Governments have claimed to be pursuing peace since time immemorial, with seemingly little progress to show for it. Numerous treaties, declarations, laws and covenants have been signed to eliminate war or reduce its effects, yet societies continue to fight and to suffer, despite these efforts. In this talk, we will survey the historical benchmarks of war and peace in world politics, consider where things went wrong, and speculate about how peace might be achieved in the context of an ongoing global crisis.
1. PRESENTED BY: ROSALIND WARNER
001
OKANAGAN COLLEGE
TWITTER(X): @RWARNER23
ROZWARNER.CA
ROWARNER@OKANAGAN.BC.CA
2. 003
ROWARNER@OKANAGAN.BC.CA
Dark clouds are smouldering into red
While down the craters morning burns.
The dying soldier shifts his head
To watch the glory that returns;
He lifts his fingers toward the skies
Where holy brightness breaks in flame;
Radiance reflected in his eyes,
And on his lips a whispered name.
SIEGFRIED SASSOON (1886-1967)
You'd think, to hear some people talk,
That lads go West with sobs and curses,
And sullen faces white as chalk,
Hankering for wreaths and tombs and hearses.
But they've been taught the way to do it
Like Christian soldiers; not with haste
And shuddering groans; but passing through it
With due regard for decent taste.
002
3. How can we end war
altogether?
Who is
responsible?
Why does it keep
happening?
Can we do
anything?
How did it all go so
wrong?
So Many Questions
How did we get
here?
003
ROWARNER@OKANAGAN.BC.CA
4. How can we end war
altogether?
Who is
responsible?
Why does it keep
happening?
Can we do
anything?
How did it all go so
wrong?
So Many Questions
How did we get
here?
004
ROWARNER@OKANAGAN.BC.CA
5. It’s Our Thinking
It’s the Structure
It’s Just Us
005
HOW DID WE GET HERE?
WHY DOES IT KEEP HAPPENING??
THE POLYCRISIS
CAN WE DO ANYTHING?
A WAY FORWARD
ROWARNER@OKANAGAN.BC.CA
11. 011
The Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928
Laws and institutions can guide behaviour and bring out
the good in humans
The League of Nations
WHY DOES IT KEEP HAPPENING....IT’S THE STRUCTURE
ROWARNER@OKANAGAN.BC.CA
12. 010
"the strength of nations...varies from century to century, [but]
the world continues to offer glittering prizes to those who
have stout hearts and sharp swords; it is therefore
improbable that the experience of future ages will differ from
that which has happened since the twilight of the human
race” [Hobbes]
ROWARNER@OKANAGAN.BC.CA
13. 013
HOBBES: “INHERENTLY DESTRUCTIVE, SELFISH, COMPETITIVE
AND AGGRESSIVE”
EINSTEIN: “MAN HAS IN HIM AN ACTIVE INSTINCT FOR HATRED
AND DESTRUCTION”
FREUD: ‘DEATH INSTINCT’
KONRAD LORENZ: AN AGGRESSIVE INSTINCT IS EMBEDDED IN GENETIC MAKE-UP OF
ALL ANIMALS
ROWARNER@OKANAGAN.BC.CA
15. 015
CHANGING THINKING CHANGING STRUCTURE CHANGING OURSELVES
Cognitive engineering Social engineering Human engineering
ROWARNER@OKANAGAN.BC.CA
16. 01
6
WE NEED TO REJECT
The idea that war has never
changed
The idea that war is purely
structural
The idea that war is in human
nature
WE NEED TO EMBRACE
The idea that peace happens
The idea that peace may follow
changes in war
The idea that peace is more
than the absence of war
ROWARNER@OKANAGAN.BC.CA
17. 017
Decision makers can minimize mistakes due
to misperceptions by:
Making assumptions and beliefs as explicit as possible
Remaining cognizant of pitfalls of interpreting data only as
consistent with one’s own theory
Being willing to work with information from different
angles
ROWARNER@OKANAGAN.BC.CA
18. 018
Second, ask us to distinguish the “how” of conduct from the “why” of conduct
First, the laws of war ask observers to hold each side responsible for respecting the
rules regardless of the actions of the other.
Third, the laws of war encourage combatants to view one another as fundamentally
human and worthy of dignity and protection.
ROWARNER@OKANAGAN.BC.CA