5. 1951: ISR
cholera, plague, relapsing fever, smallpox, typhus, and
yellow fever
1969: IHR
maximum security of international spread of diseases
with a minimum interference with world traffic
1973: IHR amendment 4 diseases
1981: IHR amendment 3 diseases
1995: broader scope
new emerging: EBOLA
re-emerging: cholera and plague India dan SA
2005: IHR until now
6. Goal
• Detect: Make sure surveillance systems and laboratories can
detect potential threats
• Assess: Work together with other countries to make
decisions in public health emergencies
• Report: Report specific diseases, plus any potential
international public health emergencies
• Respond: Respond to public health events
PHEIC?
7. Keypoints
• Country🡺 concern event🡺 must assess the public health risks
within 48 hours.
• Event 🡺 meet IHR criteria 🡺PHEIC?🡺 must report within 24
hours.
Declared by?
34. Road Traffic Collisions
tourists’ disorientation in a new environment
travellers’ alcohol consumption
the socio-economic circumstances of the destination country
the level of local enforcement of safety regulations
35. Water Sport
drowning
cardiac events or hypoxia
Scuba-diving→ barotrauma, air emboli and decompression illness
lack of knowledge/experience/negligence towards safety precautions,
physical/mental fitness, proper equipment
36. Mountaineering
equipment failure, panic, poor judgment, overconfidence and
avalanches.
falls; high altitude illness and acute mountain sickness.
AMS (high altitude pulmonary and cerebral oedema) and should be
familiar with how to achieve a safer ascent profile and use
acetazolamide prophylaxis in some cases
Be Careful →lack of proper equipment, experience, preparation or
safety protocols
