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Malaria
This document discusses the history and key figures in the discovery of malaria, the geographic distribution of malaria, its transmission and life cycle, immunity to malaria, efforts to develop a malaria vaccine, and methods for preventing malaria. It covers malaria from its discovery and understanding through modern prevention and treatment efforts.
Malaria name
Malaria is caused by a parasite that is transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The malaria parasite resides in human red blood cells and can replicate rapidly, causing symptoms like fever, chills, and fatigue. There are four types of malaria parasites that infect humans. Antimalarial drugs like chloroquine can treat and prevent malaria, and developed countries have eliminated malaria through public health measures like insecticide spraying and improved healthcare access, but currently no effective vaccine exists.
Ncycle
The nitrogen cycle describes how nitrogen is converted between its various forms as it circulates between the atmosphere, soil, water and living organisms. Nitrogen exists in several forms including nitrogen gas in the air, ammonium, nitrites and nitrates in soil and water, and as proteins and nucleic acids in living things, with bacteria and fungi playing key roles in nitrogen fixation and conversion between forms through decomposition and nitrification.
The lytic lifecycle of a virus name
Viruses can have DNA or RNA genomes, with DNA viruses having double-stranded DNA and RNA viruses having single-stranded RNA. Some RNA viruses like retroviruses use reverse transcriptase to transcribe their RNA genome into DNA, which then acts as a template to produce more viral genomes. Other RNA viruses like hepadnaviruses have reverse transcriptase and use RNA as a template to produce DNA genomes.
Nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen is an essential component of life but it exists primarily as non-reactive nitrogen gas in Earth's atmosphere. Through the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen is converted between nitrogen gas, nitrogen in living organisms, and reactive nitrogen compounds. This occurs via four processes: nitrogen fixation by bacteria, ammonification by decomposers, nitrification by nitrifying bacteria, and denitrification by denitrifying bacteria. The nitrogen cycle ensures a continuous supply of nitrogen needed for amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids in living things.
How hiv infects cells
The document summarizes how HIV infects and replicates within cells. It begins by explaining the structure of HIV, which has a lipid membrane and envelope proteins containing two strands of viral RNA and the reverse transcriptase enzyme. It then describes the five step process of HIV infection: 1) HIV attaches to CD4 receptors on T-helper cells; 2) viral RNA is converted to DNA by reverse transcriptase; 3) viral DNA integrates into host cell DNA; 4) viral RNA and proteins are produced and assembled; 5) new viruses bud off from the host cell, destroying it in the process.
Malaria Y Enf. De Chagas
El documento resume la epidemiología, transmisión, ciclo vital, cuadro clínico, diagnóstico, tratamiento y complicaciones de la malaria. La malaria afecta a cientos de millones de personas anualmente y causa millones de muertes. Plasmodium falciparum es la especie más común y grave, predominando en África, Asia y América Latina. El parásito se transmite a través de la picadura del mosquito Anopheles. El tratamiento depende de la resistencia y gravedad de la infección, incluyendo medicamentos
Practica de microbiologia(2)
Este documento presenta un protocolo para identificar microorganismos contaminantes en cultivos vegetales mediante tinción y microscopía. El protocolo incluye la tinción de Gram para bacterias y tinción con azul de metileno para hongos usando muestras contaminadas, seguido de observación microscópica y diagramación de las estructuras identificadas. El documento también proporciona preguntas sobre los fundamentos de las tinciones, microorganismos contaminantes comunes y actividades que contribuyen o disminuyen la contaminación.
Recommended
Malaria
This document discusses the history and key figures in the discovery of malaria, the geographic distribution of malaria, its transmission and life cycle, immunity to malaria, efforts to develop a malaria vaccine, and methods for preventing malaria. It covers malaria from its discovery and understanding through modern prevention and treatment efforts.
Malaria name
Malaria is caused by a parasite that is transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The malaria parasite resides in human red blood cells and can replicate rapidly, causing symptoms like fever, chills, and fatigue. There are four types of malaria parasites that infect humans. Antimalarial drugs like chloroquine can treat and prevent malaria, and developed countries have eliminated malaria through public health measures like insecticide spraying and improved healthcare access, but currently no effective vaccine exists.
Ncycle
The nitrogen cycle describes how nitrogen is converted between its various forms as it circulates between the atmosphere, soil, water and living organisms. Nitrogen exists in several forms including nitrogen gas in the air, ammonium, nitrites and nitrates in soil and water, and as proteins and nucleic acids in living things, with bacteria and fungi playing key roles in nitrogen fixation and conversion between forms through decomposition and nitrification.
The lytic lifecycle of a virus name
Viruses can have DNA or RNA genomes, with DNA viruses having double-stranded DNA and RNA viruses having single-stranded RNA. Some RNA viruses like retroviruses use reverse transcriptase to transcribe their RNA genome into DNA, which then acts as a template to produce more viral genomes. Other RNA viruses like hepadnaviruses have reverse transcriptase and use RNA as a template to produce DNA genomes.
Nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen is an essential component of life but it exists primarily as non-reactive nitrogen gas in Earth's atmosphere. Through the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen is converted between nitrogen gas, nitrogen in living organisms, and reactive nitrogen compounds. This occurs via four processes: nitrogen fixation by bacteria, ammonification by decomposers, nitrification by nitrifying bacteria, and denitrification by denitrifying bacteria. The nitrogen cycle ensures a continuous supply of nitrogen needed for amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids in living things.
How hiv infects cells
The document summarizes how HIV infects and replicates within cells. It begins by explaining the structure of HIV, which has a lipid membrane and envelope proteins containing two strands of viral RNA and the reverse transcriptase enzyme. It then describes the five step process of HIV infection: 1) HIV attaches to CD4 receptors on T-helper cells; 2) viral RNA is converted to DNA by reverse transcriptase; 3) viral DNA integrates into host cell DNA; 4) viral RNA and proteins are produced and assembled; 5) new viruses bud off from the host cell, destroying it in the process.
Malaria Y Enf. De Chagas
El documento resume la epidemiología, transmisión, ciclo vital, cuadro clínico, diagnóstico, tratamiento y complicaciones de la malaria. La malaria afecta a cientos de millones de personas anualmente y causa millones de muertes. Plasmodium falciparum es la especie más común y grave, predominando en África, Asia y América Latina. El parásito se transmite a través de la picadura del mosquito Anopheles. El tratamiento depende de la resistencia y gravedad de la infección, incluyendo medicamentos
Practica de microbiologia(2)
Este documento presenta un protocolo para identificar microorganismos contaminantes en cultivos vegetales mediante tinción y microscopía. El protocolo incluye la tinción de Gram para bacterias y tinción con azul de metileno para hongos usando muestras contaminadas, seguido de observación microscópica y diagramación de las estructuras identificadas. El documento también proporciona preguntas sobre los fundamentos de las tinciones, microorganismos contaminantes comunes y actividades que contribuyen o disminuyen la contaminación.
Viruses name
Viruses are the smallest living organisms and can only reproduce inside host cells. They transfer between cells as inert virus particles and have different shapes like spheres or cubes. Viruses have a protein capsid that protects their nucleic acid and may have an envelope that attaches to host cells to aid in penetration. Retroviruses contain RNA and use reverse transcriptase to change their RNA into DNA which can then be inserted into the host genome.
Gram
Gram's staining is a method used to differentiate bacterial species based on differences in their cell walls. It involves staining bacteria with crystal violet dye and rinsing with iodine solution or alcohol to reveal whether the bacteria takes a red or purple stain. Gram-positive bacteria retain the purple crystal violet dye after rinsing, while Gram-negative bacteria do not and appear red. The difference is due to the thicker peptidoglycan layer in Gram-positive cell walls.
Controlling microbial growth webquest name
This document discusses various methods for controlling microbial growth, including antiseptics, disinfectants, and sterilization techniques. It addresses topics like pasteurization, gamma radiation, culturing microbes, and using tools like haemocytometers and turbidometry to assess microbial levels. Key terms are defined for antiseptics, disinfectants, bacteriocidal, bacteriostatic, culture media, agar, culture, streak plate, and lawn. Methods for culturing bacteria differently from viruses are also touched on.
Cholera investigation
There is an outbreak of cholera centered in one area of London in 1860. You must investigate the source of the outbreak and present a solution to the city officials. Evidence shows high numbers of deaths from cholera in houses near cess pits, wells, and a brewery in the affected area. Sewage is disposed into cess pits and residents get water from local wells and pumps, which could allow contamination and spread of the water-borne disease.
Meet the microbes!!
1. Microbiology involves studying microbes like bacteria and their role in the environment, industries, and health.
2. Precise sterile techniques must be used when working with microbes in a lab to prevent contamination, including wearing protective clothing, cleaning surfaces, sterilizing equipment, and proper disposal of materials.
3. Bacteria can be classified into groups like archaea and eubacteria based on their structures, environments, and other distinguishing characteristics.
Meet the microbes!!
1. The document discusses microbiology techniques used to culture bacteria, including aseptic technique, autoclaving equipment, and inoculating agar plates.
2. It also covers the classification of microbes into three domains: Archaea, which live in extreme environments; Eubacteria, which are found in most habitats and include heterotrophs, photosynthetic and chemosynthetic autotrophs; and Eukaryotes.
3. The differences between Archaea and Eubacteria include their cell walls, membranes, ribosome size, and the presence or absence of histones and introns in their genes.
Eubacteria
Vibrio fischeri is a marine bacterium that exists in either a free-living planktonic state or as a symbiont colonizing the light organs of certain luminescent fish and squid. The bacteria cause bioluminescence in their hosts, which may help with prey attraction or camouflage. V. fischeri tightly regulates bioluminescence through quorum sensing, only emitting light when colonizing light organs in high densities, as bioluminescence is energetically costly. Quorum sensing involves bacteria producing and detecting autoinducer signaling molecules, leading to gene expression and bioluminescence once the population reaches a threshold density.
Viruses
Viruses are the smallest living organisms that can only reproduce inside host cells. They enter cells through direct membrane penetration, membrane fusion, or endocytosis. Once inside, viruses use the host cell's machinery to produce copies of themselves and infect new cells. Retroviruses contain RNA that is converted to DNA inside the host using an enzyme called reverse transcriptase, allowing them to insert their genes into the host genome. A cDNA library contains all DNA copies of cellular mRNA created using reverse transcriptase and represents the complete set of genes expressed by an organism.
Metabolism of microbes circus latest version
This document defines key terms related to autotrophs and heterotrophs, provides examples of each, compares their energy and carbon sources, diagrams a cyanobacterium, and summarizes how bacteria are used in bioremediation of soil and water. Specifically, it defines photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs; uses cyanobacteria, Chloroflexus aurantiacus, Thiobacillus denitrificans, and Lactobacillus acidophilus as examples; and draws a table comparing chemoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs. It also diagrams a filamentous cyanobacter
Nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen is an essential component of life but it exists primarily as non-reactive nitrogen gas in Earth's atmosphere. Through the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen is converted between nitrogen gas, nitrogen in living organisms, and reactive nitrogen forms usable by plants and animals. The nitrogen cycle has four main processes: nitrogen fixation by bacteria, ammonification by decomposers, nitrification by nitrifying bacteria, and denitrification by denitrifying bacteria. These processes convert nitrogen between gas, organic, and inorganic forms.
Metabolism of microbes circus
This document defines key terms related to autotrophs and heterotrophs, provides examples of each, compares their energy and carbon sources, diagrams a cyanobacterium, and summarizes how bacteria are used in bioremediation of soil and water. Specifically, it defines photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs; uses cyanobacteria, Chloroflexus aurantiacus, Thiobacillus denitrificans, and Lactobacillus acidophilus as examples; and explains how bacteria can be used to control pests, treat sewage, and help clean up oil spills.
Malaria and bovine spongiform encephalitis
1) Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium transmitted via mosquito bites. It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions where mosquitoes can breed.
2) Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), also known as mad cow disease, is a fatal brain disease caused by prions. Cattle can contract BSE from eating rendered protein in feed that contains infected tissue.
3) Prion diseases like BSE and its human form Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) are transmitted when humans consume meat infected with prions, which are very resistant to heat sterilization and other methods.
Lytic lifecycle of a virus
The document summarizes the lytic lifecycle of a virus. It begins with an overview of viral genomes and then describes the 7 step lytic cycle of a bacteriophage virus: 1) Adsorption, where the virus attaches to the host cell wall. 2) Penetration, where the viral DNA enters the cell. 3) Synthesis of early viral proteins. 4) Replication of viral DNA. 5) Synthesis of late viral proteins. 6) Assembly of new virus particles. 7) Lysis and release of new virus particles to infect other cells. The document then briefly mentions antibiotics and MRSA before posing questions about the prevalence and media portrayal of MRSA.
Grams staining and yoghurt making
The document discusses Gram staining technique used to differentiate between bacteria. It describes the Gram staining procedure which involves using crystal violet, iodine, decolorizer and safranin. The document also discusses using Gram staining to diagnose if a patient is infected with Salmonella based on a case study where the patient experienced food poisoning after eating a tamale. It provides information about Salmonella and Lactobacillus acidophilus and how to perform the Gram staining diagnostic test on samples from the patient.
Epidemiology
This document discusses epidemiology and the spread of disease, focusing on an outbreak of cholera in London in the 1800s. It describes how John Snow used epidemiological methods and the scientific process to determine that the source of the cholera outbreak was a contaminated water pump. By tracking deaths and questioning residents about their water source, Snow was able to convince officials to remove the pump handle, stopping new cases. His work established epidemiology as a field and provided evidence that cholera was water-borne and spread through contaminated drinking water.
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Viruses name
Viruses are the smallest living organisms and can only reproduce inside host cells. They transfer between cells as inert virus particles and have different shapes like spheres or cubes. Viruses have a protein capsid that protects their nucleic acid and may have an envelope that attaches to host cells to aid in penetration. Retroviruses contain RNA and use reverse transcriptase to change their RNA into DNA which can then be inserted into the host genome.
Gram
Gram's staining is a method used to differentiate bacterial species based on differences in their cell walls. It involves staining bacteria with crystal violet dye and rinsing with iodine solution or alcohol to reveal whether the bacteria takes a red or purple stain. Gram-positive bacteria retain the purple crystal violet dye after rinsing, while Gram-negative bacteria do not and appear red. The difference is due to the thicker peptidoglycan layer in Gram-positive cell walls.
Controlling microbial growth webquest name
This document discusses various methods for controlling microbial growth, including antiseptics, disinfectants, and sterilization techniques. It addresses topics like pasteurization, gamma radiation, culturing microbes, and using tools like haemocytometers and turbidometry to assess microbial levels. Key terms are defined for antiseptics, disinfectants, bacteriocidal, bacteriostatic, culture media, agar, culture, streak plate, and lawn. Methods for culturing bacteria differently from viruses are also touched on.
Cholera investigation
There is an outbreak of cholera centered in one area of London in 1860. You must investigate the source of the outbreak and present a solution to the city officials. Evidence shows high numbers of deaths from cholera in houses near cess pits, wells, and a brewery in the affected area. Sewage is disposed into cess pits and residents get water from local wells and pumps, which could allow contamination and spread of the water-borne disease.
Meet the microbes!!
1. Microbiology involves studying microbes like bacteria and their role in the environment, industries, and health.
2. Precise sterile techniques must be used when working with microbes in a lab to prevent contamination, including wearing protective clothing, cleaning surfaces, sterilizing equipment, and proper disposal of materials.
3. Bacteria can be classified into groups like archaea and eubacteria based on their structures, environments, and other distinguishing characteristics.
Meet the microbes!!
1. The document discusses microbiology techniques used to culture bacteria, including aseptic technique, autoclaving equipment, and inoculating agar plates.
2. It also covers the classification of microbes into three domains: Archaea, which live in extreme environments; Eubacteria, which are found in most habitats and include heterotrophs, photosynthetic and chemosynthetic autotrophs; and Eukaryotes.
3. The differences between Archaea and Eubacteria include their cell walls, membranes, ribosome size, and the presence or absence of histones and introns in their genes.
Eubacteria
Vibrio fischeri is a marine bacterium that exists in either a free-living planktonic state or as a symbiont colonizing the light organs of certain luminescent fish and squid. The bacteria cause bioluminescence in their hosts, which may help with prey attraction or camouflage. V. fischeri tightly regulates bioluminescence through quorum sensing, only emitting light when colonizing light organs in high densities, as bioluminescence is energetically costly. Quorum sensing involves bacteria producing and detecting autoinducer signaling molecules, leading to gene expression and bioluminescence once the population reaches a threshold density.
Viruses
Viruses are the smallest living organisms that can only reproduce inside host cells. They enter cells through direct membrane penetration, membrane fusion, or endocytosis. Once inside, viruses use the host cell's machinery to produce copies of themselves and infect new cells. Retroviruses contain RNA that is converted to DNA inside the host using an enzyme called reverse transcriptase, allowing them to insert their genes into the host genome. A cDNA library contains all DNA copies of cellular mRNA created using reverse transcriptase and represents the complete set of genes expressed by an organism.
Metabolism of microbes circus latest version
This document defines key terms related to autotrophs and heterotrophs, provides examples of each, compares their energy and carbon sources, diagrams a cyanobacterium, and summarizes how bacteria are used in bioremediation of soil and water. Specifically, it defines photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs; uses cyanobacteria, Chloroflexus aurantiacus, Thiobacillus denitrificans, and Lactobacillus acidophilus as examples; and draws a table comparing chemoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs. It also diagrams a filamentous cyanobacter
Nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen is an essential component of life but it exists primarily as non-reactive nitrogen gas in Earth's atmosphere. Through the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen is converted between nitrogen gas, nitrogen in living organisms, and reactive nitrogen forms usable by plants and animals. The nitrogen cycle has four main processes: nitrogen fixation by bacteria, ammonification by decomposers, nitrification by nitrifying bacteria, and denitrification by denitrifying bacteria. These processes convert nitrogen between gas, organic, and inorganic forms.
Metabolism of microbes circus
This document defines key terms related to autotrophs and heterotrophs, provides examples of each, compares their energy and carbon sources, diagrams a cyanobacterium, and summarizes how bacteria are used in bioremediation of soil and water. Specifically, it defines photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs; uses cyanobacteria, Chloroflexus aurantiacus, Thiobacillus denitrificans, and Lactobacillus acidophilus as examples; and explains how bacteria can be used to control pests, treat sewage, and help clean up oil spills.
Malaria and bovine spongiform encephalitis
1) Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium transmitted via mosquito bites. It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions where mosquitoes can breed.
2) Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), also known as mad cow disease, is a fatal brain disease caused by prions. Cattle can contract BSE from eating rendered protein in feed that contains infected tissue.
3) Prion diseases like BSE and its human form Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) are transmitted when humans consume meat infected with prions, which are very resistant to heat sterilization and other methods.
Lytic lifecycle of a virus
The document summarizes the lytic lifecycle of a virus. It begins with an overview of viral genomes and then describes the 7 step lytic cycle of a bacteriophage virus: 1) Adsorption, where the virus attaches to the host cell wall. 2) Penetration, where the viral DNA enters the cell. 3) Synthesis of early viral proteins. 4) Replication of viral DNA. 5) Synthesis of late viral proteins. 6) Assembly of new virus particles. 7) Lysis and release of new virus particles to infect other cells. The document then briefly mentions antibiotics and MRSA before posing questions about the prevalence and media portrayal of MRSA.
Grams staining and yoghurt making
The document discusses Gram staining technique used to differentiate between bacteria. It describes the Gram staining procedure which involves using crystal violet, iodine, decolorizer and safranin. The document also discusses using Gram staining to diagnose if a patient is infected with Salmonella based on a case study where the patient experienced food poisoning after eating a tamale. It provides information about Salmonella and Lactobacillus acidophilus and how to perform the Gram staining diagnostic test on samples from the patient.
Epidemiology
This document discusses epidemiology and the spread of disease, focusing on an outbreak of cholera in London in the 1800s. It describes how John Snow used epidemiological methods and the scientific process to determine that the source of the cholera outbreak was a contaminated water pump. By tracking deaths and questioning residents about their water source, Snow was able to convince officials to remove the pump handle, stopping new cases. His work established epidemiology as a field and provided evidence that cholera was water-borne and spread through contaminated drinking water.