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- 1. TRANSCRIBED DATA TABLE FORTHEMATIC ANALYSIS Research Question 1 1. What are the primary challenges Muslim educational leaders face in implementing school policies? Probing Questions 1.1 How do cultural and religious factors influence the decision- making processes of Muslim educational leaders? 1.2 In what ways do existing school policies hinder or facilitate the leadership practices of Muslim educators? 1.3 What role does community perception play in shaping the challenges faced by Muslim educational leaders? Formulated meanings Theme clusters Themes P1 (IDI1) "Our religion has a significant impact on every decision we make. For example, we ensure that every activity or program is halal, even if it is difficult to explain to others. As Muslims, it is part of our faith to be just and respectful, so we strive to balance policies." "Policies that are not sensitive to religion become obstacles. For instance, fixed schedules for activities that coincide with our prayer times are hard to change. However, some policies provide flexibility to school leaders, allowing us to adapt." "Community perception plays a major role. When there are misunderstandings or misconceptions about Islam, our job as leaders becomes harder. We have to continuously explain and communicate to correct misinformation." Religious influence on decision-making Religion, specifically Islam, deeply influences decisions, ensuring they align with halal principles and Islamic values like justice and respect. Religious Influence on Leadership Decision-making guided by Islamic principles (justice, morality, respect) P2 (IDI2) "Our culture and religion guide us to be humble in decision-making, but there is also a fear that others might not understand us." "Policies that are not flexible, such as schedules that do not consider Ramadan, become obstacles." "When the community has a negative perception, it becomes difficult to gain their support." This highlights how cultural and religious beliefs influence decision-making by promoting humility. However, there is a concern about external Cultural and religious influence Humility in decision-making
- 2. acceptance and understanding. P3 (IDI3)"Decisions must be balanced. It is not only about Muslim students but also about the entire community." "Some policies become barriers, such as the lack of recognition for Muslim holidays." "A positive community perception is essential. If they do not trust us as leaders, it is hard to implement projects." Cultural and religious factors create challenges in balancing inclusivity and adherence to Islamic traditions. Balancing faith and inclusivity Cultural and religious factors create challenges in balancing inclusivity and adherence to Islamic traditions. P4 (IDI4) "Respecting traditions is important to us, so decisions must be based on Islamic principles." "Some policies that emphasize inclusive education are helpful, but others, such as the lack of sensitivity training for teachers, become obstacles." "When the community has a positive outlook, implementing projects becomes easier." Emphasizes the importance of respecting traditions and basing decisions on Islamic principles. It also highlights the mixed impact of inclusive education policies, noting that while some are beneficial, others, such as inadequate teacher training, can hinder progress. Additionally, it suggests that a positive community outlook facilitates the implementation of projects. Cultural and Religious Values, Inclusive Education, Community Dynamics Balancing Cultural Integrity with Inclusive Practices P5 (IDI5) "Our faith serves as a guide in decision- making, especially on issues of equality." "Policies that promote inclusivity are a great help. However, the lack of inclusion of Muslim leaders in the planning process is an obstacle." "When the community feels excluded from the process, gaining their support becomes difficult." Policies that lack flexibility (e.g., schedules during prayer times or Ramadan) hinder leadership practices. Policy rigidity and lack of accommodation Barriers in policy implementation P6 (IDI6) "It is essential to ensure "Policies that allow for "Building trust in the Emphasizes the Alignment with Balancing Islamic
- 3. that all decisionsalign with Islamic principles. However, not everyone understands this process." dialogue and consultation are helpful. But others, such as standardized testing schedules, affect flexibility." community is crucial. When their perception is not positive, it is harder to implement changes." importance of aligning decisions with Islamic principles, fostering dialogue and consultation in policy- making, and building trust within the community. However, challenges arise when not everyone understands these principles, and rigid policies like standardized testing schedules limit flexibility. Community perception plays a significant role in implementing changes effectively. Islamic Principles, Policy Flexibility and Dialogue, Community Trust and Perception Principles with Practical Implementation P7 (IDI7) "Our faith guides us, especially in making decisions about morality and integrity." "Policies that encourage open communication help, but restrictions on religious expressions become obstacles." "With community support, the implementation process is faster." Policies that promote inclusivity, equity, and diversity are helpful for leadership practices. Supportive policies Facilitators in policy implementation P8 (IDI8) "Culture and religion play a significant role. For example, we cannot simply make decisions that go against our beliefs." "Policies on equity and diversity help, but barriers such as inflexible schedules exist." "If the community is not open to our culture, conflicts arise." Lack of consultation with Muslim leaders during policy planning limits their influence. Leadership representation in policy-making Limited inclusion of Muslim leaders P9 (IDI9) "We try to be sensitive to different beliefs, but it is also important to stand firm in our traditions." "Policies that promote equality help. However, the lack of consultation with our leaders limits our influence." "If the community has misconceptions, there is resistance to the changes we want to implement." Reflects a tension between respecting diverse beliefs and maintaining cultural or traditional identity. It highlights the need for Cultural sensitivity vs tradition, Inclusive policy and leadership engagement and community Navigating change amidst cultural preservation and community engagement
- 4. inclusive policies that promoteequality but also points out challenges such as limited consultation with leadership and resistance from the community due to misconceptions. resistance and misconceptions P10 (IDI10) "Decisions are always based on the principles of justice and respect, which are anchored in our religion." "Policies that support cultural diversity are helpful. However, the lack of flexibility in policies is a major obstacle." "When the community has a negative perception, it is difficult to build support for policies that benefit everyone." Addresses the challenges posed by inflexible policies and negative community perceptions, which hinder the implementation of inclusive and beneficial policies. Ethical foundations in decision-making, policy challenges, community perception and support Balancing ethical values with policy flexibility and community engagement. P11 (IDI11) "Our decisions are always anchored in our faith, but we make sure they do not create conflict with other cultures." "Policies that emphasize inclusivity are very helpful, but unclear guidelines on religion create confusion." "If the community has a positive perception, introducing policies that support diversity becomes easier." Negative community perceptions or misconceptions about Islam create resistance to leadership initiatives. Community perception challenges Impact of community attitudes P12 (IDI12) "Decisions must be balanced between following our religion and being inclusive for everyone." "Policies that allow religious accommodations are very helpful. However, the lack of such policies in other areas is a challenge." "When the community has a negative perception, their trust in the policies we implement decreases." Emphasizes the importance of religious accommodation policies to support diverse communities while addressing challenges posed by negative perceptions and lack of comprehensive accommodations. Balancing religion and inclusivity and community trust and policy effectiveness Inclusive policy design for religious accommodation.
- 5. P13 (IDI13) "Wefocus on integrity and justice as the principles of our decisions, even if it is difficult for others to understand." "Policies that acknowledge our religious beliefs are a great help." "Misconceptions from the community lead to resistance against the initiatives we promote." Emphasizes the importance of adhering to principles of integrity and justice in decision- making, even when these principles may be misunderstood by others. Principle decision making, religious alignment policy and community resistance Navigating ethical leadership amidst misunderstanding and resistance P14 (IDI14) "Our beliefs guide us in making decisions, but we must also ensure that we do not forget the diversity of individuals." "The lack of support for inclusive programs becomes a barrier, especially in explaining our beliefs." "When the community has a positive perception, it is easier to engage them in new policies." Positive community perceptions enable smoother implementation of policies. Community support Role of trust in leadership P15 (IDI15) "We must consider our religion in every decision while also thinking about how others will understand it." "Policies that allow room for religious activities are helpful." "When the community has a negative perception, there is a lack of trust in our objectives." The importance of integrating religious considerations into decision-making processes while being mindful of external perceptions. It emphasizes the role of policies that accommodate religious practices in fostering trust and mitigating negative community perceptions. Policy support for religious activities Balancing religious values and community perceptions. P16 (IDI16) "Our decisions are based on Islamic guidelines, but we also need to show that this benefit everyone." "Policies that do not support religious accommodations make our role as leaders more challenging." "When the community understands our goals, it becomes easier to advance projects and policies." Building trust within the community is essential for advancing projects and policies. Community engagement Importance of dialogue and collaboration P17 (IDI17) "Every decision must align with Islamic principles, so sometimes there are limitations in the flexibility of our "Policies that allow diversity training are helpful, but unclear religious guidelines create problems." "If the community is open to dialogue, it is easier for us to explain our objectives. However, if they are closed-minded, Reflects the challenges and principles involved in decision-making within an Islamic framework. Religious alignment in decision-making, challenges in implementation, Faith guided decision-making
- 6. actions." cooperation isdifficult to achieve." community engagement and dialogue and balancing flexibility with faith. Research Question 2 2. What strategies do Muslim educational leaders employ to navigate these challenges? Probing Questions 2.1 How do Islamic principles inform the leadership styles adopted by Muslim educators in schools? 2.2 What collaborative approaches do Muslim educational leaders use to engage with stakeholders in the reform process? 2.3 How effective are these strategies in promoting inclusivity and understanding within diverse school environments? Formulated meanings Theme clusters Themes P1 (IDI1) "Islamic principles, such as justice and equality, serve as our leadership guide. We ensure that everyone has equal opportunities, regardless of their religion." "We often collaborate with local leaders and parent-teacher associations to ensure mutual understanding of school issues." "I think these strategies are effective because they make others more open to the idea of diversity. However, full implementation is still lacking due to insufficient support." Emphasizes the integration of Islamic principles, such as justice and equality, into leadership practices to ensure fairness and inclusivity. It highlights collaboration with local stakeholders to address educational challenges and promote diversity. Despite the effectiveness of these strategies in Islamic leadership principles, collaboration and community engagement, Inclusive leadership rooted in justice and community collaboration
- 7. fostering openness to diversity,full implementation remains hindered by inadequate support. P2 (IDI2) "Islam teaches accountability and respect for others. As leaders, we accept different perspectives even when balancing them is difficult." "We work with experts from various fields to find the best solutions to the challenges faced by schools." "It is somewhat effective because people see that we are serious about improving the system, but the impact is not yet enough to change all perspectives." It underscores collaborative problem-solving by engaging experts from various fields to address systemic challenges. While efforts to improve systems are recognized as serious and somewhat effective, they are not yet sufficient to shift all perspectives. Accountability in Islam, respect for diversity, leadership, impact and continuous improvement. Impact and continuous improvement. P3 (IDI3) "Fairness and humility, as taught by Islam, are essential aspects of our leadership. We do not make decisions without consulting others." "We use surveys and regular meetings to gather input from stakeholders. This helps in better policy implementation." "The strategies are effective in raising awareness about our culture and religion, but the results are not immediately felt." Leadership in Islam emphasizes fairness, humility, and consultative decision-making Islamic leadership principles, stakeholder engagement and long- term impact of strategies Leadership rooted in Islamic values prioritizes fairness, humility, consultation and stakeholder engagement while recognizing the delayed but profound impact of cultural awareness strategies. P4 (IDI4) "Islam teaches us to treat everyone with kindness and humanity, so we use this as the foundation of our leadership. We value the needs of "We actively participate in dialogues with different sectors such as school administrators, teachers, and parents to ensure a shared "This approach is effective in raising awareness about inclusivity, but continuous effort is needed because changing mindsets does not happen Reflects a leadership philosophy rooted in Islamic principles of kindness, humanity, and inclusivity. Islamic ethical leadership, inclusivity and collaboration and continuous improvement. Islamic leadership for inclusive and ethical transformation.
- 8. others while following our principles." understandingof our goals." instantly." P5 (IDI5) "Humanity and avoiding discrimination are Islamic values I follow as a leader. It is important that no one is left behind, even in small decisions." "We collaborate with religious organizations and NGOs to promote policies and programs that foster understanding in schools." "These steps are effective in certain cases, especially when supported by school administration. However, resistance is sometimes encountered." Reflects the importance of Islamic values such as humanity, equality, and collaboration in leadership. Islamic leadership values and collaborative efforts. Inclusive leadership rooted in Islamic values. P6 (IDI6) "Honesty and trustworthiness, as taught by Islam, guide my daily leadership. This inspires those around me." "We use mentorship programs where Muslim leaders and non-Muslim stakeholders work together to implement changes more effectively." "I see its impact because people are becoming more open to interfaith discussions. Although challenges remain, significant progress has been made." Emphasizes the integration of Islamic values, particularly honesty and trustworthiness, into leadership practices. Cooperation between diverse stakeholders to achieve shared goals. Building ethical leadership and interfaith collaboration through Islamic values. P7 (IDI7) "Islam's principle of equality guides me in providing directives, especially in creating inclusive policies." "We partner with community leaders and advocates for educational campaigns that support school reforms." "This is effective, especially among students, as they bring positive change to their families. However, more discussions are needed with older generations." Empowering younger generations to influence their families positively, while recognizing the need for further dialogue with older generations to ensure intergenerational understanding and inclusivity. Islamic principles of equality, inclusive policy development, youth empowerment and intergenerational dialogue. P8 (IDI8) "Islam teaches the value of education and community. Therefore, we "We organize regular forums where stakeholders can ask questions and share "I have seen its results, especially among teachers who have become more Highlights the integration of Islamic principles into education, Islamic values in education, community engagement and teacher- student interaction. Education as a transformative tool rooted in Islamic values, fostering community dialogue and
- 9. remain open toall ideas that can help students." their opinions on policies." comfortable interacting with our students. However, it is still not enough to fully change the system." emphasizing the importance of fostering community engagement and open dialogue for systemic improvement. systematic change. P9 (IDI9) "Islamic principles, such as being understanding and just, serve as the foundation of our decisions in school." "We collaborate with various sectors, such as local government units, to ensure that our programs receive broader support." "These strategies are effective in improving relationships among colleagues, but some communities still lack full understanding." Highlights the integration of Islamic principles, such as justice and understanding, into decision-making processes in schools. Islamic principles in decision-making, collaboration for broader impact and challenges in community understanding. Integrating Islamic values and collaborative approaches to foster equitable decision-making, enhance program support, and address community understanding challenges. P10 (IDI10) "Humility and openness to criticism are Islamic values I use to be a more effective leader." "Direct communication with parents and students helps them better understand our goals." "I believe this is effective in raising awareness, but deeper education is needed for it to be fully successful." Underscores the need for comprehensive education to achieve lasting awareness and success in organizational or community goals. Islamic leadership values, effective communication, awareness and education. Leadership rooted in Islamic values fosters ethical practices, effective communication and the pursuit of deeper education to achieve sustainable organizational and community goals. P11 (IDI11) "Islam teaches unity despite differences, so we try to use this as inspiration in our leadership." "We collaborate with other religious leaders to create a more inclusive environment for students." "This strategy helps reduce tensions among students from different religions." Highlights the importance of using Islamic teachings on unity and inclusivity as a foundation for leadership and collaboration. Unity in diversity, interfaith collaboration and conflict resolution. Fostering unity through diversity and interfaith collaboration. P12 (IDI12) "The Islamic principle of loving others is what we follow in every decision we make in "We use surveys to gather stakeholders' opinions before implementing changes." "This strategy is effective in teaching respect, but changing mindsets takes time." The Islamic principle of loving others guides decision- making in school, where surveys are Decision making process, stakeholder engagement and educational effectiveness. Integrating values in educational decision- making.
- 10. school." used togather opinions before implementing changes. P13 (IDI13) "Islam teaches resilience in facing challenges, and this inspires us to keep going despite difficulties." "Our collaboration with parent-teacher associations helps them better understand our goals." "Although orientations are effective, their impact is limited if there are no follow-up activities to deepen understanding." Sustained impact through follow-up. Faith and resilience, collaboration and community and educational continuity. Resilience, collaboration, and continuous engagement. P14 (IDI14) "The Islamic principle of ‘compassion’ is embedded in every aspect of our leadership style." "We established interfaith committees to help design inclusive policies." "These initiatives are effective in promoting respect, but some people are still not open to such changes." Highlights the integration of Islamic principles, particularly, compassion into leadership practices. Compassionate leadership, interfaith collaboration and challenges in acceptance. Compassionate leadership P15 (IDI15) "The Islamic principle of ‘accountability’ guides our leadership to ensure all decisions are fair." "Our engagement with local NGOs helps make our projects more effective." "The use of cultural sensitivity modules has brought positive change, but more resources are needed for full implementation." emphasizes the importance of fairness in decision- making guided by Islamic values, the effectiveness of partnerships with local NGOs, and the need for adequate resources to implement cultural sensitivity initiatives fully. Ethical leadership and accountability, community engagement for effective outcomes. Promoting ethical leadership. P16 (IDI16) "Islam values education, and this motivates us to drive change." "Our collaboration with religious organizations allows our programs to be more inclusive." "Although effective in raising awareness, changing long- standing systems remains a challenge." Emphasizes the intrinsic value Islam places on education, which serves as a catalyst for societal change. Collaboration for inclusivity and challenges in systemic change. Empowering change through education rooted in Islamic values and inclusive collaboration.
- 11. P17 (IDI17) "Islam teaches humility and cooperation,which we apply in leadership." "Participating in education forums provides opportunities for our community’s voice to be heard." "Mentoring programs have had a positive impact, but broader support from various sectors is still needed." Research Question 3 3. How can community engagement enhance the effectiveness of Muslim educational leaders? Probing Questions 3.1 What specific community resources or networks do Muslim educational leaders leverage to support their initiatives? 3.2 How does community involvement impact the implementation of educational reforms led by Muslim leaders? 3.3 In what ways can stronger relationships between schools and local communities lead to improved educational outcomes for students? Formulated meanings Theme clusters Themes P1 (IDI1) "We often utilize the support of mosques, local NGOs, and community elders to provide knowledge and guidance for school programs." "When the community is active, reforms are implemented faster due to higher levels of trust and cooperation." "A closer relationship with the community results in better opportunities for students, such as scholarships and mentorship programs." Active community participation enhances educational outcomes by providing mentorship, scholarships, and other forms of support. Community engagement in education and student development through community support. Empowering education through community collaboration P2 (IDI2) "Youth organizations and alumni networks are a great help in developing meaningful programs for students." "Reforms become more effective when the community understands their purpose and provides support, especially through feedback." "When parents and local leaders trust the school, student participation in programs increases, leading to better results." Emphasizes the importance of collaboration and trust among various stakeholders. Community engagement in education, youth and alumni networks. Collaborative trust for effective educational development. P3 (IDI3) "We coordinate with local business owners and faith-based organizations to secure funding and "Reforms become more effective when the community is directly involved, such as "A closer relationship with the community leads to clearer direction for students and better Strengthens relationships between schools and communities, resulting Community engagement in education, transparency and Collaborative community partnership for educational
- 12. other support." formingparent-teacher associations that help with transparency." academic performance." in improved academic outcomes and clearer educational goals. accountability reforms. P4 (IDI4) "We rely on community elders and religious scholars to provide guidance on school decisions." "When the community supports reforms, implementation becomes more successful because they help disseminate the correct information to others." "A strong community connection provides additional funding and support for students' extracurricular activities." Emphasizes the importance of community involvement, particularly through elders and religious scholars, in guiding school decisions and supporting educational reforms. Community leadership in education, support for educational reforms and resources mobilization Empowering education through community engagement. P5 (IDI5) "Local charities and parent organizations are essential in providing additional support to schools." "The community helps facilitate reform implementation by ensuring that everyone understands the changes." "When the community is actively involved, parents gain more trust, and students perform better academically." Local charities and parent organizations play a crucial role in enhancing school support systems. Community involvement, educational reforms and trust and academic success. Transformative power of community collaboration in education. P6 (IDI6) "We use connections with local government units to acquire resources for the school." "Reforms become more inclusive when community members share their perspectives before implementation." "When the community feels like they are part of the system, achieving educational goals becomes easier." Inclusive reforms are more effective when community members contribute their perspectives before implementation. Collaboration and resources acquisition and community engagement and ownership Collaborative governance and community inclusion for educational success. P7 (IDI7) "We reach out to interfaith groups to help promote understanding and respect for diversity." "Reforms are better implemented because the community helps clarify their objectives." "Open dialogue between the school and the community improves student engagement." Open communication between schools and communities enhances student participation and clarifies reform objectives, ultimately promoting inclusivity and shared goals. Community engagement and educational collaboration. Fostering inclusivity and collaboration through interfaith dialogue and community engagement. P8 (IDI8) "Partnerships with mosques allow us to develop culturally sensitive programs." "With the help of the community, policy transitions in schools become smoother." "Students become more focused when they feel accepted by their community." Improve educational transitions, enhance student focus, and promote acceptance Cultural sensitivity and inclusion. Building inclusive educational ecosystem through
- 13. within communities. communityand cultural sensitivity. P9 (IDI9) "We utilize training from community-based organizations to enhance our leadership skills." "When the community cooperates, reforms become easier to implement because they contribute to explaining them to others." "Community engagement fosters trust and respect between teachers, students, and parents." Community-based organizations provide training that enhances leadership skills by fostering collaboration, trust, and respect among stakeholders. Leadership development, community engagement and reform implementation Empowering leadership through community collaboration and engagement promotes trust respect and effective implementation. P10 (IDI10) "We draw inspiration from inter-community dialogues that help us create inclusive programs." "We implement reforms more quickly when the community is willing to listen and support new ideas." "Students become more motivated when they feel their community is part of their success." Emphasizes the value of inter-community dialogues, community support, and shared success in fostering inclusivity and motivation. Community engagement and collaboration Inclusive growth through community partnership. P11 (IDI11) "We collaborate with local leaders to find solutions to issues faced by the school." "Community support for reforms provides a broader perspective and greater understanding of challenges." "When the school- community relationship is strong, school culture and academic achievements improve." Schools actively engage with local leaders and community members to address challenges, gain diverse perspectives, and improve overall school performance. Collaborative problem-solving and community engagement for school improvement. School-community partnership drive positive educational outcomes. P12 (IDI12) "We often use connections with business groups to secure sponsorships for school projects." "Community feedback is crucial in identifying potential barriers and solutions to reform implementation." "Community support inspires students to succeed in their studies." Emphasize the importance of leveraging community and business connections to support educational initiatives. Community engagement and support Collaborative networks for educational success. P13 (IDI13) "We value our partnerships with NGOs that provide capacity- "Reform implementation is easier when the community is part of the "When the community is involved, schools become more inclusive and Emphasizes the importance of partnerships between Partnerships and collaboration, community Inclusive development through
- 14. building workshops." planningprocess." supportive of students." NGOs and communities in implementing reforms effectively. engagement and capacity building. community partnerships. P14 (IDI14) "We partner with local business leaders to fund programs for school development." "Active community participation in reforms increases transparency and accountability." "A closer relationship with the community inspires students to pursue their dreams." Collaborations aim to increase transparency, accountability, and inspire students by creating a supportive environment that encourages them to pursue their aspirations. Inspirations and aspirations for students and sustainable school development. Empowering education through community collaboration. P15 (IDI15) "Mosque leaders provide moral and financial support for school initiatives." "When the community is engaged, reform objectives become clearer, making it easier to gain their support." "Students are more eager to study when they see their community involved in their success." This engagement motivates students by demonstrating that their success is valued by their community. Community engagement in education, and educational reform and support structures. Empowering educational success through community and faith-based management P16 (IDI16) "We collaborate with local councils to strengthen support for school programs." "Community involvement brings in more resources to improve the school." "A stronger relationship with the community increases students' trust in their school." Collaboration with school councils. Community engagement, trust building, and resource enhancement. Community partnership for educational enhancement. P17 (IDI17) "We use the support of alumni groups to provide mentorship programs for students." "Reforms are more successful when the community provides support, especially in resource mobilization." "When students see that they have community support, they become more motivated to study." Community involvement is critical for successful educational reforms, particularly in mobilizing resources and creating a supportive environment that inspires students to excel academically. Educational reform and collaboration Community support as a catalyst for student motivation and educational reforms.