3. Three elements –
to characterize / particular
Examination of patient , through case taking
1. Location
2. Sensation
3. Modality
4. Condition of disease
Examination of symptom record (study of case)
1. What is curable in case
2. What symptoms are there in materia medica
Examination of materia medica
1. Repertory to find similimum to the patient
4. ART OF GENERALIZING
• Analysis
• Comparison logical process
• Classification
• Generalization
Generalization – being synthesis /summing up of results
Generals are more important than particulars in a case for
prescribing
GENERAL + PARTICULARS = CURATIVE PRESCRIPTION
5. • MILL’S , TREATISE ON LOGIC
General truth is a aggregate of particular truth
Process of obtaining a general conception , rule or law from a
consideration of particular facts/ phenomena
MINOR GENERALIZATION MAJOR GENERALIZATION
SIMILIA SIMILIBUS CURENTUR
If we didn’t give importance to some minute ,we end up in snap
shot prescription & will fail
6. GENERAL SYMPTOMS
• Patient sometimes tells unconsiuosly like I am worse
by rainy season , I feel sad / depressed easily –
general symptoms
• Mental symptoms are the general symptoms
Psychologically – emotion / passion such as anger and
grief
Complex state of consiousness
Aroused from primary feeling
When we become aware it is essentially,
generalization- subconsiously performed
7. 1. Mental symptoms if present holds the highest rank
( most interior , intimate, nearest to heart ) are
generals
2. Man’s state of mind , his moods , his passions , his
fear , his desires and aversion generals
Because it express man himself not merely apart
THE MIND IS THE MAN
8. 3. Express subconsiously or involuntary action of mind
manner of sleep, peculiar or unusual positions during
sleep or disease , character of dream / delirium
4. Modalities or conditions of aggrevation and
amelioration apply to whole case /patient himself
9. PARTICULAR SYMPTOMS
• Express suffering of some part , organ or function of
body
• Data from which general symptom are drawn
• Differentiating factor between 2 or more remedies
10. NEGATIVE GENERALS
• Absence of certain striking or customary features of
a disease which are generals symptom of a case
Eg: 1. Fever without thirst
2. Coldness with aversion to being covered
3. Hunger without appetite
4. Exanthematous disease without appearance of
eruptions
11. GRADING & GROUPING- ESPRIT DE CORPS
• Like in army how we are grading and categorizing
each person and making it a huge army .
• Likewise in study of materia medica or disease we
have to group and grade each symptom and keep it
in mind clear .
• Materia medica and sickness are similar ( fac simile)
12. MEMORIZING SYMPTOMS
• Read the proving impress our mind with an
image of individualizing the drug as a whole
Like how we identify an individual person
If logically trained mind got this , one will understand
& categorize & memorize it
13. KEYNOTE
• Concise statement of single characteristic feature of a
drug deducted by a critical consideration of its
symptom as recorded in proving
Eg: Pulsatilla < close or warm room which is particular
symptoms seen in numerous cases .
Boenninghausen told , if we stick modalities only to
particulars , we cant see success in prescription
14. • Characteristic symptom is not that it confine to one
or another symptom, it is like a red thread, runs
through all morbid symptoms of given remedy ,
associated with any kind of pain
DRAMATISING MATERIA MEDICA
Imagining our friends who feels similar in character of
particular drug to remember
15. GENERALIZING FOR
REPERTORY WORK
• Eg: Maliciousness
Inductive method is used , as it takes noting for
granted and establishes only fact from
observation from process of reasoning .
16. ART OF GENERALIZATION
1. The mind must be freed from the bias of pre –
conceived opinions & theories
2. The subject must be clearly defined , or restricted
within definite limits
3. The phenomena must be determined by actual
observation or experimentation, with a single end
in view , viz., truth
17. 4. All the phenomena must be gathered , if possible .
No fact must be omitted , how trifling it may seem
5. No phenomena are to be admitted to the induction
of a study but those elicited by its own process in its
own province.
6. The facts must be clearly expressed and recorded
with exactness & precision.
7. The phenomena must be expressed and recorded in
terms of simple fact, free from speculation about
their causes .
18. 8. The facts have been ascertained and clearly stated ,
they are to be arranged in their natural relation to
each other and to the subject of the inquiry by
comparison and generalization
9. Generalization proceeds by bringing together similar
& related phenomena into groups , considering
these in their relation to each other & to other
groups , deducing their general characteristics and
stating the in simple , comprehensive form
19. 10. Particulars appropriately grouped lead to minor
generalizations, which in turn lead to greater
generalizations, but always as required by lord
Bacon’s formula , “ascending continually and by
degrees’’.The most rigorous conditions of gradual
and successive generalizations must be adopted.
11. Nothing should be deduced from the facts of
observation except what they inevitably include .
12. At every stage of the investigation , the analysis
of the phenomenon must be carried to its utmost
limits before the process of synthesis is begun
20. LAW OF CAUSATION
• Science of logic has relation in assinging cause of
disease through which correct conclusion will be
made to cure
• EVERY EFFECT MUST HAVE A CAUSE
Mill’s ( system of logic ) ,
Theory of induction is based on cause
Phenomena of nature exist in,
Simultaneity – uniform phenomena
Succession – Follow it
21. Cause can be derived by ,
1. Correct observation & interpretation of facts
2. Freedom from prejudice
JEVON says , Science is in mind and not in things .
Law of causation , main pillar of inductive science ,
recognition of familiar truth between phenomenon
which exist at any instant and phenomenon which exist
at succeeding instant
Order of succession
Invariable antecedent – cause
Invariable consequent – effect
22. • The occurence of disease is usually between the
consequent and sum of several antecedents not
because of single antecedent .
• In such case one cause will dominate , calling others
merely a condition.
Eg : If a person eats particular dish and dies in
consequences in such case the particular food is not
merely the reason , it may be due to act of eating ,
particular bodily constitution , particular state of
present health , & certain state of atmosphere all
constitutes the death .
23. • The real cause is whole of these antecedents, not the
single cause
• The medical error is assuming , for a disease , there
is a single causes ad directing all efforts and agencies
against that .
Eg. In case of cholera , tuberculosis & diptheria –
thinking bacilli is the sole cause and treating for it ,
but the truth is antibacillar treatment alone caused a
great mortality in the history
It may be due to certain sanitary , atmospheric , and
telluric conditions too which should be noted to
reduce the mortality
24. • In 1915, department of health of new york ,
announced in his weekly bulletin , the total failure of
diptheria antitoxin and failure of all other treatment
against bacilli to reduce or control it .
They stated , Facilities for early diagnosis and
introduction in number of antitoxin produced
reduction in disease
Campaigns – save face & swat the fly doesn’t gave
much results as they are directed to bacillar
hypotheseis
25. • In homoeopathy , the record of mortality in cholera
is as low as 4% where other system have 77%
mortality rate .
This is because homoeopathy does not direct its
efforts primarily to destruct the proximate physical
cause of the disease ( micro organism) ,
but against disease itself.
26. • Eg : Diptheria ( klebs loeffler bacilli ) may be present
in throats of healthy individual ,but if he have high or
sufficient resistance to action of bacilli not
susceptible to infection & escape
• So the power of bacilli or other infectious agent is
always relative and conditional . So the bacilli is not
always the only reason , there is always a
combination of causes leading to the disease .
27. Lets summarize
• Individualization – 3 elements
• Art of generalization – mill’s statement ( general
truth is an aggregate of particular truth )
• General symptoms
• Particular symptoms
• Negative generals
• Esperit the corps -??
• Keynote symptom
• Generalizing for repertory
• Art of generalization – 12 points
• Law of causation -??
