Malaysia is a member of the Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCPIL). The Attorney General's Chambers acts as the national organ for matters relating to Malaysia's membership in HCPIL. HCPIL aims to progressively unify private international law rules. Malaysia is currently examining several HCPIL conventions to determine if it can become a party to any in line with existing Malaysian law. As an HCPIL member, Malaysia is required to contribute annually to its regular budget, and may be asked to contribute to additional budgets, which requires approval from the Cabinet. The unit also examines international agreements and represents Malaysia in international law-related meetings.
I. Nature, Origin and Basis of International Law.
The Emergence of International Law, Early European Authors, The Nation-State
System, The Enforcement of International Law, The Effectiveness of International
Law, The Weakness of International Law, The Juridical Basis of International law,
The Future of International law and Material Sources of International Law.
II. Relation between International Law and State Law.
Article 38 of the Statute of International Court of Justice, Primary Sources of
International Law, Subsidiary Sources of International Law, International Soft Law
III. State in General and Recognition
Personality and Statehood in International Law, The Subjects of International
Law, Recognition of State and Government in International Law, Recognition of
State and Government in National Law.
IV. The Law and Practice as to Treaties
The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
V. The Settlement of International Disputes.
Negotiation, Mediation and Good Offices, Inquiry, Settlement by the United
Nations, Conciliation, Arbitration, The International Court of Justice.
VI. International Humanitarian Law.
International and Non-International Armed Conflicts, Non-International Armed
Conflict, ‘Combatant’ and ‘Protected Persons’, Protection of Wounded, Sick and
Ship-Wrecked Persons, POWs, Civilians, Limitations on the Conduct of War,
Limits on the Choice of Methods and Means of Warfare.
VII. The Use of Force
The Law before the UN Charter, The Law after the Charter, The Collective Use of
Force, The Right of Self-Defence.
VIII. International Institutions
IX. State Territorial Sovereignty.
X. State Responsibility.
XI. State Jurisdiction.
XII. Succession to Rights and Obligations.
XIII. The State and the Individual.
XIV. The State and the Economic Interest.
XV. Diplomatic Envoys, Counsels and other Representatives.
XVI. War, Armed Conflicts and other Hostilities.
XVII. Neutrality.
I. Nature, Origin and Basis of International Law.
The Emergence of International Law, Early European Authors, The Nation-State
System, The Enforcement of International Law, The Effectiveness of International
Law, The Weakness of International Law, The Juridical Basis of International law,
The Future of International law and Material Sources of International Law.
II. Relation between International Law and State Law.
Article 38 of the Statute of International Court of Justice, Primary Sources of
International Law, Subsidiary Sources of International Law, International Soft Law
III. State in General and Recognition
Personality and Statehood in International Law, The Subjects of International
Law, Recognition of State and Government in International Law, Recognition of
State and Government in National Law.
IV. The Law and Practice as to Treaties
The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
V. The Settlement of International Disputes.
Negotiation, Mediation and Good Offices, Inquiry, Settlement by the United
Nations, Conciliation, Arbitration, The International Court of Justice.
VI. International Humanitarian Law.
International and Non-International Armed Conflicts, Non-International Armed
Conflict, ‘Combatant’ and ‘Protected Persons’, Protection of Wounded, Sick and
Ship-Wrecked Persons, POWs, Civilians, Limitations on the Conduct of War,
Limits on the Choice of Methods and Means of Warfare.
VII. The Use of Force
The Law before the UN Charter, The Law after the Charter, The Collective Use of
Force, The Right of Self-Defence.
VIII. International Institutions
IX. State Territorial Sovereignty.
X. State Responsibility.
XI. State Jurisdiction.
XII. Succession to Rights and Obligations.
XIII. The State and the Individual.
XIV. The State and the Economic Interest.
XV. Diplomatic Envoys, Counsels and other Representatives.
XVI. War, Armed Conflicts and other Hostilities.
XVII. Neutrality.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
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When Legal Worlds Overlap Human Rights, State and Non-State Law Dr Lendy Spires
This report is written for human rights advocates and policy-makers who find themselves in contexts where a specific dispute or subject matter is governed by multiple norms, laws or forums that co-exist within a single jurisdiction. Plural legal orders occur in numerous circumstances: for example, where different family laws apply to specific ethno-cultural groups, where customary dispute resolution mechanisms operate without state sanction, where non-state legal orders (such as chiefs’ courts) are officially recognised, or where quasi-state legal orders (such as alternative dispute resolution mechanisms) are When Legal Worlds Overlap: Human Rights, State and Non-State Law iii established.
Given the concerns surrounding the failure of most state legal systems to ensure effective access to justice, particularly for marginalised and vulnerable communities, a range of actors – using a range of arguments – have encouraged or demanded the introduction or recognition of plural legal orders. These claims in turn have led legal and human rights organisations, but also other actors, to express concern at the human rights implications of recognising and extending forms of legal plurality. When Legal Worlds Overlap: Human Rights, State and Non-State Law aims to provide human rights and other actors with tools that will enable them to evaluate whether a plural legal order is likely to enhance access to justice, and to identify human rights risks that are associated with the plural legal order in question.
While it is widely recognised that plural legal orders generate many human rights conflicts and dilemmas, discussion of them has generally created more heat rather than light. This is no doubt partly because, though a large body of research exists on the subject, drawing on law, anthropology, sociology, political science, and development and environment studies, surprisingly little specific work has focused on their human rights impact. Besides, theoretical and conceptual discussions have seldom connected with experiences of human rights practice in plural legal contexts. The aim of the report is therefore to lay the groundwork for a more careful and inclusive discussion of the issues involved, with the aim of improving practical policy responses on the ground. It must be said at the outset that this task is not straightforward. Plural legal orders exist in every part of the world and in all types of political systems. They vary enormously in jurisdiction, procedure, structure and degree of autonomy.
The article explains the process of creating international law, which involves multiple actors such as governments, international organizations, and civil society groups.
The sources of international law include customary international law, treaties, general principles of law, judicial decisions, international customary law, and soft law. The article outlines the steps involved in making international laws, which include drafting, negotiation, adoption, ratification, and implementation.
Public international law trendtex case_ State ImmunityManish Kumar
This case is related to the State immunity in Public International Law. This very case enumerates the stand of courts over State Immunity when commercial nature of State is involved.
1. Undang-Undang Persendirian Antarabangsa
Private International Law Matters
i. Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCPIL)
Malaysia merupakan negara ahli kepada HCPIL. Jabatan Peguam Negara pula merupakan
“national organ” bagi tujuan mengendalikan hal-hal yang berbangkit mengenai keahlian
Malaysia dalam HCPIL. HCPIL bertujuan untuk menyatukan peraturan-peraturan undang-
undang persendirian antarabangsa (private international law) secara progresif. Sehubungan
itu, terdapat beberapa konvensyenHCPIL yang telah dimuktamadkan dan di mana negara-
negara boleh membuat pertimbangan untuk menyertai konvensyen-konvensyen tersebut
sekiranya bersesuaian dan tidak bercanggah dengan undang-undang domestik masing-masing.
Pada masa kini, Malaysia belum menjadi ahli kepada mana-mana konvensyen HCPIL yang
sedang dalam kajian Unit ini untuk menentukan sama ada Malaysia boleh menjadi ahli kepada
mana-mana konvensyen HCPIL selaras dengan undang-undang yang sedia ada di Malaysia.
Berikut adalah di antara konvensyen-konvensyen HCPIL yang telah dan sedang dikaji oleh Unit
ini:
a. Civil Law
i. Convention Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents
ii. Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or
Commercial Matters
iii. Convention on the Taking of Evidence Abroad in Civil or Commercial Matters
b. Family Law
i. Convention on the Recognition of Divorces and Legal Separations
ii. Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Decisions Relating to Maintenance
Obligations
iii. Convention on the Law Applicable to Maintenance Obligations
iv. Convention on Celebration and Recognition of the Validity of Marriages
2. Di dalam mengkaji Konvensyen-konvensyen HCPIL yang dinyatakan di atas, undang-undang
domestik yang perlu diteliti oleh Unit ini adalah termasuk-
a. Rules of High Court 1980
b. Courts of Judicature Act 1964
c. Subordinate Courts Act 1948
d. Federal Constitution
e. Civil Law Act 1956
f. Evidence Act 1950
g. Syariah Court Evidence Bill
h. Notaries Public Act 1959
i. Probate & Administration Act 1959
j. Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act 1976
k. Islamic Family Law Bill
l. Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards Act 1985
m. Powers of Attorney Act 1949
n. Reciprocal Enforcement of Judgements Act 1958
o. Diplomatic and Consular Officers (Oaths and Fees) Act 1959
p. Syariah Court Civil Procedure Bill
q. Married Women and Children (Maintenance) Act 1950
r. Maintenance Ordinance 1959 of Sabah
s. Age of Majority Act 1971
t. Maintenance Orders (Facilities for Enforcement) Act 1949
u. Married Women and Children (Enforcement of Maintenance) Act 1968
v. Guardianship of Infants Acts 1961
w. Sarawak Guardianship of Infants Ordinance
3. x. Child Act 2001
Kajian juga sedang dijalankan oleh Unit 6 bertujuan untuk menyertai
mesyuarat/perjumpaan Special Commission yang ditubuhkan oleh HCPIL. Pada masa kini,
kajian untuk menyertai mesyuarat/ perjumpaan Special Commission bagi perkara-perkara
berikut telah dilaksanakan iaitu-
The Judgments Project ;and
The electronic means in respect of Legalisation, Service and Taking of Evidence
Walau bagaimanapun, isu sama ada Malaysia boleh menandatangani/meratifikasikan
konvensyen yang dihasilkan di bawah The Judgments Project masih dikaji oleh Unit ini.
Tambahan lagi, kajian untuk menyertai mesyuarat/perjumpaan Special
Commission bagiInternational Child Support and Family Maintenance masih sedang
dilaksanakan.
Pada masa kini Unit ini juga dalam proses meneliti konvensyen-konvensyen HCPIL berikut:
i. Statute of the Hague Conference on Private International Law;
ii. Convention of 1 March 1954 relating to civil procedure;
iii. Convention of 15 June 1955 on the law applicable to international sales of goods;
iv. Convention of 15 April 1958 on the law governing transfer of title in international sales of
goods;
v. Convention of 15 April 1958 on the jurisdiction of the selected forum in the case of
international sales of goods;
vi. Convention of 15 June 1955 relating to the settlement of the conflicts between the law of
nationality and the law of domicile;
vii. Convention of 1 June 1956 concerning the recognition of the legal personality of foreign
companies, associations and institutions;
viii. Convention of 24 October 1956 on the law applicable to maintenance obligations towards
children;
ix. Convention of 15 April 1958 concerning the recognition and enforcement of decisions
relating to maintenance obligations towards children;
x. Convention of 5 October 1961 concerning the powers of authorities and the law applicable
4. in respect of the protection of minors;
xi. Convention of 5 October 1961 on the Conflicts of Laws relating to the Form of
Testamentary Dispositions;
xii. Convention of 15 November 1965 on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law and Recognition of
Decrees Relating to Adoptions;
xiii. Convention of 25 November 1965 on the Choice of Court;
xiv. Convention of 1 February 1971 on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments
in Civil and Commercial Matters;
xv. Supplementary Protocol of 1 February 1971 to the Convention on the Recognition and
Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters;
xvi. Convention of 1 June 1970 on the Recognition of Divorces and Legal Separations;
xvii. Convention of 4 May 1971 on the Law Applicable to Traffic Accidents;
xviii. Convention of 2 October 1973 concerning the International Administration of the Estates
of Deceased Persons;
xix. Convention of 2 October 1973 on the Law Applicable to Products Liability;
xx. Convention of 2 October 1973 on the Recognition and Enforcement of Decisions relating to
Maintenance Obligations;
xxi. Convention of 2 October 1973 on the Law Applicable to Maintenance Obligations;
xxii. Convention of 14 March 1978 on the Law Applicable to Matrimonial Property Regimes;
xxiii. Convention of 14 March 1978 on Celebration and Recognition of the Validity of Marriages;
xxiv. Convention of 14 March 1978 on the Law Applicable to Agency;
xxv. Convention of 25 October 1980 on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction;
xxvi. Convention of 25 October 1980 on International Access to Justice;
xxvii. Convention of 1 July 1985 on the Law Applicable to Trusts and on their Recognition;
xxviii. Convention of 22 December 1986 on the Law Applicable to Contracts for the International
Sale of Goods;
xxix. Convention of 1 August 1989 on the Law Applicable to Succession to the Estates of
Deceased Persons;
5. xxx. Convention of 29 May 1993 on Protection of Children and Co-operation in respect of
Intercountry Adoption;
xxxi. Convention of 19 October 1996 on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law, Recognition, Enforcement
and Co-operation in respect of Parental Responsibility and Measures for the Protection of Children;
xxxii. Convention of 13 January 2000 on the International Protection of Adults;
xxxiii. Convention on the Law Applicable to Certain Rights in respect of Securities held with an
Intermediary .
Malaysia , sebagai salah sebuah negara ahli HCPIL, adalah dikehendaki meyumbang kepada
belanjawan biasa (regular budget) HCPILsetiap tahun. Dari masa ke semasa HCPIL akan
meminta negara-negara ahli untuk menyumbang kepada belanjawan tambahan. Sekiranya
Malaysia diminta untuk menyumbang kepada belanjawan tambahan, Unit 6 akan menyediakan
kertas Jemaah Menteri untuk mendapatkan kelulusan Jemaah Menteri untuk menyumbang
kepada belanjawan tambahan itu.
ii. Perjanjian-perjanjian antarabangsa dan perkara-perkara lain :-
Unit ini juga meneliti dan menyemak Perjanjian-Perjanjian Antarabangsa dan Memorandum
Persefahaman Antarabangsa dua hala dan pelbagai hala. Di antaranya adalah perjanjian/
Memorandum Persefahaman/Protokol yang melibatkan kerjasama antarabangsa dalam bidang
ekonomi, saintifik, teknikal dan kebudayaan.
Dari semasa ke semasa, pegawai-pegawai dari Unit ini juga adalah di kehendaki menghadiri
mesyuarat- mesyuarat antarabangsa lain, seperti Mesyuarat Asian-African Legal Consultative
Organization dan Mesyuarat Senior Officials of Commonwealth Law Ministries. Berhubung
dengan mesyuarat-mesyuarat tersebut, Unit ini telah membantu dalam
penyediaan intervention notes dan ulasan perundangan ke atas kertas-kertas berkaitan dengan
mesyuarat-mesyuarat tersebut.
Selain daripada itu, pegawai-pegawai dari Unit 6 adalah juga dikehendaki dari semasa ke
semasa memberi ceramah berhubung dengan undang-undang antarabangsa termasuk
undang-undang alam sekitar dan angkasa lepas di Institut Latihan Kehakiman dan
Perundangan (ILKAP) dan Kementerian/ Jabatan/Agensi yang berkenaan.
Pada tahun 2006, pegawai-pegawai Unit ini telah terlibat di dalam penyediaan kes
timbangtara International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) iaitu Malaysian
Historical Salvors Sdn. Bhd. v. Kerajaan Malaysia (kes ICSID no. ARB/05/10).