 The Tripitaka “three baskets” Three sets of theThe Tripitaka “three baskets” Three sets of the
supposedly original sayings and teachings andsupposedly original sayings and teachings and
philosophy of Buddha. These were oral only forphilosophy of Buddha. These were oral only for
about 400 years.about 400 years.
 Disputes over the content of the Tripitaka ledDisputes over the content of the Tripitaka led
eventually to the Theravada, Mahayana and othereventually to the Theravada, Mahayana and other
sects.sects.
 Jatakas Mahayana stories of previousJatakas Mahayana stories of previous
incarnations of Siddhartha Buddha. Buddhism isincarnations of Siddhartha Buddha. Buddhism is
a striving through many lives to come to aa striving through many lives to come to a
bodhisattva state.bodhisattva state.

68. Buddhist
Scripture

69. Practices of BuddhismPractices of Buddhism
 Many monks and nuns who live ascetic livesMany monks and nuns who live ascetic lives
 ““Lay” Buddhists follow the five precepts, whichLay” Buddhists follow the five precepts, which
are, 1. do not kill 2. do not steal. 3. do notare, 1. do not kill 2. do not steal. 3. do not
have sex. 4. do not lie and 5. do not gethave sex. 4. do not lie and 5. do not get
drunkdrunk
 Meditation is a big part of many BuddhistMeditation is a big part of many Buddhist
traditions, involving the saying of a mantra. (Omtraditions, involving the saying of a mantra. (Om
Mani Padme Hum).Mani Padme Hum).

70. Buddhist
Cosmology

71. The Buddhist World ViewThe Buddhist World View
 Is Buddhism pantheist or agnostic?Is Buddhism pantheist or agnostic?
 The physical world is an illusion and not good.The physical world is an illusion and not good.
 Suffering is an illusion.Suffering is an illusion.
 Cyclic cosmology. Reincarnation.Cyclic cosmology. Reincarnation.
 The goal to lose oneselfThe goal to lose oneself

72. Is the Buddhist World View a Good One?Is the Buddhist World View a Good One?
 Is it true?Is it true?
– The world is an illusion?The world is an illusion?
– Cosmology appears to be refuted by science.Cosmology appears to be refuted by science.
 Does in answer the important questions?Does in answer the important questions?
– Like Hinduism, superior to Naturalism, PostmodernismLike Hinduism, superior to Naturalism, Postmodernism
– Does not answer the question of GodDoes not answer the question of God
 Does it make one a better person?Does it make one a better person?
– Less self-focused than HinduismLess self-focused than Hinduism
– Suffering is not real.Suffering is not real.
– Goal: dispassion, rather than compassionGoal: dispassion, rather than compassion

73. JainismJainism
 Founder: MahaviraFounder: Mahavira ~600-540~600-540
BCBC
 Last of 24 gurus. Parshva 750Last of 24 gurus. Parshva 750
BC?BC?
 Location: India mostly.Location: India mostly.
 About 5,000,000 practitionersAbout 5,000,000 practitioners
 A reaction to worldly, priestlyA reaction to worldly, priestly
HinduismHinduism

74. Jaina TheologyJaina Theology
 Very strong emphasis on asceticismVery strong emphasis on asceticism
 Siddhartha may have been a followerSiddhartha may have been a follower
before finding a middle way.before finding a middle way.
 We are souls trapped in a body. TheWe are souls trapped in a body. The
goal: escape the body to reach nirvanagoal: escape the body to reach nirvana
through ascetic practices.through ascetic practices.
 ReincarnationReincarnation
 KarmaKarma
 PantheisticPantheistic
The Svastika
a symbol of
samsara
(rebirth)

75. Jaina ScripturesJaina Scriptures
 The Purvas. Sayings of the 24 gurusThe Purvas. Sayings of the 24 gurus
all the original Purvas were lost.all the original Purvas were lost.
 Agama Sutras Sayings of MahaviraAgama Sutras Sayings of Mahavira
Jaina Sects
Digambaras: Monks are nude, only
males can reach enlightenment.
Shvetambaras: Wear white robes.
Women can be ordained as nuns.

76. The Heart of Jainism: AsceticismThe Heart of Jainism: Asceticism
 Five Mahavrata or rules of ascetic livingFive Mahavrata or rules of ascetic living
– Ahimsa. Non-harming (fly-whisk, strain liquids,Ahimsa. Non-harming (fly-whisk, strain liquids,
etc…)etc…)
– Satya. TruthfulnessSatya. Truthfulness
– Asteya. Non-stealingAsteya. Non-stealing
– CelibacyCelibacy
– Non-attachmentNon-attachment

77. Jaina WorldviewJaina Worldview
 A very strange cosmology. The universe is anA very strange cosmology. The universe is an
infinitely repeating pattern of cycles of time.infinitely repeating pattern of cycles of time.
 One of the gurus lived 70 trillion years and was 3000One of the gurus lived 70 trillion years and was 3000
ft. tall.ft. tall.
 The earth is the center of the universe.The earth is the center of the universe.
 The universe has existed forever.The universe has existed forever.
 Pantheism.Pantheism.
 Reincarnation/karma.Reincarnation/karma.
 The physical world is evil.The physical world is evil.
 Is this a “good” world view? (essentially same asIs this a “good” world view? (essentially same as
Hindu)Hindu)

78. SikhismSikhism
 Location: India, especially theLocation: India, especially the
Punjab. 25,000,000 adherents.Punjab. 25,000,000 adherents.
 Founder: Nanak (1469-1539)Founder: Nanak (1469-1539)
 A compromise between Islam andA compromise between Islam and
Hinduism.Hinduism.
 Avowedly monotheistic, but withAvowedly monotheistic, but with
many Hindu ideas.many Hindu ideas.
Nanak, founder
of Jaina

79. Sikh Teaching and TheologySikh Teaching and Theology
 Reject polytheism but keep ideasReject polytheism but keep ideas
of maya (illusion), samsaraof maya (illusion), samsara
(reincarnation), karma(reincarnation), karma
 Reject priestly system. All areReject priestly system. All are
equal before the “True Name.”equal before the “True Name.”
 Reject caste system.Reject caste system.
 Opposition to idolatry and toOpposition to idolatry and to
asceticism.asceticism.
 Sikhs do not try to escape theSikhs do not try to escape the
world, but to participate in it.world, but to participate in it.
The Golden Temple
Amristar, India

80. Scriptures of SikkhismScriptures of Sikkhism
 The Adi Granth Compiled by the fifth guru ArjunThe Adi Granth Compiled by the fifth guru Arjun
in 1604in 1604
 The Ganth of the Tenth King: Written by the lastThe Ganth of the Tenth King: Written by the last
of the ten great gurus of Sikhism Gobind Singh.of the ten great gurus of Sikhism Gobind Singh.
 The Janamsakhis Legends. Obviously mythicalThe Janamsakhis Legends. Obviously mythical
accounts of the life of Nanak, including miracles.accounts of the life of Nanak, including miracles.
(Nanak never claimed to be a miracle worker).(Nanak never claimed to be a miracle worker).
Works salvation: “Sin and sorrow are destroyed byWorks salvation: “Sin and sorrow are destroyed by
hearkening.”hearkening.”

81. Sikh PracticesSikh Practices
 The wearing of the male turban isThe wearing of the male turban is
very characteristic.very characteristic.
 Baptism in sugar water holding aBaptism in sugar water holding a
dagger.dagger.
 Sikhs have been warriors. TheySikhs have been warriors. They
have been very militaristic.have been very militaristic.
 Sikhs are immersed in worldlySikhs are immersed in worldly
affairs. Businessmen, merchantsaffairs. Businessmen, merchants
etc.etc.
 Think of Sikhs as the opposite ofThink of Sikhs as the opposite of
Jains.Jains.

82. Sikh World ViewSikh World View
 MonotheisticMonotheistic
 Yet it maintains much of the Hindu World ViewYet it maintains much of the Hindu World View
 Maya. The world is an illusionMaya. The world is an illusion
 Karma, reincarnation.Karma, reincarnation.
 Works salvation.Works salvation.
 Is it a “good” world view?Is it a “good” world view?
– True? Cyclic cosmology.True? Cyclic cosmology.
– Much in common with Islam.Much in common with Islam.

83. ConfucianismConfucianism
 Founded by Confucius Kung Fu Tzu 551-Founded by Confucius Kung Fu Tzu 551-
478 BC.478 BC.
 Principle religion in China? Is it aPrinciple religion in China? Is it a
religion?religion?
Also influential in Korea and Viet Nam.Also influential in Korea and Viet Nam.
 NotNot a religious leader—he accepted thea religious leader—he accepted the
religious superstition of his day asreligious superstition of his day as
sufficient.sufficient.
 Agnostic—“Keep aloof from spiritualAgnostic—“Keep aloof from spiritual
matters, but perform the ceremonymatters, but perform the ceremony
correctly.”correctly.”
 Utilitarian, conservative philosophy.Utilitarian, conservative philosophy.
Each person should accept his position inEach person should accept his position in
society for righteousness and stability.society for righteousness and stability.
Strong emphasis on proper government,Strong emphasis on proper government,
training for holding government office.training for holding government office.

84. Confucianism (cont.)Confucianism (cont.)
 Practical rather than esoteric.Practical rather than esoteric.
 Ancestor worship stressed.Ancestor worship stressed.
 Later Confucian philosophy involved emphasis onLater Confucian philosophy involved emphasis on
yingying andand yangyang—the competing balance between—the competing balance between
good vs. evil, physical vs. spiritual, hate vs. love.good vs. evil, physical vs. spiritual, hate vs. love.
(Dualism)(Dualism)
Confucianism competed with two other
philosophies: Taoism and Moism. Confucianism,
being more practical, generally won out.

85. Confucian ScripturesConfucian Scriptures
– I-Ching 1000 BC. Book of divination, magic.I-Ching 1000 BC. Book of divination, magic.
– Shu-Ching. History, ancient documents,Shu-Ching. History, ancient documents,
speeches.speeches.
– Shin-Ching 800-600 BC. Poetry used extensivelyShin-Ching 800-600 BC. Poetry used extensively
by Confucius. Customs concerning courtship,by Confucius. Customs concerning courtship,
marriage, war, agriculture, feasts, sacrifices, etc.marriage, war, agriculture, feasts, sacrifices, etc.
– Li Chi. Book of ceremonial etiquite. 200 BC –Li Chi. Book of ceremonial etiquite. 200 BC –
200 AD.200 AD.
– Ch’un Chiu. History of one Chinese province.Ch’un Chiu. History of one Chinese province.
Collected by Confucius?Collected by Confucius?
– Lun Yu. Written down 400 BC. The sayings ofLun Yu. Written down 400 BC. The sayings of
Confucius, especially on ethics and governmentConfucius, especially on ethics and government
– Analects of Confucius, etc…Analects of Confucius, etc…

86. Confucian World ViewConfucian World View
 DualismDualism
 In some ways world-view neutral, as it is more aIn some ways world-view neutral, as it is more a
collection of aphorisms and wise advice than acollection of aphorisms and wise advice than a
religion.religion.
 Is it a good world view?Is it a good world view?
 Is it “true”? Does chi exist?Is it “true”? Does chi exist?
 Individual not assigned much valueIndividual not assigned much value

87. TaoismTaoism (Daoism)(Daoism)
 Founded by Lao Tzu—a contemporary of Confucius.Founded by Lao Tzu—a contemporary of Confucius.
 Scripture: The Tao Te Ching. Tao = way Te = powerScripture: The Tao Te Ching. Tao = way Te = power
Ching = teachingChing = teaching
 Basic doctrine: Through non-involvement and withdrawal,Basic doctrine: Through non-involvement and withdrawal,
we come to know god/deity. Emphasis on self-interest.we come to know god/deity. Emphasis on self-interest.
“The religion of selfishness.”“The religion of selfishness.”
 Pantheistic. Experience God by contemplating nature.Pantheistic. Experience God by contemplating nature.
 Emphasis on mysticism and magic.Emphasis on mysticism and magic.
““He would not pluck so much as a hair out of his head forHe would not pluck so much as a hair out of his head for
the benefit of his fellow man.”the benefit of his fellow man.”

88. Taoist World ViewTaoist World View
 PantheismPantheism
 Self-focus, emphasis on mysticism and magic.Self-focus, emphasis on mysticism and magic.

89. Baha’iBaha’i
 Founded by Baha-Ullah 1817-1892Founded by Baha-Ullah 1817-1892
 The Bab 1819-1850 The John the Baptist of Baha’iThe Bab 1819-1850 The John the Baptist of Baha’i
 Begun in Iran, moved to Iraq, Lebanon. VeryBegun in Iran, moved to Iraq, Lebanon. Very
widely spread today.widely spread today.
 About 7,000,000 adherents.About 7,000,000 adherents.
 A reform movement within Islam?A reform movement within Islam?

90. History and TeachingHistory and Teaching
 The Bab was martyred in 1850The Bab was martyred in 1850
 in 1852 Baha-Ullah claims to have received ain 1852 Baha-Ullah claims to have received a
vision, while in prison, of a divine woman whovision, while in prison, of a divine woman who
declared him to be “The Beauty of God amongstdeclared him to be “The Beauty of God amongst
you.” ie the next prophet.you.” ie the next prophet.
 Ba’hai is the culmination of all the world’sBa’hai is the culmination of all the world’s
religions. Moses, Krishna, Buddha, Jesus,religions. Moses, Krishna, Buddha, Jesus,
Muhammad, Baha’Ullah.Muhammad, Baha’Ullah.
 No priests, no ceremony.No priests, no ceremony.

91. Theology and TeachingTheology and Teaching
 Monotheistic.Monotheistic.
 God is unknowable “The most Exalted, the Inaccessible.”God is unknowable “The most Exalted, the Inaccessible.”
 Baha-Ullah claimed to beBaha-Ullah claimed to be
– The second coming of Christ—that John 14:16 was about him.The second coming of Christ—that John 14:16 was about him.
– The Maitreya—the second coming of Buddha.The Maitreya—the second coming of Buddha.
– The new incarnation of KrishnaThe new incarnation of Krishna
– The fulfillment of the “Day of God” in the Koran.The fulfillment of the “Day of God” in the Koran.
 Strong emphasis on equality, education, peace.Strong emphasis on equality, education, peace.
 Progressive Revelation. “Religious truth is not absolute butProgressive Revelation. “Religious truth is not absolute but
relative.”relative.”

92. Ba’hai TheologyBa’hai Theology
 Salvation through keeping the law as handedSalvation through keeping the law as handed
down by Baha-Ullahdown by Baha-Ullah
 Emphasis on good deeds, helping the poor,Emphasis on good deeds, helping the poor,
educationeducation
 Jesus did not die for our sins, because he did notJesus did not die for our sins, because he did not
have to. We are imperfect, but not lost.have to. We are imperfect, but not lost.
 Scripture: The writings of Baha-Ullah. There areScripture: The writings of Baha-Ullah. There are
many!many!

93. New Age: A Very Confusing ReligionNew Age: A Very Confusing Religion
Is it:Is it:
Palm reading?Palm reading?
Channeling?Channeling?
Seances?Seances?
Meditation?Meditation?
Reincarnation?Reincarnation?
Occultism?Occultism?
Gurus?Gurus?
Paganism?Paganism?
Gnosticism?Gnosticism?
Mother Goddess worship?Mother Goddess worship?
Yes… all the above.Yes… all the above.

94. So, What is New Age, Really?So, What is New Age, Really?
 You are God, I am God, the trees are God, we all areYou are God, I am God, the trees are God, we all are
God!God!
 New Age is Western pantheismNew Age is Western pantheism
 New Age is a syncretistic blend of Gnosticism,New Age is a syncretistic blend of Gnosticism,
Hinduism, Spiritualism, Mysticism, Buddhism andHinduism, Spiritualism, Mysticism, Buddhism and
Paganism.Paganism.
 New Age is Monism! God is everything I am God!!!New Age is Monism! God is everything I am God!!!
““Once we begin to see that we are all God, then IOnce we begin to see that we are all God, then I
think the whole purpose of life is to re-own the God-think the whole purpose of life is to re-own the God-
likeness within us.”likeness within us.”

95. ISLAM & JIHAD:ISLAM & JIHAD:
A RELIGION OF PEACE?A RELIGION OF PEACE?

96. ISLAM, 7ISLAM, 7thth
century ADcentury AD
FIVE PILLARSFIVE PILLARS
 ConfessionConfession
 AlmsgivingAlmsgiving
 PrayerPrayer
 FastingFasting
(Ramadan)(Ramadan)
 PilgrimagePilgrimage
(Hadj)(Hadj)

97. ISLAM, 7ISLAM, 7thth
century ADcentury AD
SIXSIX PILLARS?PILLARS?
 ConfessionConfession
 AlmsgivingAlmsgiving
 PrayerPrayer
 FastingFasting
(Ramadan)(Ramadan)
 PilgrimagePilgrimage
(Hadj)(Hadj)
 JihadJihad

98. MOHAMMEDMOHAMMED
•• Claimed Gabriel spoke to himClaimed Gabriel spoke to him
when he was 40 (610 AD)when he was 40 (610 AD)
 Turned from persuasion to warfareTurned from persuasion to warfare
 Attacked caravansAttacked caravans  attackattack
cities/nationscities/nations
 Conversion at sword-pointConversion at sword-point
 Mohammed ordered assassination ofMohammed ordered assassination of
those who mocked him in theirthose who mocked him in their
poems.poems.
•• Massacred 700 Jews in MedinaMassacred 700 Jews in Medina
 Fifteen wivesFifteen wives

99. • Early Period in Mecca. Muhammad sees
himself as following tradition of Judaism.
Muslims pray toward Jerusalem.
• Early Medina period. Mohammad begins
to be politically powerful. The idea of Jihad
introduced.
• Later Medina and Meccan period.
Muhammad strongly opposed to Jews and
Christianity. Islam definitely a distinct
religion.

100. Qur’an and womenQur’an and women

““Men have authority over womenMen have authority over women
because Allah has made the onebecause Allah has made the one
superior to the other, and becausesuperior to the other, and because
they spend their wealth to supportthey spend their wealth to support
them. Good women are obedient…them. Good women are obedient…
If they are rebellious, rebuke them,If they are rebellious, rebuke them,
beat them, and send them to bed.”beat them, and send them to bed.”
-- 4:34-- 4:34

101. Qur’an and JihadQur’an and Jihad
““Wage war on them until the infidels are noWage war on them until the infidels are no
moremore and Allah’s religion reignsand Allah’s religion reigns
supreme.”supreme.”
8:12 Cut off their finger tips, stab them in8:12 Cut off their finger tips, stab them in
the neck.the neck.
48:16,17 Atone for sin by killing in war.48:16,17 Atone for sin by killing in war.
 47:4-6 Martyrdom47:4-6 Martyrdom →→ Heaven.Heaven.

102. Qur’an and punishment of enemiesQur’an and punishment of enemies
““The punishment of those whoThe punishment of those who
wage war against God and hiswage war against God and his
Apostle, and strive with might andApostle, and strive with might and
main for mischief through the landmain for mischief through the land
is: execution, or crucifixion, oris: execution, or crucifixion, or
cutting off of hands and feet fromcutting off of hands and feet from
opposite sides, or exile from theopposite sides, or exile from the
land.” (5:36)land.” (5:36)

103. Islamic TheologyIslamic Theology
 Like Christianity and Judaism, Islam isLike Christianity and Judaism, Islam is
monotheisticmonotheistic
 But there are several differences in the theologyBut there are several differences in the theology
of these religions.of these religions.
 In Islam God is more like the neo-Platonic idea ofIn Islam God is more like the neo-Platonic idea of
God—very distant and removed from man.God—very distant and removed from man.

104. Islamic TheologyIslamic Theology
““Surely good deeds take away evilSurely good deeds take away evil
deeds” (11:114).deeds” (11:114).
KabiraKabira (big sins)—murder, adultery, drunkenness,(big sins)—murder, adultery, drunkenness,
disobeying parents, neglecting Ramadan or Fridaydisobeying parents, neglecting Ramadan or Friday
prayers, gambling, dancing, shaving the beard,prayers, gambling, dancing, shaving the beard,
forgetting the Koran after reading it, usury…forgetting the Koran after reading it, usury…
Forgiveness with repentance.Forgiveness with repentance.
SaghiraSaghira (little sins)—deceit, anger, lust. Forgiveness if(little sins)—deceit, anger, lust. Forgiveness if
greater sins are avoided and good deeds aregreater sins are avoided and good deeds are
performed.performed.
ShirkShirk—association (of other gods—association (of other gods with Allah). Nowith Allah). No
forgiveness.forgiveness.

105. Salvation by ownSalvation by own
efforteffort
(40:9, 39:61, 7:43)(40:9, 39:61, 7:43)
Charity atones for sinsCharity atones for sins
(2:271,277)(2:271,277)
Earn grace.Earn grace.
Earn favor of Allah.Earn favor of Allah.
Earn salvation.Earn salvation.
Earn paradise.Earn paradise.

106. Islam: Salvation is earned through the
efforts of those who were pre-selected
by Allah to inhabit a very sensual
paradise.
Christianity: Salvation is granted by
the grace of a loving God to those who,
through faith and repentance and
baptism accept that love.

107. A Question: Who reaches out to whom?

108. InitiativeInitiative
Human approachHuman approach TruthTruth
GodGod GodGod
MankindMankind MankindMankind

109. Works Salvation: Man
reaches out to God.
Islam
Hinduism
Jaina
Sikkhism
Gnosticism
New Age
Buddhism?
Salvation by Grace:
God reaches out to man.
Judaism
Christianity

110. Islam: Salvation is earned through the
efforts of those who were pre-selected
by Allah to inhabit a very sensual
paradise.
Christianity: Salvation is granted by
the grace of a loving God to those who,
through faith and repentance and
baptism accept that love.

111. Islamic Worldview:
Obviously closer to the Christian world view than Eastern
Religions, but…
God is very distant from mankind
In Islam, Allah determines everything, even who will
choose to follow him.
Sura 2:142, 6:39 6:125
Inshallah God willing. It is God’s will that people suffer.

112. Is Islam a Good World View?Is Islam a Good World View?
 Is it true? Is Mohammed a prophet?
– Fifteen wives
– Massacre of 700 Jews
– Doctrine of Abrogation
– Science errors
 Does it make its followers better?
– Motivation to help others?
– Are women respected?
– Does emphasis on Jihad lead to loving non-Muslims?

113. SummarySummary
 The theologies of world religions are fundamentallyThe theologies of world religions are fundamentally
and diametrically opposed to one another. Manyand diametrically opposed to one another. Many
paths to the same God is a ludicrous philosophy.paths to the same God is a ludicrous philosophy.
 The world view of Christianity is radically differentThe world view of Christianity is radically different
from any other religion. They cannot both be right!from any other religion. They cannot both be right!
 The truth of the Bible is confirmed byThe truth of the Bible is confirmed by
– Clear evidence of inspiration (fulfilled prophecy,Clear evidence of inspiration (fulfilled prophecy,
types and foreshadows, historical accuracy,types and foreshadows, historical accuracy,
scientific evidence, etc…)scientific evidence, etc…)
– Public miracles worked by Moses, Elijah andPublic miracles worked by Moses, Elijah and
others, and especially by Jesus Christ (Hebrewsothers, and especially by Jesus Christ (Hebrews
2:3,4).2:3,4).

114. So, What is Truth?So, What is Truth?
 John 14:6 I AM the way the TRUTH and the life.John 14:6 I AM the way the TRUTH and the life.
no one comes to the Father, except by me.no one comes to the Father, except by me.
 Why are Postmodernism, Scientism, Animism,Why are Postmodernism, Scientism, Animism,
Polytheism, Pantheism, Dualism and every otherPolytheism, Pantheism, Dualism and every other
ism wrong?ism wrong?
 Genesis Chapter OneGenesis Chapter One
 Because Jesus is truth.Because Jesus is truth.
Two Possibilities: Either Jesus is truth or he isTwo Possibilities: Either Jesus is truth or he is
not…..not…..

115. How Do I Know Jesus is Truth?How Do I Know Jesus is Truth?
 Fulfilled prophecies of the Messiah.Fulfilled prophecies of the Messiah.
 John 6:48 I am the bread of life.John 6:48 I am the bread of life.
 John 11:25 I am the resurrection and the life.John 11:25 I am the resurrection and the life.
 John 2:19 Destroy this temple and I will raise itJohn 2:19 Destroy this temple and I will raise it
in three days. Jesus was resurrected from thein three days. Jesus was resurrected from the
dead.dead.