This document provides an agenda and overview for a CHI 2003 tutorial on web search engines. The tutorial aims to introduce HCI professionals to user interface issues related to search on the web. It covers topics such as the architecture and algorithms of modern search engines, evaluation and measurement of search quality, and interfaces for query formulation, evaluating results, and refining searches. The tutorial instructors are Krishna Bharat and Bay-Wei Chang from Google Inc. and includes slides on web vs traditional IR, query deployment and refinement, and other search interface design topics.
Distinction between humans and web robots, in
terms of computer network security, has led to the robot
detection problem. An exact solution for this issue can
preserve web sites from the intrusion of malicious robots and
increase the performance of web servers by prioritizing
human users. In this article, we propose a density based
method called DBC_WRD (Density Based Clustering for
Web Robot Detection) to discover the traffic of web robots
on two large real data sets. So, we assume the visitors as the
spatial instances and introduce two new features to describe
and distinguish them. These attributes are based on the
behavioral patterns of web visitors and remain invariant
over time. By focusing on one of the disadvantages of
DBSCAN as the density based clustering algorithm used in
this paper, we just utilize 4 features to reduce the
dimensions. According to the supervised evaluations,
DBC_WRD can have the 96% of Jaccard metric and
produce two clusters which have the entropy and purity
rates of 0.0215 and 0.97, respectively. Furthermore, the
comparisons show that from the standpoint of clustering
quality and accuracy, DBC_WRD performs better than
state-of-the-art algorithms. Finally, it can be concluded that
some non-malicious popular web robots, through imitating
the human’s behavior, make it difficult to be identified.
Lecture 5: Personalization on the Social Web (2014)Lora Aroyo
This is the fifth lecture in the Social Web course (2014) at the VU University Amsterdam. Visit the website for more information: http://thesocialweb2014.wordpress.com/
HCI 2014 (2 of 10): Human Factor. UsersSabin Buraga
Human capacities, cognition, modeling users, empirical laws, personas. For other details, see http://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/hci/hci-film.html
Lecture 2: Interactions, Frameworks, Privacy & Security on the Social Web (2014)Lora Aroyo
This is the second lecture in the Social Web course (2014) at the VU University Amsterdam. Visit the website for more information: http://thesocialweb2014.wordpress.com/
"Are You Afraid of the Semantic Web" by Sabin Corneliu Buraga @ eLiberatica 2007eLiberatica
This is a presentation held at eLiberatica 2007.
http://www.eliberatica.ro/2007/
One of the biggest events of its kind in Eastern Europe, eLiberatica brings community leaders from around the world to discuss about the hottest topics in FLOSS movement, demonstrating the advantages of adopting, using and developing Open Source and Free Software solutions.
The eLiberatica organizational committee together with our speakers and guests, have graciously allowed media representatives and all attendees to photograph, videotape and otherwise record their sessions, on the condition that the photos, videos and recordings are licensed under the Creative Commons Share-Alike 3.0 License.
Distinction between humans and web robots, in
terms of computer network security, has led to the robot
detection problem. An exact solution for this issue can
preserve web sites from the intrusion of malicious robots and
increase the performance of web servers by prioritizing
human users. In this article, we propose a density based
method called DBC_WRD (Density Based Clustering for
Web Robot Detection) to discover the traffic of web robots
on two large real data sets. So, we assume the visitors as the
spatial instances and introduce two new features to describe
and distinguish them. These attributes are based on the
behavioral patterns of web visitors and remain invariant
over time. By focusing on one of the disadvantages of
DBSCAN as the density based clustering algorithm used in
this paper, we just utilize 4 features to reduce the
dimensions. According to the supervised evaluations,
DBC_WRD can have the 96% of Jaccard metric and
produce two clusters which have the entropy and purity
rates of 0.0215 and 0.97, respectively. Furthermore, the
comparisons show that from the standpoint of clustering
quality and accuracy, DBC_WRD performs better than
state-of-the-art algorithms. Finally, it can be concluded that
some non-malicious popular web robots, through imitating
the human’s behavior, make it difficult to be identified.
Lecture 5: Personalization on the Social Web (2014)Lora Aroyo
This is the fifth lecture in the Social Web course (2014) at the VU University Amsterdam. Visit the website for more information: http://thesocialweb2014.wordpress.com/
HCI 2014 (2 of 10): Human Factor. UsersSabin Buraga
Human capacities, cognition, modeling users, empirical laws, personas. For other details, see http://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/hci/hci-film.html
Lecture 2: Interactions, Frameworks, Privacy & Security on the Social Web (2014)Lora Aroyo
This is the second lecture in the Social Web course (2014) at the VU University Amsterdam. Visit the website for more information: http://thesocialweb2014.wordpress.com/
"Are You Afraid of the Semantic Web" by Sabin Corneliu Buraga @ eLiberatica 2007eLiberatica
This is a presentation held at eLiberatica 2007.
http://www.eliberatica.ro/2007/
One of the biggest events of its kind in Eastern Europe, eLiberatica brings community leaders from around the world to discuss about the hottest topics in FLOSS movement, demonstrating the advantages of adopting, using and developing Open Source and Free Software solutions.
The eLiberatica organizational committee together with our speakers and guests, have graciously allowed media representatives and all attendees to photograph, videotape and otherwise record their sessions, on the condition that the photos, videos and recordings are licensed under the Creative Commons Share-Alike 3.0 License.
A presentation regarding the Human-Computer Interaction (2015): HCI Engineering. UI Evaluation. Models.
For details, visit the HCI discipline Website available at http://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/hci/
Model-based user interaction in the context of software engineering. Other aspects of interest at http://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/hci/hci-film.html
Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 47 (2014) 28–45Cont.docxedgar6wallace88877
Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 47 (2014) 28–45
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / s i m p a t
Insight Maker: A general-purpose tool for web-based modeling
& simulation
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2014.03.013
1569-190X/� 2014 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
E-mail address: [email protected]
1 The exact search query used was ‘’’modeling tool’’ OR ‘‘simulation tool’’’ in the Topic field.
Scott Fortmann-Roe
University of California, Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, United States
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 29 April 2013
Received in revised form 23 March 2014
Accepted 26 March 2014
Available online 14 June 2014
Keywords:
Modeling
Simulation
Web-based technologies
System Dynamics
Agent-Based Modeling
A web-based, general-purpose simulation and modeling tool is presented in this paper. The
tool, Insight Maker, has been designed to make modeling and simulation accessible to a
wider audience of users. Insight Maker integrates three general modeling approaches –
System Dynamics, Agent-Based Modeling, and imperative programming – in a unified
modeling framework. The environment provides a graphical model construction interface
that is implemented purely in client-side code that runs on users’ machines. Advanced fea-
tures, such as model scripting and an optimization tool, are also described. Insight Maker,
under development for several years, has gained significant adoption with currently more
than 20,000 registered users. In addition to detailing the tool and its guiding philosophy,
this first paper on Insight Maker describes lessons learned from the development of a com-
plex web-based simulation and modeling tool.
� 2014 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
1. Introduction
The field of modeling and simulation tools is diverse and emergent. General-purpose modeling tools (e.g. MATLAB’s
Simulink or the Modelica language [1]) sit beside highly focused and domain-specific applications (e.g. [2] for modeling
network control systems, [3] for simulating the behavior of wireless network routing protocols, or [4] for the simulation
and control of turbines). Interest in and published works on such tools has grown over time. The ISI Web of Knowledge
reports a substantial growth in papers published on modeling or simulation tools with 299 such papers published in the span
of 1985–1989, 1482 published from 1995 to 1999, and 3727 published from 2005 to 2009.1
For end-users, simulation and modeling tools are generally designed as executables to be run on a consumer operating
system such as W.
A presentation regarding the Human-Computer Interaction (2015): Design Methodologies.
For details, visit the HCI discipline Website available at http://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/hci/
Cross discipline collaboration benefits from group think, a consolidation of soft system methodology and user focused design that all starts with design thinking that sees clients, designers, developers and information architects working together to address user problems and needs. As with any great adventure, design thinking starts with exploration and discovery.This presentation examines the high level tenants of system thinking, expands the scope of user thinking to include tools and devices that users employ to find out designs and delve into the specifics of design thinking, its methods and outcomes.
Babouk: Focused Web Crawling for Corpus Compilation and Automatic Terminology...Christophe Tricot
The use of the World Wide Web as a free source for large linguistic resources is a well-established idea. Such resources are keystones to domains such as lexicon-based categorization, information retrieval, machine translation and information extraction. In this paper, we present an industrial focused web crawler for the automatic compilation of specialized corpora from the web. This application, created within the framework of the TTC project1, is used daily by several linguists to bootstrap large thematic corpora which are then used to automatically generate bilingual terminologies
IUI 2010: An Informal Summary of the International Conference on Intelligent ...J S
Highlights from the main track, poster/demo-session & the VISSW/UDISW/EGIHMI workshops. This is an informal compilation of personal notes from the conference & proceedings, twitter (#iui2010), Ian Ozsvald's blog (http://ianozsvald.com/), and other sources. Citations were not coherently possible, so I chose to stick with links instead. Please let me know if you'd like to see your work more thoroughly referenced.
A presentation regarding the Human-Computer Interaction (2015): HCI Engineering. UI Evaluation. Models.
For details, visit the HCI discipline Website available at http://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/hci/
Model-based user interaction in the context of software engineering. Other aspects of interest at http://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/hci/hci-film.html
Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 47 (2014) 28–45Cont.docxedgar6wallace88877
Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 47 (2014) 28–45
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / s i m p a t
Insight Maker: A general-purpose tool for web-based modeling
& simulation
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2014.03.013
1569-190X/� 2014 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
E-mail address: [email protected]
1 The exact search query used was ‘’’modeling tool’’ OR ‘‘simulation tool’’’ in the Topic field.
Scott Fortmann-Roe
University of California, Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, United States
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 29 April 2013
Received in revised form 23 March 2014
Accepted 26 March 2014
Available online 14 June 2014
Keywords:
Modeling
Simulation
Web-based technologies
System Dynamics
Agent-Based Modeling
A web-based, general-purpose simulation and modeling tool is presented in this paper. The
tool, Insight Maker, has been designed to make modeling and simulation accessible to a
wider audience of users. Insight Maker integrates three general modeling approaches –
System Dynamics, Agent-Based Modeling, and imperative programming – in a unified
modeling framework. The environment provides a graphical model construction interface
that is implemented purely in client-side code that runs on users’ machines. Advanced fea-
tures, such as model scripting and an optimization tool, are also described. Insight Maker,
under development for several years, has gained significant adoption with currently more
than 20,000 registered users. In addition to detailing the tool and its guiding philosophy,
this first paper on Insight Maker describes lessons learned from the development of a com-
plex web-based simulation and modeling tool.
� 2014 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
1. Introduction
The field of modeling and simulation tools is diverse and emergent. General-purpose modeling tools (e.g. MATLAB’s
Simulink or the Modelica language [1]) sit beside highly focused and domain-specific applications (e.g. [2] for modeling
network control systems, [3] for simulating the behavior of wireless network routing protocols, or [4] for the simulation
and control of turbines). Interest in and published works on such tools has grown over time. The ISI Web of Knowledge
reports a substantial growth in papers published on modeling or simulation tools with 299 such papers published in the span
of 1985–1989, 1482 published from 1995 to 1999, and 3727 published from 2005 to 2009.1
For end-users, simulation and modeling tools are generally designed as executables to be run on a consumer operating
system such as W.
A presentation regarding the Human-Computer Interaction (2015): Design Methodologies.
For details, visit the HCI discipline Website available at http://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/hci/
Cross discipline collaboration benefits from group think, a consolidation of soft system methodology and user focused design that all starts with design thinking that sees clients, designers, developers and information architects working together to address user problems and needs. As with any great adventure, design thinking starts with exploration and discovery.This presentation examines the high level tenants of system thinking, expands the scope of user thinking to include tools and devices that users employ to find out designs and delve into the specifics of design thinking, its methods and outcomes.
Babouk: Focused Web Crawling for Corpus Compilation and Automatic Terminology...Christophe Tricot
The use of the World Wide Web as a free source for large linguistic resources is a well-established idea. Such resources are keystones to domains such as lexicon-based categorization, information retrieval, machine translation and information extraction. In this paper, we present an industrial focused web crawler for the automatic compilation of specialized corpora from the web. This application, created within the framework of the TTC project1, is used daily by several linguists to bootstrap large thematic corpora which are then used to automatically generate bilingual terminologies
IUI 2010: An Informal Summary of the International Conference on Intelligent ...J S
Highlights from the main track, poster/demo-session & the VISSW/UDISW/EGIHMI workshops. This is an informal compilation of personal notes from the conference & proceedings, twitter (#iui2010), Ian Ozsvald's blog (http://ianozsvald.com/), and other sources. Citations were not coherently possible, so I chose to stick with links instead. Please let me know if you'd like to see your work more thoroughly referenced.
1. CHI 2003 Tutorial
Web Search Engines:
Algorithms and User Interfaces
Krishna Bharat & Bay-Wei Chang
Google Inc.
2400 Bayshore Parkway
Mountain View, CA 94043
krishna@google.com, bay@google.com
http://www.google.com/
2. Table of Contents
Agenda.....................................................................................iii
Instructors ................................................................................iv
Objectives ................................................................................ v
Introduction .............................................................................. v
Tutorial Slides .......................................................................... 1
PART 1: Web IR & Search Engines ......................................... 3
Introduction ..................................................................... 4
IR vs Web IR.......................................................... 5
Role of HCI Specialists ........................................ 14
Implementing Web Search ........................................... 19
Classic IR............................................................. 20
Web-Specific Challenges ..................................... 28
Web IR................................................................. 33
Evaluation of Search Engines ....................................... 55
Quality.................................................................. 56
Coverage ............................................................. 62
PART 2: Web Search User Interfaces ................................... 67
Web Search vs Traditional IR........................................ 69
Search Task: Information Need..................................... 75
Search Task: Query Formulation................................... 78
Search Task: Evaluating Results................................... 91
Search Task: Refining Queries / Results..................... 117
Search Task: Collecting Information............................ 125
Other Topics ............................................................... 129
Bibliography ......................................................................... 145
CHI 2003 ii Bharat and Chang
3. Agenda
2:00 - 2:10 Introduction, Tutorial Objectives
2:10 - 2:20 Section Outline, Role of HCI Specialists
2:20 - 3:00 Search Algorithms: Classic IR to Web IR
3:00 - 3:30 Evaluation and Measurement
3:30 - 4:00 Coffee Break
4:00 – 4:10 Web Search vs. Traditional IR
4:10 – 4:30 Interfaces for Forming Queries
4:30 – 4:50 Interfaces for Evaluating Results
4:50 – 5:10 Interfaces for Search Refinement
5:10 – 5:20 Client-side tools, 2D and 3D interfaces
5:20 - 5:30 Closing Comments, Q&A
CHI 2003 iii Bharat and Chang
4. Instructors
Krishna Bharat
Krishna is a Senior Research Scientist at Google Inc. He
was previously at DEC/Compaq Systems Research
Center, where he worked on interfaces and algorithms for
web information retrieval. He received his Ph.D. from the
GVU Center, Georgia Tech in 1996, where he worked on
algorithm and infrastructure support for building
distributed GUI applications.
Bay-Wei Chang
Bay-Wei is a Senior Research Scientist at Google Inc. He
was previously at Xerox PARC, where his research
revolved around user interface issues in web editing,
portable document readers, and hyptertext annotations.
He received his Ph.D. from Stanford University, where he
worked on object-oriented languages, programming
environments, and cartoon-inspired animation in user
interfaces.
CHI 2003 iv Bharat and Chang
5. Objectives
o An introduction to the architecture, algorithms, and processes of
modern search engines
o Structure and properties of the world wide web, in particular,
attributes that affect the performance and quality of web search
o Search interface design, including client-side tools
Introduction
Search engines are one of the most familiar sights on the World Wide Web. As the web
keeps getting larger and more unmanageable, search engines and directories become
more valuable in helping people get where they want to go. Text retrieval systems, once
the domain of librarians, have now moved onto the desktop, and are starting to be used on
PDAs and cell phones as well.
The aim of this tutorial is to introduce HCI professionals to the user interface issues
associated with search on the web. To more fully understand the interface possibilities,
participants are first introduced to the architecture and algorithms of modern search
engines. With this background, we will discuss prior work in user interface design for
search engine front-ends and client-side search tools and opportunities for interface
innovation.. We will discuss the differences between web search and traditional
information retrieval in terms of audience, scope, and technologies.
CHI 2003 v Bharat and Chang
6. Modern IR/ Web IR
• Queries
– Short queries.
• Users often seek starting points
• Lower expectations. Also, Web is walkable.
– Transaction oriented queries
• E.g., trying to buy/download/register/sell/...
– Novice users
• Boolean is confusing “books about italy and cooking”
– Unstructured queries: full text search
12
CHI 2003 12 Bharat and Chang
7. Search Interfaces
• Interaction cycle:
– Query Deployment => Inspection of Results
=> Refinement/Reformulation
• Interface evolution:
– Plain text box => Graphical => Plain text box
• Feature addition for web search is hard:
– Deployment to lowest common denominator
– Competition for screen real estate/eyeballs
– Low value added (good for 1%, clutter for 99%)
13
CHI 2003 13 Bharat and Chang
8. Query: human computer interaction
Engine 1 Engine 2
1. ACM/SIGCHI Home Page 1. Fuller, 'HUMAN-COMPUTER-... INTERACTION:HOW
(http://www.acm.org/sigchi/) COMPUTERS AFFECT INTERPERSONAL
(http://hegel.lib.ncsu.edu/stacks/serials/aejvc/aejvc-v2n02-
2. TOCHI fuller-humancomputer-human.txt)
(http://www.acm.org/pubs/contents/journ
als/tochi/) 2. HUMAN-COMPUTER-H... INTERACTION: HOW
COMPUTERS AFFECT INTERPERSONAL ...
3. Human-Computer Interaction (http://www-
Resources on the Net marketing.com/virtuelle_gemeinschaft/text/fuller.94.txt)
(http://www.ida.liu.se/labs/aslab/groups/u
m/hci/) 3. Computer human Interaction
(http://cs.ua.edu/285/Lectures/November/Nov
4. University of Maryland, Human- 29/computer_human_interaction.htm) :
Computer Interaction Lab
(http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/hcil/) 4. Bibliography of "ACM Transactions on Computer-Human
Interaction
5. HCI Bibliography : Human-Computer (http://i90fs4.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Misc/HBP/ACMTOCHI.
Interaction Publications and ... html)
(http://www.hcibib.org/)
5. Informatics and Communication - 85401 Computer
Human Interaction A
(http://www.infocom.cqu.edu.au/Archives/Units/1998/Autumn/
85401_Computer_Human_Interaction_A/index.txt.html)
Relevant & Authoritative Relevant 29
CHI 2003 29 Bharat and Chang
9. Quality-Biased Ranking
• Link Analysis (authors know best)
– Anchor text
– Link Popularity: Estimate page quality based on
who links to the page
• Usage Analysis (surfers know best)
– Click Popularity: Watch where people go and
estimate popularity among surfers
33
CHI 2003 33 Bharat and Chang
10. Link Analysis Algorithms
• Query independent page quality
– Pagerank (Google)
(global analysis) P
• Query specific page quality
– Kleinberg’s algorithm & variants
(local analysis)
P
Q
36
CHI 2003 36 Bharat and Chang
11. Back Forward
Start Set
Pages Pages
Query neighborhood
Query neighborhood
for
for
jaguar car
jaguar car 47
CHI 2003 47 Bharat and Chang
12. Size of the Web Estimation
[Lawr98b, Bhar98b]
Capture – Recapture technique
– Ranger E1 tagged a 100 zebras in the
Masai Mara game park, Kenya
– Ranger E2 (independently) rounded up 1000 zebras of
which 25 had E1’s tags
Since E2 found 25% of E1’s
zebras let us assume that E2
found 25% of ALL zebras
in the park E2
Knowing the size of
E1
E2’s catch (1000)
we conclude that the
total # of zebras = 1000/25% = 4000 WEB
65
CHI 2003 65 Bharat and Chang
14. Initiate queries by selection
• “Bookmarklets” [www.bookmarklets.com]
– Search on highlighted selections in page context
• Search term extraction from a wide area
selection [Lowd98]
• XLibris document
reader [Pric98]
89
CHI 2003 89 Bharat and Chang
15. Integrating multiple result types
• Types of results:
– Web pages
– Directory categories (eg, Open Directory)
– News items
– Specialized information: stock quotes, maps, …
– Manually selected results
– Advertisements
• Identify type of result w/o too much clutter
• Emphasize most useful results
– May vary depending on query & user
98
CHI 2003 98 Bharat and Chang
16. Scanning results
• Differentiate attributes to allow for scanning
• Tables allow easy comparison of attributes
– But can be slow to load; consume space
– TableLens [Rao94]: visualize many rows of info
• Hi-cites [Bald98]
– Highlights similar features when moused over
103
CHI 2003 103 Bharat and Chang
17. Proxying results
• Allows enhancement of result pages
– Highlighting search terms
– Navigating to terms (Inquirus [Lawr98a])
– Annotating links, adding info [Barr97, Barr98]
112
CHI 2003 112 Bharat and Chang
18. www.simpli.com
Multiple meanings
www.oingo.com
www.wordmap.com
120
-like clustering or categorization interfaces earlier, but applied upfront
-Some require you to specify what the intended meaning is first, before any
results are shown
-Slows down search
-Alternatively, show all results, and provide refinements
-Still moves focus to list, rather than search results
CHI 2003 120 Bharat and Chang
19. SearchPad [Bhar00b]
• Mark and save
interesting search
results
127
-MSN had a feature in which results could be saved (no longer)
CHI 2003 127 Bharat and Chang
20. Search workspaces
• Support entire search process
• Manipulate existing queries and searches
Sketchtrieve [Hend97] DLITE [Cous97]
135
CHI 2003 135 Bharat and Chang
21. [Suh02] Bongwon Suh, Allison Woodruff, Ruth Rosenholtz, and Alyssa Glass. Popout
Prism: Adding perceptual principles to overview+detail document interfaces.
CHI 2002, 2002.
[Vanr79] C. J. van Rijsbergen. Information Retrieval (2nd Edition), London, UK.
Butterworth. 1979.
http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/Keith/Preface.html
[Voor98] E. M. Voorhees. Variations in Relevance Judgments and the Measurement of
Retrieval Effectiveness. In Proc. of SIGIR 1998: 315-323.1998.
http://www.itl.nist.gov/iaui/894.02/works/papers/sigir98.dvi.ps
[Voor98] E. Voorhees. Using WordNet for Text Retrieval. In C. Fellbaum, (Ed.),
WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database (pp.285-303). Cambridge,
Massachusetts, USA: The MIT Press. 1998.
[Witt97] Kent Wittenburg and Eric Sigman. Integration of browsing, searching, and
filtering in an applet for web information access. CHI’97, 1997.
[Wood91] Allison Woodruff, Andrew Faulring, Ruth Rosenholtz, Julie Morrison, and
Peter Pirolli. Using thumbnails to search the web. CHI 2001, 2001.
[Zami88] Oren Zamir and Oren Etzioni: Web Document Clustering: A Feasibility
Demonstration. SIGIR 1998: 46-54
[Zami99] Oren Zamir and Oren Etzioni: Grouper: A Dynamic Clustering Interface to
Web Search Results. WWW8 / Computer Networks, 31(11-16): 1361-1374
(1999)
[Zell98] Polle T. Zellweger, Bay-Wei Chang, and Jock Mackinlay. Fluid links for
informed and incremental link transitions. Hypertext’98, 1998.
CHI 2003 153 Bharat and Chang