This document summarizes information about approaches to monitoring media plurality in the EU and some member states. It discusses how the EU initially pursued harmonization of media ownership rules but later shifted to a monitoring approach through the Media Pluralism Monitor project. The project assesses risks to pluralism across six domains using economic, socio-demographic, and legal indicators. Examples are given of Germany's system for identifying "dominant opinion-forming power" and monitoring systems in other countries like Belgium and the Netherlands.
Prof. Dr. Peggy Valcke (KU Leuven, ICRI - IBBT)
Media Pluralism and Diversity &
Countering Hate Speech in Europe
Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom; DEMOS
Institute; Open Society Foundations; UNESCO
European University Institute, 27 March 2012
Prof. Dr. Peggy Valcke (KU Leuven, ICRI - IBBT)
A Definition of Pluralism in the Media Sector – Comparing Results of EU projects
Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom
European University Institute, 27 April 2012.
More info at: http://cmpf.eui.eu/events/definition-of-pluralism.aspx
(1) Media freedom and pluralism are important for democracy by facilitating information flow to citizens and exposing governments to scrutiny, which leads citizens to make informed political choices.
(2) There are challenges in measuring media pluralism across contexts due to disagreements over indicators and challenges in standardizing versus contextualizing approaches. Quantitative methods provide comparable data but may lose context, while qualitative methods provide explanations but are harder to compare.
(3) Past studies have measured media pluralism using legal, socio-demographic and economic indicators, but there are debates around how to identify the right indicators and frame comparative research designs to standardize measurement while accounting for national contexts. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches have benefits and limitations.
The moderation of comments on French news websites economics, practices and ...smyrnaios
This document summarizes research into content moderation practices on French news websites. It finds that moderation is largely outsourced to specialized companies who employ moderators to review large volumes of comments on tight deadlines. Moderators work under demanding conditions for low pay due to cost pressures. Their work has a significant impact on the diversity of opinions visible online by filtering out rule-breaking content like hate speech. An example is given of a comment that was repeatedly posted and filtered during the period after the November 2015 Paris attacks. The research aims to understand how economic, legal and editorial constraints shape the digital news landscape through their influence on moderation.
This document discusses different methodologies for measuring media concentration. It explains that measures need to consider both economic power and diversity in information flow. While traditional measures look at financial data like revenue, newer audience-based measures examine influence over audiences. However, these still measure market power. The document will examine problems with both types of measures and how to define relevant markets geographically and in terms of products or services. It will argue that both financial and audience data should be used to assess economic power and diversity in media.
The document summarizes and critiques Ofcom's report on NewsCorp's proposed acquisition of BSkyB. It finds flaws in Ofcom's analysis and application of the three criteria used to assess the transaction's impact on media plurality: reach, news consumption, and importance of news sources. Specifically, it argues Ofcom made errors in defining and measuring reach across different media, overstated Sky News' reach and influence, and did not adequately justify its methodology or conclusions.
The document invites attendees to a panel discussion at the London School of Economics on December 14, 2010 about media plurality in light of News Corporation's bid to take full ownership of BSkyB. The panel will be chaired by Steve Hewlett and feature speakers from the Guardian, Enders Analysis, the University of Westminster, and the London School of Economics. Drinks will be served before and after the event. RSVPs are requested to confirm attendance.
Ken Goldstein's summary of UK consumers news useLSEMediaPolicy
The document summarizes data from an Ofcom survey on the media sources UK consumers use for news. Figure 1 shows that 35% of UK adults get news from at least 10 different sources, with television being the most commonly cited at 29%. Figure 2 indicates that television is also the main source of news for most UK consumers at 63%, followed by newspapers at 14% and radio and online each at 10%. The data is from a November 2010 Ofcom survey on cross-media news sources.
Prof. Dr. Peggy Valcke (KU Leuven, ICRI - IBBT)
Media Pluralism and Diversity &
Countering Hate Speech in Europe
Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom; DEMOS
Institute; Open Society Foundations; UNESCO
European University Institute, 27 March 2012
Prof. Dr. Peggy Valcke (KU Leuven, ICRI - IBBT)
A Definition of Pluralism in the Media Sector – Comparing Results of EU projects
Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom
European University Institute, 27 April 2012.
More info at: http://cmpf.eui.eu/events/definition-of-pluralism.aspx
(1) Media freedom and pluralism are important for democracy by facilitating information flow to citizens and exposing governments to scrutiny, which leads citizens to make informed political choices.
(2) There are challenges in measuring media pluralism across contexts due to disagreements over indicators and challenges in standardizing versus contextualizing approaches. Quantitative methods provide comparable data but may lose context, while qualitative methods provide explanations but are harder to compare.
(3) Past studies have measured media pluralism using legal, socio-demographic and economic indicators, but there are debates around how to identify the right indicators and frame comparative research designs to standardize measurement while accounting for national contexts. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches have benefits and limitations.
The moderation of comments on French news websites economics, practices and ...smyrnaios
This document summarizes research into content moderation practices on French news websites. It finds that moderation is largely outsourced to specialized companies who employ moderators to review large volumes of comments on tight deadlines. Moderators work under demanding conditions for low pay due to cost pressures. Their work has a significant impact on the diversity of opinions visible online by filtering out rule-breaking content like hate speech. An example is given of a comment that was repeatedly posted and filtered during the period after the November 2015 Paris attacks. The research aims to understand how economic, legal and editorial constraints shape the digital news landscape through their influence on moderation.
This document discusses different methodologies for measuring media concentration. It explains that measures need to consider both economic power and diversity in information flow. While traditional measures look at financial data like revenue, newer audience-based measures examine influence over audiences. However, these still measure market power. The document will examine problems with both types of measures and how to define relevant markets geographically and in terms of products or services. It will argue that both financial and audience data should be used to assess economic power and diversity in media.
The document summarizes and critiques Ofcom's report on NewsCorp's proposed acquisition of BSkyB. It finds flaws in Ofcom's analysis and application of the three criteria used to assess the transaction's impact on media plurality: reach, news consumption, and importance of news sources. Specifically, it argues Ofcom made errors in defining and measuring reach across different media, overstated Sky News' reach and influence, and did not adequately justify its methodology or conclusions.
The document invites attendees to a panel discussion at the London School of Economics on December 14, 2010 about media plurality in light of News Corporation's bid to take full ownership of BSkyB. The panel will be chaired by Steve Hewlett and feature speakers from the Guardian, Enders Analysis, the University of Westminster, and the London School of Economics. Drinks will be served before and after the event. RSVPs are requested to confirm attendance.
Ken Goldstein's summary of UK consumers news useLSEMediaPolicy
The document summarizes data from an Ofcom survey on the media sources UK consumers use for news. Figure 1 shows that 35% of UK adults get news from at least 10 different sources, with television being the most commonly cited at 29%. Figure 2 indicates that television is also the main source of news for most UK consumers at 63%, followed by newspapers at 14% and radio and online each at 10%. The data is from a November 2010 Ofcom survey on cross-media news sources.
The document provides an overview of the Media Pluralism Monitor pilot test implementation that will take place in 2013-2014. It will assess media pluralism in 9 EU countries and aims to simplify the monitor, update it for internet and social media, and create the conditions for full implementation across the EU. The pilot will test the monitor's 166 indicators across 6 risk domains to diagnose risks to media pluralism and test operationalizing the monitor in selected countries with support from local experts.
A presentation from CMPF Director Pier Luigi Parcu, explaining the method behind the Media Pluralism Monitor at the Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom.
The document discusses the UniteEurope project, which aims to use social media analytics tools to support sustainable migrant integration policies. The project develops a web-based tool with different modules to collect, analyze, and visualize social media data from cities and organizations working in migrant integration. Some challenges addressed include legal and ethical issues around data privacy, ensuring the data is representative of diverse populations, and focusing on regions with high social media and internet access. The tool is meant to provide authentic citizen perspectives to help public and nonprofit groups improve migrant integration policies.
European Union Competencies in Respect of Media Pluralism & Media Freedom
CMPF Summer School 2013 for Journalists and Media Practitioners
http://cmpf.eui.eu/training/summer-school-2013.aspx
Update and pilot implementation of the media pluralism monitor (MPM2014): Conclusions and recommendations for future implementations
Principles of simplification
http://monitor.cmpf.eui.eu/
This document outlines key concepts about mass and mediated communication that will be covered in an upcoming chapter. It will define mass and mediated communication, describe how business and free speech influences media content, and define two explanations for media effects. The chapter will help students articulate how media can influence attitudes and behaviors, describe how converging technologies impact social participation, and develop skills for mindful media consumption.
This document provides an overview and synopsis of content for a media studies module. It outlines the module leader's contact information and office hours. It describes the module's focus on how mainstream media shapes public understanding of social issues and how different media organizations compete for audiences. Key topics will include news, documentaries, regulation and the relationship between media and society. Assessments will include an in-class test and an analysis of a factual media text. A schedule outlines weekly topics such as objectivity, public opinion, data journalism and representations of gender and class.
Mac201 2014 week 1 lecture 1 intro to moduleRob Jewitt
This document outlines the content and structure of a media studies module. It provides details on the module leader, weekly schedule, assessments, and recommended readings. Over the course of 12 weeks, students will examine topics like news values, media regulation, public opinion, online and global media, documentaries, reality TV, and gender representation. Assessment includes a timed test worth 40% and an analysis of a factual media text worth 60%. The module aims to develop students' understanding of how mainstream media shapes public understanding and its relationship with audiences, politics, and society.
MIL for Teachers Module 03: Representation in Media and InformationPEDAGOGY.IR
MIL for Teachers Module 03: Representation in Media and Information
2023 UNITED NATIONS ALLIANCE OF CIVILIZATIONS (UNAOC)
and
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO)
Source URL:
http://unesco.mil-for-teachers.unaoc.org/modules/module-2/
This document provides an overview of a media studies module. It outlines the module leader's contact details and office hours. It also describes the weekly schedule and content, which covers topics like news values, regulation, online news, documentaries, and reality television. Assessments include an online time-constrained test worth 40% and an assignment analyzing factual media texts. Recommended readings and resources are also listed.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed 19 parliamentary information visualization (PIV) initiatives. It identified the most common types of parliamentary data visualized and visualization methods used. It then evaluated the initiatives based on criteria for PIV completeness. The study found that maps are most useful for projects involving federal systems. Visualization shaping allows for self-exploration and further insights. Large data sets benefit from detailed analysis and background information to support multiple interpretations. Disclosure of methodology enables further exploration of the data. Initiatives that best exemplified completeness included those from the French National Assembly, French Senate, and Italian Chamber of Deputies. The document concludes continuous effort is needed to improve PIV initiatives and their contribution to open parliament.
A presentation from Urska Umek at the Council of Europe on the Online and offline threats to media pluralism. Presented at the 2018 CMPF conference, Measuring Media Pluralism in Europe - Between Old Risks and New Threats.
The document discusses different types of media audiences: the elite audience comprises highly educated people and is relatively small; the mass audience represents the dominant majority and is relatively average; the specialized audience refers to special interest groups; the interactive audience controls the communication process as journalists or broadcasters. It also discusses how audience research dates back to the earliest days of media study and can be examined at the micro level of individual audiences or macro level of audience behavior patterns. The changing nature of media audiences must be considered due to developments in new media channels and conglomeration.
This document discusses the importance of transparency in media ownership for democracy. It argues that mandatory reporting requirements are needed to identify the beneficial and ultimate owners of media outlets. Such requirements should apply to broadcast, print, and online media and collect basic information on ownership structure, financial accounts, and interests in other organizations. Media regulators should collect this information and make it publicly available to ensure transparency and prevent undue concentration of media ownership and political influence. Adopting clear rules and standards on ownership transparency is crucial to guarantee media pluralism.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts related to media and globalization, including definitions of media, ideology, culture, and power. It discusses medium theories and how technical infrastructure shapes social impacts. It also covers media markets and financing, the commodification of media content, and the relationship between media and policy/culture. New media technologies are discussed, particularly how they impact social arrangements.
This document provides an overview of a lesson on access to information. The lesson objectives are to understand access to information as a human rights issue, how it supports democratic governance and poverty reduction efforts. It will also discuss UNDP's approach, which focuses on enhancing both the supply of and demand for information, and specific programming areas. The topics within the lesson will cover trends, concepts and issues relating to access to information and how it can strengthen development processes.
Master in Mass Communication & Journalism (MAMCJ) Syllabus Purbanchal Univers...Ajay Sharma
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- Details of each course, including specific objectives, topics to be covered, examination schemes, and recommended readings. The courses aim to impart both theoretical knowledge and practical skills across various areas
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Valcke_LSE_expertworkshop_Plurality_march2011
1. LSE Media Policy Project
Expert workshop on policies to
promote media plurality
EU and National Approaches to
Monitoring Media Pluralism
Prof. Dr. Peggy VALCKE
Wednesday, 2 March 2011
Ofcom’s approach
in the light of the
EU Media Pluralism Monitor
1
2. EU & Media Pluralism
From (failed) harmonisation…
•“The directive that never was”
- Green Paper on pluralism and media concentration 1992
- Studies, Consultation, Follow up 1994
- Draft directive on media ownership 1996 (never published)
- Essence of the approach:
• Legal base: MS ownership rules as impediment to single market
• Criterion: Audience Measurement
• Threshold: 30% (TV or radio), 10% (crossmedia)
• Target: Media controller
• Intervention moment: new licence / renewal of licence / takeover
- Dropped in early 1997 - Sensitive issue!
• European Parliament and ESC continue to push EC for
action (various resolutions, e.g. EP Res. on the risks of violation, in the EU and
especially in Italy, of freedom of expression and information; 2007/2237(INI))
EU & Media Pluralism
…to monitoring! (Liverpool 2005)
• Background: technological and economic developments =>
opportunities and threats for media pluralism
Urge for: new understanding of / approach to media pluralism
• 2007: EC “3-step approach” on media pluralism:
– Commission Staff Working Document (Jan. 2007)
– Study on concrete and objective indicators (2008-2009)
– Commission Communication (still under consideration)
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/media_taskforce/pluralism/index_en.htm
“Ensuring media pluralism implies all measures that ensure citizens’ access
to a variety of information sources, opinion, voices, etc. in order to form their
opinion without the undue influence of one dominant opinion forming power.”
“Monitoring should ensure a much more substantive, evidence-driven
debate compared with the past, able to pinpoint real concerns and lay to rest
misplaced fears.”
2
3. EU & Media Pluralism
MEDIA PLURALISM MONITOR
Practicable monitoring tool to detect threats to pluralism
with differentiated sets of indicators covering pertinent
legal, economic and socio-cultural considerations
• Transparency - Evidence (NO harmonisation of
policies, concepts, regulation...)
Diagnosis, no therapy
• Holistic (no individual case assessment!)
• Unifying different disciplines
• EU standardised
• Risk-based
• User-friendly
The link ed image cannot be display ed. The file may hav e been mov ed, renamed, or deleted. Verify that the link points to the correct file and location.
6
3
4. Structure MPM
• 6 risk domains (cf. traditional descriptions media pluralism, e.g. CoE)
6 Risk Domains
geographical
pluralism in the basic domain
media
cultural
pluralism in the pluralism of
media media ownership
and control
political
pluralism in the pluralism of
media media types and
genres
7
Structure MPM
• Basic domain
– Unjustified restrictions to freedom of expression, no independent
supervision, lack of/insufficient media literacy
• Pluralism of media ownership/control
– High (ownership and audience) concentration in terrestrial TV /
radio / newspapers / Cable/Sat/DSL-TV / magazines / internet
content provision / book publishing; high concentration of cross-
media ownership; vertical integration (bottlenecks in distribution);
transparency of ownership structures
• Pluralism of media types
– Lack of/under-representation of/dominance of media types or
genres: financial parity, audience parity, distribution of public
interest channels (must carry), public’s access to certain content
(e.g. events list, short news reporting)
– Lack of sufficient market resources to support range of media; lack
8
of sufficient resources to support PSM
4
5. Structure MPM
o Cultural pluralism domain:
• Insufficient representation of European/national/world cultures, insufficient
proportion of independent and in-house production in audiovisual
• Absence or insufficient representation of various cultural and social
groups in the media (content & HR)
• Insufficient system of minority and community media…
o Political pluralism domain:
• Political bias in media (during election campaigns); Politicisation of media
ownership / control; Editorial independence; (In)dependence of PSM and
news services; Pluralism of distribution systems; Citizen activity in online
media
o Geographical pluralism domain:
• High centralisation of national media systems; Insufficient system of local
and regional media (including different types of ownership, investment,
access to networks and platforms)
• Representation of local and regional communities (content & HR)
• Dominance of limited number of information sources for local issues
• Insufficient access to media and distribution systems due to geographic
obstacles (PSM, broadband, newspaper distribution)
9
Structure MPM
• Risks measured through 3 types of indicators (166 in total)
– ECONOMIC: assess economic factors having impact on / posing
threats to media pluralism
• e.g. ownership/control of media, industry structure, consolidation and concentration
trends, geographic distribution, revenue distribution, financing, state aid, audience
and advertising shares
METHOD: C4/8, HHI, ratios of proportionality, financial or audience parity…
– SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC: assess socio-cultural, demographic,
geographic factors having impact on / posing threats to pluralism
• e.g. employment, audience preferences, access of public to data about political
affiliation of media owners, availability of certain media content…
METHOD: (quantitative) content analysis, standardised sampling method, expert
panel evaluation based on score list/checkpoint list…
– LEGAL: assess existence and effective implementation of legal /
regulatory safeguards against certain threats to media pluralism
METHOD: analysis of laws, regulations (incl. co/self), case law, press reports…
10
5
6. Structure MPM
• Covering 3 risk areas (> traditional value chain)
– Supply
– Distribution
– Use
• Scored on basis of 3 border values (> risk-based approach)
Red: high risk – need for action
Orange: medium risk – attention point
Green: low risk – no need for action
11
Ofcom’s approach
in the light of other
Member States’
monitoring systems
6
7. Examples
• Permanent monitoring systems:
With possibility of taking action, for example:
– Germany: “Vorherrschende Meinungsmacht” (http://www.kek-
online.de)
– Belgium (FR): “significant position” (http://www.csa.be/pluralisme)
Merely mapping excercise (no sanctions), for example:
– Belgium (NL): annual report on media concentration
(http://www.vlaamseregulatormedia.be/)
– Netherlands: media (concentration) monitor
(http://www.mediamonitor.nl/)
• Permanent news monitoring systems, e.g.:
– Netherlands: “DNN” (the Dutch News Monitor:
http://www.nieuwsmonitor.net/)
– Belgium (NL): “ENA” (electronic news archive;
13
http://www.nieuwsarchief.be/)
Germany:
“Vorherrschende Meinungsmacht”
• Unlimited number of TV services as long as no
controlling influence on public opinion (§ 26 Interstate
Broadcasting Agreement)
– Main criterion: audience share (annual average)
– Threshold for presumption: 30% of TV viewers
– Cross-media: 25% share of viewers and a dominant
market position in media relevant related markets or
overall assessment of activities in TV and related
markets suggests influence equivalent to 30% viewer
audience share
– Bonus rules: regional window programs on two largest
nationwide general-interest channels (- 2%); allocation
of transmission time to independent third parties (- 3%)
14
7
8. Germany:
“Vorherrschende Meinungsmacht”
• Sanctions (cases of external and internal growth):
– No new licences / no acquisition
– Relinquish attributable holdings in broadcasters
– Reduce its market position on related, media relevant
markets
– Adopt measures to restore and secure media pluralism:
• allocation of transmission time to independent third parties
• programme council
– In practice, KEK and the dominant broadcaster
negotiate an agreement
15
Germany:
interpretation problems
• Deficiencies in data, ‘Durchschnittsfiktion’
• Calculating cross-media influence on public opinion:
‘Suggestivkraft’ (evocative power), ‘Breitenwirkung’
(broad effect), ‘Aktualität’ (topicality of news)
Discussion about appropriate weighting coefficient (Axel
Springer/ProSiebenSAT.1: press = 2/3 of TV)
• Influence of Internet and its relevance for public
opinion formation; interplay between media
• See: Third KEK Report 2007 (“Cross-Media Relations: A
Challenge for Media Concentration Control”), Fourth KEK
Report 2010 (“On the Way towards Securing Plurality
across Different Media”)
16
8
9. Belgium: significant position
• Art. 6 Broadcasting Act French Community:
TRANSPARENCY
– Towards the public: All editors of broadcasting services have to make
available ‘basic information’ to the public in order to allow it to form its
opinion about the value of information and ideas distributed in the
programmes
– Towards the regulator: “in order to ensure transparency of ownership
and control structures, as well as their level of independence, editors,
distributors and network operators are obliged to send the regulator
(CSA) the following information:
• identification of shareholders (and % of shareholding)
• interest of these shareholders in other broadcasting or media
companies
• identification of natural or legal persons active in program
supporting businesses, contributing to a substantial level to the 17
production of programmes.
Belgium: Significant Position
• Art. 7 Broadcasting Act French Community:
monitoring of pluralism
– Who: CSA
– Whom: editors or distributors (single undertaking
or several controlled by common shareholder)
– Principle: exercise of a “SIGNIFICANT
POSITION” in the audiovisual sector shall not
impair freedom of public to access a
“PLURALISTIC OFFER OF BROADCASTING
SERVICES”
18
9
10. Belgium: Significant Position
• Step 1: “SIGNIFICANT POSITION”?
– Presumption of Significant Position :
• 1. natural or legal person holds more than 24% of
the capital of 2 editors of TV services (directly or
indirectly)
• 2. idem for radio
• 3. several editors of TV services, directly or
indirectly controlled by the same natural or legal
person, have an audience share of 20%
• 4. idem for radio
19
Belgium: Significant Position
• Step 2: evaluation of pluralism of offer of the
editor or distributor -> threat to public’s
freedom to access a “PLURALISTIC
OFFER”?
= media offer produced by plurality of independent
and autonomous media companies and
representing the largest possible diversity of
opinions and ideas (based on definition of CoE)
= assessment regarding possible repercussions of
significant position for the diversity of broadcasting
services being offered in the relevant market
20
10
11. Belgium: Significant Position
• Methodology
1) plurality of independent and 2) representing the largest
autonomous media companies possible diversity of opinions
= STRUCTURAL PLURALISM and ideas
= CONTENT DIVERSITY
i) A plurality of media (number of
media available in French
Community) iii) Plurality of opinion (analysis
ii) Independence and autonomy of of the news offer in -radio-
media (ownership structure of sector)
private -radio- broadcaster and iv) Plurality of ideas (analysis of
HHI for television, radio and other programmes in -radio-
press sectors sector)
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Belgium: Significant Position
• Step 3: CONSULTATION between CSA and
undertaking(s) concerned
to reach an agreement (‘protocol’) with a view to
restoring pluralism in the market
CSA can consult competition authorities
if agreement cannot be reached or is not
effectively implemented within period of 6
months: sanctions by CSA
• warning and/or publication of decision of CSA
• suspension of license
• revocation of one or more of the operator’s licenses
• fine 22
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12. Concluding Remarks
• Trend towards / need for more sophisticated systems of
measuring / monitoring media pluralism / plurality
(consumer versus citizen)
• Ownership matters, but pluralism entails much more
comprehensive assessment, looking also at internal
pluralism, content diversity, regulatory safeguards (e.g.
for editorial independence), relationship between media
and political actors
• Growing importance of measuring actual USE
• Cross-media assessment increasingly important in light
of convergence (recycling of content)
Weighting coefficient for different media? Yes, if based on
empirical data (no generalisation)
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Impact of Internet?
Thank you for your attention!
Prof. Dr. Peggy Valcke
Director Interdisciplinary Centre for Law & ICT (ICRI-IBBT)
Professor of Law K.U.Leuven & H.U.Brussels,
Guest Professor University of Tilburg
peggy.valcke@law.kuleuven.be
NEW
@ K.U.Leuven
http://www.law.kuleuven.be/icri/psiml/
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