Dying declaration is an exception to the rule against hearsay evidence. It refers to statements made by a dying person about the cause of their death. It is considered reliable because the maxim is that a person would not lie as they are dying and facing their maker. For a dying declaration to be admissible, it must relate to the cause of death, be made by a competent person, and not be inconsistent, doubtful, influenced, or untrue. Dying declarations can be written, verbal, through gestures, or nods and are given evidentiary value in court.
This document discusses the rights of the unborn child under various statutes in India. It summarizes key provisions from several acts and codes:
- The Limitation Act 1953 considers an unborn child as a minor for the purposes of filing legal claims.
- The Indian Succession Act 1925 defines a minor as under 18, implying an unborn child is also considered a minor.
- The Indian Penal Code 1860 criminalizes causing miscarriage or death of an unborn child in certain situations.
- The Hindu Succession Act 1956 grants an unborn child equal inheritance rights as a born child for intestate succession.
The document analyzes how different laws in India implicitly or explicitly recognize various rights
Article 3 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights states “everyone has
the right to life, liberty and security of a person”
Article 21 of the Constitution of India guarantees no person shall be
deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to the procedure
established by law”
Thus right to life, liberty and security of a person are recognized as a
fundamental right by the Universal Declaration of Human Right (article
3 of 1948 and article 21 of the Indian Constitution
Following is the detailed description of Dying Deposition and Dying Declaration being followed in Indian Legalities from a Medical students perspective. The presentation should prove to be helpful for educators and primarily for medical students for their understanding and academics.
References - Forensic Medicine And Toxicology (29th edition) By DR. K.S. Narayan Reddy
The document discusses various types of mechanical injuries including abrasions, contusions, lacerations, incised wounds, stab wounds, and firearm injuries.
It provides details on the characteristics of each type of injury, how to determine the age of the injury, and the potential medico-legal importance. For example, abrasions can indicate the site of impact and weapon used. The shape and direction of a stab wound can reveal information about the assailant. Determining the age of wounds is also important for investigating crimes. Firearm injuries require examination by forensic ballistics experts.
The document discusses the principle of vicarious liability under tort law. It provides examples where vicarious liability may arise such as between a principal and agent, partners in a firm, or a master and servant. The key aspects discussed include the relationship that must exist between the wrongdoer and the liable party, that the act must have occurred in the course of that relationship/employment, and the justification for imposing vicarious liability including deeper pockets of the employer to pay damages and encouraging accident prevention. It also provides a case example where a court held a municipal corporation vicariously liable for failure to properly barricade and sign a construction pit, even though work was contracted to others.
The document discusses dowry death under Section 304B of the Indian Penal Code. It defines dowry death as the death of a woman within seven years of marriage due to burns, bodily injury, or abnormal circumstances, if she was subjected to cruelty or harassment for dowry demands. The document outlines the history and current issues of dowry practices in India, essential elements to prove dowry death, related offenses, trial procedures, and key court cases that have upheld convictions. Punishment for dowry death is seven years to life imprisonment. Despite legal reforms, dowry continues as a widespread social problem in India.
Dying declaration is an exception to the rule against hearsay evidence. It refers to statements made by a dying person about the cause of their death. It is considered reliable because the maxim is that a person would not lie as they are dying and facing their maker. For a dying declaration to be admissible, it must relate to the cause of death, be made by a competent person, and not be inconsistent, doubtful, influenced, or untrue. Dying declarations can be written, verbal, through gestures, or nods and are given evidentiary value in court.
This document discusses the rights of the unborn child under various statutes in India. It summarizes key provisions from several acts and codes:
- The Limitation Act 1953 considers an unborn child as a minor for the purposes of filing legal claims.
- The Indian Succession Act 1925 defines a minor as under 18, implying an unborn child is also considered a minor.
- The Indian Penal Code 1860 criminalizes causing miscarriage or death of an unborn child in certain situations.
- The Hindu Succession Act 1956 grants an unborn child equal inheritance rights as a born child for intestate succession.
The document analyzes how different laws in India implicitly or explicitly recognize various rights
Article 3 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights states “everyone has
the right to life, liberty and security of a person”
Article 21 of the Constitution of India guarantees no person shall be
deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to the procedure
established by law”
Thus right to life, liberty and security of a person are recognized as a
fundamental right by the Universal Declaration of Human Right (article
3 of 1948 and article 21 of the Indian Constitution
Following is the detailed description of Dying Deposition and Dying Declaration being followed in Indian Legalities from a Medical students perspective. The presentation should prove to be helpful for educators and primarily for medical students for their understanding and academics.
References - Forensic Medicine And Toxicology (29th edition) By DR. K.S. Narayan Reddy
The document discusses various types of mechanical injuries including abrasions, contusions, lacerations, incised wounds, stab wounds, and firearm injuries.
It provides details on the characteristics of each type of injury, how to determine the age of the injury, and the potential medico-legal importance. For example, abrasions can indicate the site of impact and weapon used. The shape and direction of a stab wound can reveal information about the assailant. Determining the age of wounds is also important for investigating crimes. Firearm injuries require examination by forensic ballistics experts.
The document discusses the principle of vicarious liability under tort law. It provides examples where vicarious liability may arise such as between a principal and agent, partners in a firm, or a master and servant. The key aspects discussed include the relationship that must exist between the wrongdoer and the liable party, that the act must have occurred in the course of that relationship/employment, and the justification for imposing vicarious liability including deeper pockets of the employer to pay damages and encouraging accident prevention. It also provides a case example where a court held a municipal corporation vicariously liable for failure to properly barricade and sign a construction pit, even though work was contracted to others.
The document discusses dowry death under Section 304B of the Indian Penal Code. It defines dowry death as the death of a woman within seven years of marriage due to burns, bodily injury, or abnormal circumstances, if she was subjected to cruelty or harassment for dowry demands. The document outlines the history and current issues of dowry practices in India, essential elements to prove dowry death, related offenses, trial procedures, and key court cases that have upheld convictions. Punishment for dowry death is seven years to life imprisonment. Despite legal reforms, dowry continues as a widespread social problem in India.
The document provides an introduction to Indian law of evidence. It discusses how there was no systematic enactment initially and the English rules of evidence were followed in some areas. The first Indian Evidence Act was passed in 1835. The current Indian Evidence Act was drafted by Stephen and passed in 1872, being based on English law of evidence. It discusses different types of evidence like oral, documentary, real, hearsay etc. It also discusses key concepts like direct evidence, judicial evidence and rules regarding primary and secondary evidence.
This document discusses the legal definition and requirements of a dying declaration according to Indian law. It notes that a dying declaration is a statement made by a person about the cause of their death or circumstances leading to their death. For a dying declaration to be admissible, the victim must have been mentally fit and unable to have been prompted when making the statement. The statement is best recorded by a magistrate with a doctor's certification of the victim's mental state. Dying declarations can help determine the cause of death in criminal cases.
An exhumation is the examination of a dead body removed from its grave due to suspicion of death by poisoning or foul play. In Pakistan, exhumations require a court order from the District Magistrate, Coroner, or Sub-Divisional Magistrate. After exhumation, an autopsy is performed and samples are taken from the body, coffin, and surrounding earth for chemical examination. These samples include hair, nails, teeth, bones, heart, stomach, intestines, liver, spleen and kidney. While there is no time limit for exhumations in Pakistan and England, limits exist in other countries ranging from 10 to 30 years. Practical problems in crime detection in Pakistan include delayed investigations, lack of
Dying declaration is an oral or written statement made by a person who is dying as a result of an unlawful act regarding the cause of their death or surrounding circumstances. It is admissible as evidence in court under Section 32 of the Indian Evidence Act. The doctor must certify the declarant is conscious and mentally sound. Leading questions are not allowed and the statement must be fully recorded even if the declarant loses consciousness. If the declarant survives, the statement only has corroborative value.
This document discusses different theories of legal personality, including:
1. Fiction theory - A corporation is a legal fiction created by law and separate from its members.
2. Concession theory - A corporation is a creation of the state through concession.
3. Group personality theory - A corporation has a real existence as a collective group.
4. Bracket theory - Corporate personality is an economic device to simplify legal relations and the law can look behind the entity.
5. Purpose theory - A corporation is a "subjectless" property for a particular purpose, not a person.
It also discusses advantages of incorporation like collective ownership and action, successive existence, and a freely transferable share
Insanity is defined under Indian law as being incapable of knowing the nature of one's acts or that they are wrong or illegal due to unsoundness of mind. It can also refer to a mental disease affecting personality and interaction. To be found legally insane, one must not have known the nature of their act or understood it was wrong/illegal due to their mental state. There are two types of insanity - legal insanity considers one's consciousness of their acts while medical insanity considers previous/present behavior and conduct. The M'Naughten rule established in a famous case provides that if one is under a delusion, they must be judged as if the delusional facts were real, and one is not responsible
The document discusses signs of death and changes that occur after death that can help estimate time since death. It describes immediate signs like cessation of breathing and brain activity. Early changes include facial pallor, eye changes, algor mortis (cooling of the body), and livor mortis (pooling of blood). Rigor mortis causes stiffening of muscles 3-8 hours after death. Later changes include decomposition, adipocere formation (preservation of fatty tissues), and mummification. Forensic entomology examines insect activity on corpses to estimate time of death if the body has been dead for weeks.
The document provides an overview of the Indian Evidence Act of 1872. Some key points:
- It extends to all of India except Jammu and Kashmir. It applies to all judicial proceedings in any court, including court-martial, but not to affidavits or arbitrator proceedings.
- Proceedings before the Income Tax Authority are deemed judicial proceedings. Every income tax authority is deemed a civil court for some purposes.
- It defines terms like court, fact, evidence, and document. A court includes all judges and magistrates legally authorized to take evidence. Evidence includes oral statements and documents.
- Oral evidence must be from an eyewitness or earwitness. Documentary evidence can be primary like
This document discusses various types of unnatural sexual offenses and paraphilias. It describes male homosexuality (sodomy), female homosexuality (lesbianism), buccal coitus, and bestiality. It then provides details on the medico-legal examination process for victims of sodomy. It notes the legal status and implications of various unnatural offenses in different jurisdictions. Finally, it outlines several categories of sexual paraphilias including fetishism, transvestism, voyeurism, exhibitionism, and necrophilia.
Sexual assault related laws and examination of survivourDr. FAIZ AHMAD
- The document discusses sexual offences and classifications such as natural, unnatural, and sexual perversions. It defines and provides examples of rape.
- Key legal provisions regarding rape in India are outlined, including definitions, punishments, and exceptions. Rape is defined as sexual intercourse without consent and several acts are described.
- Consent and will are distinguished, and circumstances invalidating consent are explained through examples. Statutory rape and inability to communicate consent are also addressed.
1) Vicarious liability holds a person liable for the wrongful acts of another person, even if the liable person is blameless themselves.
2) Vicarious liability is based on the maxims "he who acts through another is deemed in law as doing it himself" and "let the principal be responsible".
3) Public policy also supports vicarious liability as it encourages those in charge of affairs or who set things in motion to ensure safety of others involved in those affairs.
This document defines and classifies various sexual offences under Indian law. It discusses natural offences like rape, adultery and incest. It also discusses unnatural offences per section 377 IPC, which criminalizes carnal intercourse against the order of nature. Further, it provides detailed definitions and explanations of rape, including the old and amended legal definitions. It also outlines the process for examining victims and suspects of sexual assault.
This document discusses culpable homicide and murder under Indian law. It begins by noting that murder accounts for 59% of convictions under the Indian Penal Code. It then examines the origins and meanings of homicide and murder from Latin and Old French roots. The key differences between culpable homicide and murder are outlined, with murder requiring intent to cause death or knowledge that an act could likely cause death, while culpable homicide has a broader scope. Punishments are also specified under sections 302 and 304 of the Indian Penal Code. Case examples are provided to help distinguish between the two offenses.
This document defines different types of evidence used in courts, including documentary, oral, direct, indirect/circumstantial, and hearsay evidence. It provides examples of different types of documentary evidence such as medical certificates, medico-legal reports, and dying declarations. It also distinguishes between direct evidence, which is evidence of the actual fact in issue, and indirect/circumstantial evidence, which is evidence derived from surrounding circumstances. Hearsay is defined as any statement made by a person other than the witness in court to assert the facts in the statement are true.
The document discusses sexual offenses and rape laws in India. It classifies sexual offenses into natural offenses (rape, adultery, incest), unnatural offenses (sodomy, lesbianism, bestiality), sexual deviations (fetishism, transvestism, sadism, pedophilia), and sex-linked offenses (indecent assault, offenses under Immoral Traffic Act). It defines rape and lists its punishments. Rapes are further classified as statutory rape, marital rape, gang rape, date rape, stranger rape, and custodial rape. The roles and procedures of medical examination of a rape victim are also outlined.
This document discusses different types of hurt under Pakistani law. It defines hurt and outlines various kinds of hurt including itlaf-i-udw (dismemberment), itlaf-i-salahiyat-i-udw (impairing an organ), shajjah (injury to head/face), and jurh (injury elsewhere). It describes punishments for hurt caused by rash/negligent acts, by mistake, or with poison. The document also discusses when qisas (retaliatory punishment) does or does not apply for hurt cases and defines compensation (arsh) amounts for different body parts.
The document discusses the analysis of wounds from a forensic perspective. It describes how a pathologist can determine details about wounds like type, dimensions, and location. It also discusses analyzing specifics of different wound types like bruises, abrasions, incised wounds, and stab wounds. Details like shape, size, depth, and other characteristics can provide information about the weapon and force used. Analysis of wounds is important forensic evidence that can provide details about crimes and injuries.
A heart touching letter from a unborn baby to his mother baby is very happy when he is conceived and think that his mother is world’s best mom and he share his happiness with his mother telling her all his activities and growing stages in her tummy but his parents decide to abort this baby…..
This document provides a detailed overview of fetal development from conception through birth in 3-4 sentence increments. It describes the key developmental milestones that occur each week such as the formation of organs and limbs. The document also outlines the various abortion methods used at different stages of pregnancy, including suction, dilation and curettage, RU-486, saline injections, prostaglandins, hysterotomy, and partial birth abortion. The goal is to educate about the life of the unborn child and the abortion techniques employed.
The document provides an introduction to Indian law of evidence. It discusses how there was no systematic enactment initially and the English rules of evidence were followed in some areas. The first Indian Evidence Act was passed in 1835. The current Indian Evidence Act was drafted by Stephen and passed in 1872, being based on English law of evidence. It discusses different types of evidence like oral, documentary, real, hearsay etc. It also discusses key concepts like direct evidence, judicial evidence and rules regarding primary and secondary evidence.
This document discusses the legal definition and requirements of a dying declaration according to Indian law. It notes that a dying declaration is a statement made by a person about the cause of their death or circumstances leading to their death. For a dying declaration to be admissible, the victim must have been mentally fit and unable to have been prompted when making the statement. The statement is best recorded by a magistrate with a doctor's certification of the victim's mental state. Dying declarations can help determine the cause of death in criminal cases.
An exhumation is the examination of a dead body removed from its grave due to suspicion of death by poisoning or foul play. In Pakistan, exhumations require a court order from the District Magistrate, Coroner, or Sub-Divisional Magistrate. After exhumation, an autopsy is performed and samples are taken from the body, coffin, and surrounding earth for chemical examination. These samples include hair, nails, teeth, bones, heart, stomach, intestines, liver, spleen and kidney. While there is no time limit for exhumations in Pakistan and England, limits exist in other countries ranging from 10 to 30 years. Practical problems in crime detection in Pakistan include delayed investigations, lack of
Dying declaration is an oral or written statement made by a person who is dying as a result of an unlawful act regarding the cause of their death or surrounding circumstances. It is admissible as evidence in court under Section 32 of the Indian Evidence Act. The doctor must certify the declarant is conscious and mentally sound. Leading questions are not allowed and the statement must be fully recorded even if the declarant loses consciousness. If the declarant survives, the statement only has corroborative value.
This document discusses different theories of legal personality, including:
1. Fiction theory - A corporation is a legal fiction created by law and separate from its members.
2. Concession theory - A corporation is a creation of the state through concession.
3. Group personality theory - A corporation has a real existence as a collective group.
4. Bracket theory - Corporate personality is an economic device to simplify legal relations and the law can look behind the entity.
5. Purpose theory - A corporation is a "subjectless" property for a particular purpose, not a person.
It also discusses advantages of incorporation like collective ownership and action, successive existence, and a freely transferable share
Insanity is defined under Indian law as being incapable of knowing the nature of one's acts or that they are wrong or illegal due to unsoundness of mind. It can also refer to a mental disease affecting personality and interaction. To be found legally insane, one must not have known the nature of their act or understood it was wrong/illegal due to their mental state. There are two types of insanity - legal insanity considers one's consciousness of their acts while medical insanity considers previous/present behavior and conduct. The M'Naughten rule established in a famous case provides that if one is under a delusion, they must be judged as if the delusional facts were real, and one is not responsible
The document discusses signs of death and changes that occur after death that can help estimate time since death. It describes immediate signs like cessation of breathing and brain activity. Early changes include facial pallor, eye changes, algor mortis (cooling of the body), and livor mortis (pooling of blood). Rigor mortis causes stiffening of muscles 3-8 hours after death. Later changes include decomposition, adipocere formation (preservation of fatty tissues), and mummification. Forensic entomology examines insect activity on corpses to estimate time of death if the body has been dead for weeks.
The document provides an overview of the Indian Evidence Act of 1872. Some key points:
- It extends to all of India except Jammu and Kashmir. It applies to all judicial proceedings in any court, including court-martial, but not to affidavits or arbitrator proceedings.
- Proceedings before the Income Tax Authority are deemed judicial proceedings. Every income tax authority is deemed a civil court for some purposes.
- It defines terms like court, fact, evidence, and document. A court includes all judges and magistrates legally authorized to take evidence. Evidence includes oral statements and documents.
- Oral evidence must be from an eyewitness or earwitness. Documentary evidence can be primary like
This document discusses various types of unnatural sexual offenses and paraphilias. It describes male homosexuality (sodomy), female homosexuality (lesbianism), buccal coitus, and bestiality. It then provides details on the medico-legal examination process for victims of sodomy. It notes the legal status and implications of various unnatural offenses in different jurisdictions. Finally, it outlines several categories of sexual paraphilias including fetishism, transvestism, voyeurism, exhibitionism, and necrophilia.
Sexual assault related laws and examination of survivourDr. FAIZ AHMAD
- The document discusses sexual offences and classifications such as natural, unnatural, and sexual perversions. It defines and provides examples of rape.
- Key legal provisions regarding rape in India are outlined, including definitions, punishments, and exceptions. Rape is defined as sexual intercourse without consent and several acts are described.
- Consent and will are distinguished, and circumstances invalidating consent are explained through examples. Statutory rape and inability to communicate consent are also addressed.
1) Vicarious liability holds a person liable for the wrongful acts of another person, even if the liable person is blameless themselves.
2) Vicarious liability is based on the maxims "he who acts through another is deemed in law as doing it himself" and "let the principal be responsible".
3) Public policy also supports vicarious liability as it encourages those in charge of affairs or who set things in motion to ensure safety of others involved in those affairs.
This document defines and classifies various sexual offences under Indian law. It discusses natural offences like rape, adultery and incest. It also discusses unnatural offences per section 377 IPC, which criminalizes carnal intercourse against the order of nature. Further, it provides detailed definitions and explanations of rape, including the old and amended legal definitions. It also outlines the process for examining victims and suspects of sexual assault.
This document discusses culpable homicide and murder under Indian law. It begins by noting that murder accounts for 59% of convictions under the Indian Penal Code. It then examines the origins and meanings of homicide and murder from Latin and Old French roots. The key differences between culpable homicide and murder are outlined, with murder requiring intent to cause death or knowledge that an act could likely cause death, while culpable homicide has a broader scope. Punishments are also specified under sections 302 and 304 of the Indian Penal Code. Case examples are provided to help distinguish between the two offenses.
This document defines different types of evidence used in courts, including documentary, oral, direct, indirect/circumstantial, and hearsay evidence. It provides examples of different types of documentary evidence such as medical certificates, medico-legal reports, and dying declarations. It also distinguishes between direct evidence, which is evidence of the actual fact in issue, and indirect/circumstantial evidence, which is evidence derived from surrounding circumstances. Hearsay is defined as any statement made by a person other than the witness in court to assert the facts in the statement are true.
The document discusses sexual offenses and rape laws in India. It classifies sexual offenses into natural offenses (rape, adultery, incest), unnatural offenses (sodomy, lesbianism, bestiality), sexual deviations (fetishism, transvestism, sadism, pedophilia), and sex-linked offenses (indecent assault, offenses under Immoral Traffic Act). It defines rape and lists its punishments. Rapes are further classified as statutory rape, marital rape, gang rape, date rape, stranger rape, and custodial rape. The roles and procedures of medical examination of a rape victim are also outlined.
This document discusses different types of hurt under Pakistani law. It defines hurt and outlines various kinds of hurt including itlaf-i-udw (dismemberment), itlaf-i-salahiyat-i-udw (impairing an organ), shajjah (injury to head/face), and jurh (injury elsewhere). It describes punishments for hurt caused by rash/negligent acts, by mistake, or with poison. The document also discusses when qisas (retaliatory punishment) does or does not apply for hurt cases and defines compensation (arsh) amounts for different body parts.
The document discusses the analysis of wounds from a forensic perspective. It describes how a pathologist can determine details about wounds like type, dimensions, and location. It also discusses analyzing specifics of different wound types like bruises, abrasions, incised wounds, and stab wounds. Details like shape, size, depth, and other characteristics can provide information about the weapon and force used. Analysis of wounds is important forensic evidence that can provide details about crimes and injuries.
A heart touching letter from a unborn baby to his mother baby is very happy when he is conceived and think that his mother is world’s best mom and he share his happiness with his mother telling her all his activities and growing stages in her tummy but his parents decide to abort this baby…..
This document provides a detailed overview of fetal development from conception through birth in 3-4 sentence increments. It describes the key developmental milestones that occur each week such as the formation of organs and limbs. The document also outlines the various abortion methods used at different stages of pregnancy, including suction, dilation and curettage, RU-486, saline injections, prostaglandins, hysterotomy, and partial birth abortion. The goal is to educate about the life of the unborn child and the abortion techniques employed.
The document discusses an expecting mother who is missing the father of her child. She expresses her love for the baby and says it will fill her life with joy. She also expresses her enduring love for the father and says the child will know about him, though she is raising the baby alone.
The diary of an unborn baby describes its development from conception to 20 weeks of gestation, when its mother ends its life. Over the weeks, the baby's circulatory system grows, its heart begins beating, fingers and toes form, and organs develop, allowing it to feel and move. It learns it will be a girl, and hair and eyes develop. In the final entry, the baby expresses happiness until its mother kills it.
The document argues that the unborn child, whether male or female, is a human being entitled to rights, especially the right to life. It asserts that abortion takes the life of the unborn child, who is a living being, and violates the child's human rights. The document cites legal and scientific evidence, as well as international conventions and the Indian constitution, to demonstrate that human rights should be extended to protect unborn girls and prevent female feticide.
This document discusses euthanasia, including its types (voluntary, non-voluntary, assisted suicide), places where it is legally permitted, and arguments for and against. It notes euthanasia is legal in the Netherlands, Belgium, Oregon, Washington, Montana, and New Hampshire is considering it. Proponents argue it relieves pain and allows choice, while opponents say it devalues life and could be abused. The conclusion is that passive euthanasia may be permitted in some conditions, but requesting euthanasia to stop suffering could be considered suicide, and patients should accept pain/illness and seek treatment.
A painting competition was held for children at Avvai Home as part of Agents Day celebrations, where LIC Team 7 Br.7 participated and plastic chairs were donated to Avvai Home.
- The document discusses the benefits of planned parenthood and having more than two children per family over alternative family planning methods and abortion. It argues that abortion harms women's health and family harmony. It also argues that contraceptives can cause health issues and hormonal imbalances. Further, it states that family planning can reduce fertility and lead to infertility issues. Overall, the document promotes planned and natural family planning methods for healthy families and children.
The document discusses human life and the development of an unborn child from conception through the first 10 weeks. It notes that from conception, the unborn child begins to develop and grow in the mother's womb. By 5-7 weeks, the fetus can sense touch and sounds, and their heart begins beating. By 10 weeks, the fetus has tiny legs, fingers, and begins sucking and kicking. The document also discusses how the unborn child's dreams and thoughts are transmitted from the mother's brain, and how the child can identify voices by 10 weeks. It argues that every unborn child, regardless of gender, has the right to exist and should not be discriminated against. The document notes that India is
The document discusses gender bias and discrimination against girl children in India. It notes that sons are often desired for support in old age, while girls are seen as a burden. As a result, female infanticide and sex-selective abortions are occurring, with a girl being killed in the womb every three seconds worldwide. The document calls for empowering, educating, and enlightening society to end gender bias and treat boys and girls equally. It urges welcoming girl children and respecting women to allow them to fulfill their roles as mothers.
Beware that the girl children ratio reducing day by day.Stop female feticides and infanticides.Every citizen has a role to stop this cruel act of killing before and after birth of girl child.
More from Society For Protection of Unborn Child(SPUC) (7)
Factors affecting undergraduate students’ motivation at a university in Tra VinhAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Motivation plays an important role in foreign language learning process. This study aimed to
investigate student’s motivation patterns towards English language learning at a University in Tra Vinh, and factors
affecting their motivation change toward English language learning of non-English-major students in the semester.
The researcher used semi-structured interview at the first phase of choosing the participants and writing reflection
through the instrument called “My English Learning Motivation History” adapted from Sawyer (2007) to collect
qualitative data within 15 weeks. The participants consisted of nine first year non-English-major students who learning
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(high motivation group; average motivation group; and low motivation group). The results of the present study
identified six visual motivation patterns of three groups of students with different motivation fluctuation, through the
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factors as influencing factors (cognitive, psychology, and emotion) and external factors as social factors (instructor,
peers, family, and learning environment) during English language learning in a period of 15 weeks. The findings of
the study helped teacher understand relationship of motivation change and its influential factors. Furthermore, the
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The Impact of Work Stress and Digital Literacy on Employee Performance at PT ...AJHSSR Journal
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deductive approach to theory development and a survey research strategy. Findings reveal that work stress
negatively and significantly impacts employee performance, while digital literacy positively and significantly
affects it. Simultaneously, work stress and digital literacy have a positive and significant influence on employee
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opportunities. At present, Huzhou tourism has become one of the most characteristic tourist cities on the East
China tourism line. With the development of Huzhou City, the tourism industry has been further improved, and
the tourism degree of the whole city has further increased the transformation and upgrading of the tourism
industry. However, the development of tourism in Huzhou City still lags far behind the tourism development of
major cities in East China. This round of research mainly analyzes the current development of tourism in
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KEYWORDS : Magic Realism, Rushdie, Satire, Storytelling, Transfictional Identities
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University of Mindanao, Matina-main campus. Eight major themes emerged, including difficulties with language
proficiency, online learning, classroom interaction, examination systems, grading procedures, school regulations,
resource accessibility, coping mechanisms, and future goals. Implications include the requirement for targeted
language proficiency and technology use support, an understanding of adaption processes, interventions to
improve resource accessibility, and equitable public administration policies. The study underlines the importance
of adaptation in various educational contexts, as well as the role of educators and legislators in creating inclusive
learning environments.
KEYWORDS: indigenous college students, adaptation, educational challenges, coping strategies
CYBER SECURITY ENHANCEMENT IN NIGERIA. A CASE STUDY OF SIX STATES IN THE NORT...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Security plays an important role in human life and endeavors. Securing information and
disseminating are critical challenges in the present day. This study aimed at identifying innovative technologies
that aid cybercrimes and can constitute threats to cybersecurity in North Central (Middle Belt) Nigeria covering
its six States and the FCT Abuja. A survey research design was adopted. The researchers employed the use of
Google form in administering the structured questionnaire. The instruments were faced validated by one expert
each from ICT and security. Cronbach Alpha reliability Coefficient was employed and achieved 0.83 level of
coefficient. The population of the study was 200, comprising 100 undergraduate students from computer science
and Computer/Robotics Education, 80 ICT instructors, technologists and lecturers in the University and
Technical Colleges in the Middle Belt Nigeria using innovative technologies for their daily jobs and 20 officers
of the crime agency such as: Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC) andEconomic and Financial
Crimes Commission (EFCC). Three research purposes and questions as well as the hypothesis guided the study
on Five (5) point Likert scale. Data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation for the three
research questions while three hypotheses were tested using t-test at 0.05 level of significance. Major findings
revealed that serious steps are needed to better secure the cybers against cybercrimes. Motivation, types, threats
and strategies for the prevention of cybercrimes were identified. The study recommends that government,
organizations and individuals should place emphasis on moral development, regular training of its employees,
regular update of software, use strong password, back up data and information, produce strong cybersecurity
policy, install antivirus soft and security surveillance (CCTV) in offices in order to safeguard its employees and
properties from being hacked and vandalized.
KEYWORDS: Cybersecurity, cybercrime, cyberattack, cybercriminal, computer virus, Virtual Private Networks
(VPN).