A consolidated description of SAL mice violence from behavior, physiology, neurochemistry point of view.

1. Violence Vs Functional Aggression A behavioral approach 01/12/10 | Deepa Natarajan D. Natarajan @rug.nl School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience faculty of mathematics and natural sciences Behavioural physiology

3. Ambiguity 01/12/10 | Is human aggression = animal aggression?

5. 01/12/10 | Manipulations The vicious cycle towards violence: Focus on the negative feedback mechanisms of brain serotonin neurotransmission. deBoer, Caramaschi, Natarajan, Koolhaas, Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience , Front Behav Neurosci. 2009; 3: 52.

7. Quantitative 01/12/10 | Pathological Aggression : High frequency of Attack Bites, Bouts ( miczek et al 2002 )

8. Qualitative 01/12/10 | High A/T ratio, attack vulnerable body parts, low basal heart rate, poor social explorations ( Haller et al 2005 ) Adrenelectomy

9. Qualitative - contd 01/12/10 | ( Koolhaas et al 1978 ) Electric stimulation - Hypothalamus Context Independent Attack regardless of sex, dominance, opponent state

11. Resident-Intruder Paradigm 01/12/10 | D y a d i c I n t e r a c t i o n s NC900 / 100 TA / TNA SAL / LAL Sensory contact Dyadic Interaction Familiar Conspecific Interaction ( Home/ Neutral )

13. Attack latency Time (ALT) 01/12/10 | SAL, TA, NC900 – Low attack latencies; LAL, TNA, NC100 – High attack latencies => Attack latency is NOT a measure to differentiate violence/aggression

14. Offensive Behaviors (Threat, Attack, Chase) Duration, Frequency 01/12/10 | => Duration/ Frequency revealed high/low aggression => SAL showed least social exploratory behavior than others Offense, Social Exploration, Approach/Avoidance, Withdrawal

16. T/(A+C) ratio 01/12/10 | SAL is significantly less ritualistic than aTNA. => T/(A+C) ratios do NOT reveal differences between SAL, TA, NC900 V iolence => Low T/(A+C) ratio

17. O/W ratio 01/12/10 | Highest O/W ratio: SAL > NC900 > aLAL, TA, aTNA Violence => Highest O/W value Mice line Offence Withdrawal Offence/ Withdrawal ratio SAL 1978 52 [22] 38/ 1 TA 1608 146 [61] 11/ 1 NC 900 1544 56 [40] 28/ 1 aLAL 436 31 [23] 14/ 1 aTNA 603 65 [28] 9/ 1

19. Context Dependency 01/12/10 | SAL showed no context dependency Violence => offensive regardless of sex, state of opponent

22. Behavioral Sequence Analysis 01/12/10 | Kravitz 2005

24. NC900/SAL 01/12/10 | SAL showed poor agonistic repertoire/ conflict-oriented than NC900 Natarajan et al 2009, Caramaschi et al 2008 21 % 34 % 31 % 28 % Non-social exploration 199 Social exploration 176 Threat 168 Attack 165 Immobility 147 AW 150 W 14 33 % 47 % 21 % 56 % N =1342 18 % 39 % Chase 223 32 % 12 % Social exploration 24 AW 22 W 31 58 % 71 % 47 % N = 1132 10 % Non-social exploration 114 Threat 246 Attack 215 Chase 243 Immobility 150 37 % 29 % 34 % 47 % 28 % 37 % 29 % 45 %

25. Concluding remarks 01/12/10 | SAL is violent ; NC900 is functionally aggressive NC900 Variables SAL Yes Pre-conflict behaviors (Ritualistic) No Moderate, less Conflict behaviors High, Diverse Yes Post-conflict behaviors No No Physiological constraints (Immobility) Yes No Context Independency Yes

27. Physiological Evidences 01/12/10 | SAL and NC900 showed the lowest heart rates than TA Caramaschi et al 2008b Heart Rate: Violence exhibits low basal heart rates

28. Physiological evidences – 2 01/12/10 | All high aggressive lines react less upon stress Caramaschi et al 2008b Stress Reactivity is less in Violence

29. Neurochemical evidences 01/12/10 | SAL showed the least [5-HT] and [5-HIAA] than TA and NC900 Caramaschi et al 2007 Violence exhibits low 5-HT, 5-HIAA levels

31. Final Summary 01/12/10 | Violent, Hyperaggressive, Indiscrete and Docile Phenotypes NC900 Structure Context SAL TA aLAL VIOLENT HYPERAGGRESSIVE DOCILITY INDISCRETE aTNA Inhibited Uninhibited Poor discrimination High discrimination

34. Thank you for your attention 01/12/10 |