The document provides a comprehensive overview of key concepts in Java programming, web servers, and HTML basics. It highlights Java's features such as object-oriented design, platform independence, and robust libraries, while also explaining the function and importance of web servers and basic HTML tags and CSS types. Additionally, it outlines design considerations for websites and security measures for web applications.

1. JAVA PROGRAMMING
ASSIGNMENT
SAKTHI BHARATHI I
22619121
INTRODUCTION TO JAVA

2. Java is a widely-used, high-level programming language designed for building
versatile and reliable applications
Object-Oriented Language: Java is designed around the concept of objects
and classes, which helps in organizing code and promoting reuse.
Platform Independence: Java programs are compiled into bytecode, which
runs on any device with a Java Virtual Machine (JVM), ensuring cross-platform
compatibility.
Syntax: Java syntax is similar to C/C++, making it relatively easy for those
familiar with these languages.
Automatic Memory Management: Java handles memory allocation and
garbage collection automatically, reducing the risk of memory leaks.
Strongly Typed: Java enforces strict type checking at both compile-time and
runtime, which helps in catching errors early.
Multithreading: Java has built-in support for multithreading, allowing
concurrent execution of tasks.
Rich Standard Library: Java provides a comprehensive standard library
(Java Standard Edition API) with utilities for networking, data structures, and
more.
Robust and Secure: Java includes features for error checking, exception
handling, and security, aiming to create robust and secure applications.
Popular for Enterprise Applications: Java is widely used in enterprise
environments, particularly for building large-scale, distributed systems.
Community and Support: Java has a large, active community and extensive
documentation, offering support and resources for developers.
INTRODUCTION TO WEBSITE
Purpose: Clearly state the main objective of the website. What problem does
it solve or what need does it address?
Target Audience: Identify who the website is designed for. Who will benefit
most from its content or services?
Features and Services: Outline the primary features or services offered. What
can users expect to find or do on the site?
Unique Selling Proposition (USP): Highlight what sets the website apart
from others. Why should users choose this site over competitors?

3. Design and User Experience: Briefly describe the design and user
experience. How is the website visually appealing and easy to navigate?
Content Overview: Provide a snapshot of the type of content available. Is it
blog posts, product listings, tutorials, etc.?
Call to Action: Include any actions you want visitors to take, such as signing
up for a newsletter, making a purchase, or contacting for more information.
Contact Information: Mention how users can get in touch with the website's
team for support or inquiries.
Security and Privacy: Assure users of the website's commitment to security
and privacy. Mention any relevant policies or measures in place.
Future Updates: Briefly touch on any planned updates or future
developments to keep users informed and engaged.
INTRODUCTION TO WEBSERVERS
Definition:
 A web server is a software or hardware system that delivers web pages
and resources to clients over the Internet.
Function:
 It handles requests from web browsers (clients) and serves the requested
web pages and resources (such as HTML, CSS, JavaScript files, images)
back to the client.
How It Works:
 Request Handling: Receives HTTP requests from clients.
 Processing: Interprets and processes these requests. It may involve
executing server-side scripts or querying a database.
 Response: Sends the appropriate HTTP response back to the client,
which usually includes the requested web page or an error message.
Components:
 Software: Web server software like Apache, Nginx, Microsoft IIS, or Lite
Speed.
 Hardware: Physical server or cloud-based instances that host the
software.

4. Protocols:
 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): The standard protocol used for
web communications.
 HTTPS (HTTP Secure): A secure version of HTTP that encrypts data for
secure transmission.
Common Web Servers:
 Apache HTTP Server: Popular and highly configurable open-source
server.
 Nginx: Known for high performance and low resource usage.
 Microsoft IIS: Web server developed by Microsoft, often used with
Windows Server.
 LiteSpeed: Known for its speed and security features.
Static vs. Dynamic Content:
 Static Content: Fixed content like HTML pages and images that doesn’t
change in response to user input.
 Dynamic Content: Content generated on-the-fly based on user requests,
often involving server-side scripting languages like PHP, Python, or
JavaScript (Node.js).
Security:
 SSL/TLS: Used to encrypt data transferred between the server and the
client.
 Firewall & Access Controls: Protect the server from unauthorized access
and attacks.
Load Balancing:
 Techniques used to distribute incoming traffic across multiple servers to
ensure reliability and performance.
Server Configuration:
 Virtual Hosts: Allows a single server to host multiple websites.
 Logging: Monitors and records server activity, which can be used for
debugging and analysis.
Caching:

5.  Server-Side Caching: Stores copies of frequently accessed content to
improve response times and reduce server load.
Maintenance:
 Regular updates, backups, and monitoring are essential to ensure optimal
performance and security of the web server
BASIC HTML TAGS
1. Document Structure
 <!DOCTYPE html>
o Declares the document type and version of HTML being used
(HTML5 in this case).
 <html>
o The root element that contains all the other HTML elements on the
page.
 <head>
o Contains meta-information about the document, such as title,
character set, and links to stylesheets.
 <body>
o Contains the content of the HTML document that is visible to
users.
2. Metadata and Links
 <title>
o Sets the title of the webpage, displayed in the browser's title bar or
tab.
 <meta>
o Provides metadata about the HTML document, such as character
encoding and viewport settings.
 <link>
o Links to external resources like stylesheets.
 <script>
o Embeds or links to JavaScript files or code.

6. 3. Headings and Text
 <h1> to <h6>
o Define headings of different levels, with <h1> being the highest
and <h6> the lowest.
 <p>
o Defines a paragraph of text.
 <a>
o Creates hyperlinks to other pages or resources. Uses the href
attribute to specify the destination URL.
 <strong>
o Makes text bold and indicates importance.
 <em>
o Italicizes text and indicates emphasis.
4. Lists
 <ul>
o Defines an unordered (bulleted) list.
 <ol>
o Defines an ordered (numbered) list.
 <li>
o Defines a list item within <ul> or <ol>.
5. Images and Media
 <img>
o Embeds an image in the document. Uses the src attribute to specify
the image source and alt for alternative text.
 <video>
o Embeds a video. Supports various attributes like controls and
autoplay.
 <audio>

7. o Embeds audio content. Supports attributes like controls and
autoplay.
6. Tables
 <table>
o Defines a table.
 <tr>
o Defines a table row.
 <td>
o Defines a table cell (data).
 <th>
o Defines a table header cell.
7. Forms
 <form>
o Defines an HTML form for user input.
 <input>
o Defines an input field. The type attribute specifies the type of input
(e.g., text, password, submit).
 <textarea>
o Defines a multi-line text input control.
 <button>
o Defines a clickable button.
8. Semantic Elements
 <header>
o Represents the introductory content or a set of navigational links.
 <footer>
o Represents the footer for a document or section.
 <article>
o Defines independent, self-contained content.

8.  <section>
o Defines a section in a document.
 <nav>
o Defines a set of navigation links.
 <aside>
o Represents content aside from the main content (like a sidebar).
9. Div and Span
 <div>
o Defines a division or section in a document; commonly used for
styling with CSS.
 <span>
o Defines a small section of text or inline element; also used for
styling with CSS.
10. Attributes
 id
o Provides a unique identifier for an element.
 class
o Assigns one or more class names to an element for styling with
CSS.
 style
o Applies inline CSS styles directly to an element.

9. CSS-TYPES
1. Inline CSS
o Use: Quick styling on individual elements.
o Example: <p style="color: blue;">Hello</p>
2. Internal CSS
o Use: Styles within a single HTML document.
o Use: Consistent styling across multiple pages.
o Example: <link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
3. CSS Preprocessors
o Use: Advanced features like variables and nesting.
o Examples: SASS, LESS.
4. CSS Frameworks
o Use: Ready-to-use components and styles.
o Examples: Bootstrap, Foundation.
5. CSS Variables
o Use: Reusable values for easier theming.
6. CSS-in-JS
o Use: Scoped and dynamic styles in JavaScript.
o Examples: Styled Components, Emotion.