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The economy is driven by data ~ Data sustains an organization’s business processes and enables it to deliver products and services. Stop the flow of data, and for many companies, business comes quickly to a halt. Those who understand its value and have the ability to manage related risks will have a competitive advantage. If the loss of data lasts long enough, the viability of an organization to survive may come into question. What is the significant difference between quality assurance & quality control? Explain Why is there a relationship between QA/QC and risk management? Explain Why are policies needed to govern data both in transit and at rest (not being used - accessed)? Explain .

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The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial MarketsFourth E.docx

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The Emerging Role of Data Scientists on Software Development Teams Miryung Kim UCLA Los Angeles, CA, USA [email protected] Thomas Zimmermann Robert DeLine Andrew Begel Microsoft Research Redmond, WA, USA {tzimmer, rdeline, andrew.begel}@microsoft.com ABSTRACT Creating and running software produces large amounts of raw data about the development process and the customer usage, which can be turned into actionable insight with the help of skilled data scientists. Unfortunately, data scientists with the analytical and software engineering skills to analyze these large data sets have been hard to come by; only recently have software companies started to develop competencies in software-oriented data analytics. To understand this emerging role, we interviewed data scientists across several product groups at Microsoft. In this paper, we describe their education and training background, their missions in software engineering contexts, and the type of problems on which they work. We identify five distinct working styles of data scientists: (1) Insight Providers, who work with engineers to collect the data needed to inform decisions that managers make; (2) Modeling Specialists, who use their machine learning expertise to build predictive models; (3) Platform Builders, who create data platforms, balancing both engineering and data analysis concerns; (4) Polymaths, who do all data science activities themselves; and (5) Team Leaders, who run teams of data scientists and spread best practices. We fur- ther describe a set of strategies that they employ to increase the impact and actionability of their work. Categories and Subject Descriptors: D.2.9 [Management] General Terms: Management, Measurement, Human Factors. 1. INTRODUCTION Software teams are increasingly using data analysis to inform their engineering and business decisions [1] and to build data solutions that utilize data in software products [2]. The people who do col- lection and analysis are called data scientists, a term coined by DJ Patil and Jeff Hammerbacher in 2008 to define their jobs at LinkedIn and Facebook [3]. The mission of a data scientist is to transform data into insight, providing guidance for leaders to take action [4]. One example is the use of user telemetry data to redesign Windows Explorer (a tool for file management) for Windows 8. Data scientists on the Windows team discovered that the top ten most frequent commands accounted for 81.2% of all of invoked commands, but only two of these were easily accessible from the command bar in the user interface 8 [5]. Based on this insight, the team redesigned the user experience to make these hidden commands more prominent. Until recently, data scientists were found mostly on software teams whose products were data-intensive, like internet search and adver- tising. Today, we have reached an inflection point where many.

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The Earth's largest phylum is Arthropoda, including centipedes, millipedes, crustaceans, and insects. The insects have shown to be a particularly successful class within the phylum. What biological characteristics have contributed to the success of insects? I'm many science fiction scenarios, post-apocalyptic Earth is mainly populated with giant insects. Why don't we see giant insects today? 250-500 words done by 12:40pm today which is about two hours from now. Cite work. .

The Earths largest phylum is Arthropoda, including centipedes, mill.docx

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The economic and financial crisis from 2008 to 2009, also known as the global financial crisis, was considered to be the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. The general situation of financial markets has been additionally complicated by the introduction of new financial products as well as other modes of operations including globalization. The global financial market seems to be playing a different function in our economy and it has been working because of new regulations. The introduction of new trade platforms, online access to information, integration and globalization of the market have caused some revisions of finance theories. What are reliable predictors of economic and financial crises (list at least 3 of them)? Describe some achievements and some pending issues in context of a global crisis. Are we still in danger of economic and financial crises today (please refer to current Covid-19 situation)? Instructions: Conduct research from viable and credible sources such as and not limited to economic journals, periodicals, books, data base, and websites. This assignment should be submitted/uploaded via D2L on the date the assignment is due. Any late assignments will be subject to a letter grade reduction unless an extension has been negotiated with the professor prior to the due date. In this written assignment, the quality of your writing and the application of APA format will be evaluated in addition to your content. Evaluation based on these criteria is designed to help prepare you for completing your college projects, which must be well written and follow APA guidelines. Each written assignment should contain a minimum of 800 words, but no more than 900 words. Make sure that you use correct spelling, grammar, and punctuation. .

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The Economic Development Case Study is a two-part assignment – the written paper and video presentation. Economic Development Case studies must be posted prior to April 19th to receive approval. Case studies are approved on first posted basis – case studies must be unique, and students are required to review previously posted case studies to alleviate duplicate case studies. The first part of the assignment is to write a paper on a local (San Bernardino or Riverside counties) economic development. You may identify a case as reported from a city’s website, local newspapers, or other quality source. Remember, a low-quality source, or insufficient information from your sources, will affect the quality of your grade for this assignment. The Economic Development project cannot have been completed. Your case study should be approximately 750~1000 words long. In your case study paper, you should briefly describe the following: • Introduction to the economic development case • Identify the role government played • Identify the role of the public, if any • Economic impact to the community – What is the economic impact to the community? How will it benefit or not benefit the community? • Analysis – What is your analysis of the project? • Conclusion – Where is the project currently? Instructions for the case study: go to Economic Development Case Study – Submit Here Scoring Rubric for Economic Development Case Study Paper Criteria Exceptional (15 - 13 points) Very Good (13 – 11.25 points) Acceptable (11.25 – 9 points) Unacceptable (8 points or less) Content Provides an accurate and complete description of the case. All sources of facts and examples are fully documented. The case is original. Case was approved. For the most part, description of the case accurate and complete. Most sources of facts and examples are documented. The case is original and case was approved. Description of the case is inaccurate or incomplete. Some sources of facts and examples are documented. The case is original and was approved. Very little reference was made to the case. Case is not supported by evidence. Case is not original and was not approved. Organization Writer presents information in logical, interesting sequence, which reader can follow Writer presents information in logical sequence which reader can follow. Reader has difficulty following case study Reader cannot follow the case organization. Economic Development Case Study Paper & Presentation: Analysis Writer provides excellent analysis of the role of government and the economic impact of the case supported by information provided Writer provides good analysis of the role of government and the economic impact of the case. Writer provides analysis of either the role of gov.

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The Eighties, P art One From the following list, choose five events during the 1980s. I dentify the basic facts, dates, and purpose of the event in 2 to 3 sentences in the Identify column. Include why the event is significant in the Significance column, and add a reference for your material in the Reference column. · The Sunbelt · Suburban Conservatism · The Tax Revolt · Corporate Elites · Neoconservatives · Populist Conservatives · Deregulation · The Federal Reserve Board · The Energy Glut · The 1981 Tax Cuts · Spending Cuts · Military Spending · Technology Event Identify Significance Reference The Eighties, P art Two From the following list, choose five events during the 1980s. I dentify the basic facts, dates, and purpose of the event in 2 to 3 sentences in the Identify column. Include why the event is significant in the Significance column, and add a reference for your material in the Reference column. · Feminism · Homelessness · Republicans and the environment · Malls · Alternative rock · Madonna · Michael Jackson · AIDS · The Cosby Show · Sandra Day O’Connor · We Are the World · Global Warming · Geraldine Ferraro Event Identify Significance Reference .

The Eighties, Part OneFrom the following list, choose five.docx

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The Election of 1860 Democrats split · Northern Democrats run Stephen Douglas · Southern Democrats run John C. Breckinridge Republicans decide for moderate · Republicans nominate Lincoln · Lincoln opposes slavery in territories · Republican platform comprehensive Fourth party enters race · Constitutional Unionists · Run John Bell Republican Victory · Lincoln gains 40% popular vote · Lincoln wins in electoral college · Most Americans want settlement South Carolina fire-eaters demand secession · South Carolina secedes December 20, 1680 · Deep South follows · Buchanan unable to shape compromise Crittenden Compromise · Proposed extension of 36º 30’ · John Tyler proposed constitutional amendment · Lincoln cannot accept slavery in territories · Compromises fail Confederate States of America · Seven states of deep South · Montgomery original capital · Constitution similar to that of U.S. · Constitution protects slavery President Jefferson of CSA · Model slave owner; not fire-eater · Cold personality, irritable, inflexible · Lacks self-confidence · Surrounds himself with yes-men President Abraham Lincoln of United States · Knows value of unity, competency · Appoints rivals to cabinet · Brunt of jokes, criticism · Sharp native intelligence, humble Border states · Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas join CSA · Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri stay with Union · West Virginia secedes from Virginia A war of nerves · Two Southern forts in U.S. hands · Davis willing to let status quo stand for moment · Lincoln decides to re-supply forts without force · Confederates fire, beginning April 12, 1861 Art of War influences commanders · Focus on occupying high ground · Focus on taking enemy cities · Retreat when necessary · Jomini’s 12 models of war The Armies · Calvary: for reconnaissance · Artillery: weakens enemy · Infantry: backbone of army · Also support units Infantry · Brigades of 2,000–3,000 · Form double lines of 1,000 yards · Advance into enemy fire · Then fight hand-to-hand · Most battles in dense woods Yanks and Rebs · Most between 17 and 25 · From all states, social classes · Draft exempts upper class · Anti-draft riots in New York City · Draft dodgers in South · Some bounty hunters · High desertion rates · Shirking duty not common First Battle of Manassas (Bull Run) · Both sides thought war would be short · First battle 20 miles from Washington · South wins, Union forces flee in panic First Battle of Manassas (Bull Run) · South fails to attack Washington · South celebrates victory · Stonewall Jackson hero for South · South disorganized even in victory Consequences of Manassas (Bull Run) · South becomes overconfident · North prepares for long fight · George McClellan given command of Army of Potomac Northern strategy · Defend Washington; take Richmond · Split Confederacy by taking Mississippi River · Blockade southern coastline Mismatch · North had population advantage of 22 to 9 million · Industry in north · Railroads mainl.

The Election of 1860Democrats split· Northern Democrats run .docx

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The early civilizations of the Indus Valley known as Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro had many of the markings of a sophisticated culture. In a 2-3 page paper discuss the noted advancements of these cultures including significant archaeological finds that suggest these civilizations were far more advanced than originally believed. For this paper, you will need to find at least (2) outside resources that support your writing. .

The early civilizations of the Indus Valley known as Harappa and Moh.docx

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The Early Theories of Human Development Several theories attempt to describe human development. Briefly describe the Freud, Erickson, and Piaget theories regarding development. Provide the major similarities and differences between each. Explain how these early theories were developed, and why there is concern related to race, gender, socioeconomic status, and other areas of diversity in how these theories were developed. .

The Early Theories of Human DevelopmentSeveral theories atte.docx

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The Electoral College was created to protect US citizens against mob rule. Mob rule is the control of a lawful government system by a mass of people through violence and intimidation. However, some Americans question the legitimacy of this process. Pick one election where the outcome of the popular vote and the electoral college vote differed to create an argument in favor of or opposed to the use of the electoral college. List at least three valid points to support your argument. Present you argument in a PowerPoint presentation. Use speaker's notes to expand upon the bullet point main ideas on your slides, making references to research and theory with citation. Use visuals (pictures, video, narration, graphs, etc.) to compliment the text in your presentation and to reinforce your content. Treat this as if you were going to give this presentation live. 8-10 slides .

The Electoral College was created to protect US citizens against mob.docx

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The early modern age was a period of great discovery and exploration. The frontiers of knowledge were being pushed out in many directions through the work of scientists and the colonizing of the New World by the European nations. Discuss how our world today is also a world of discovery and exploration. Reflect on this in a short paragraph (250–300) that specifically links the kinds of changes five hundred years ago with the kinds of changes our culture is experiencing today. .

The early modern age was a period of great discovery and exploration.docx

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The Early Novel in the Western World Listen to the Audio Early Western literature, especially the picaresque tale, flourished in Spain. These often quite long stories narrated the adventures of a soldier of fortune living the carefree life on the open road and getting involved in all sorts of intrigues and love affairs. The Spanish also had tales similar to the King Arthur legends, dealing with the adventures on the road of brave and dashing knights who were superheroes; tremendous in battle and noble and chivalrous toward their true loves. The first known major novelist of the Western world was Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (1547–1616), whose life span closely parallels Shakespeare’s. His Don Quixote (written between 1612 and 1615) remains one of the most popular and beloved of all novels. The central character is an old man who has read so many stories of brave knights that he has gone mad and believes himself to be one of them. Riding a broken-down old horse named Rocinante and attended by his faithful squire Sancho Panza, he goes off in search of glorious adventure (Figure 4.1). Intended originally as a satire on the ridiculous excesses of the wandering knight story, Don Quixote became, in the opinion of many, a tragic tale of an idealist who sees the world not as it is but as it ought to be: a world in which people are driven by the noblest of motives, chivalry prevails, and love means forever. As an adventure story, Don Quixote influenced the work of many novelists who followed, setting the pattern for long, loosely structured yarns that would find a home in the magazine serials of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The serial was a publishing gimmick, each episode ending with the hero or heroine in a perilous strait, and thus keeping the reader coming back to purchase more issues. The English novel had its true beginnings in the eighteenth century. The coming of the magazine fostered a passion for fiction that had potential novelists busily scribbling. But the period was also one of a passion for science and its search for truth. Those who dictated the taste of the reading public insisted that a lengthy published work, to be worth the time spent in reading it, must at least pretend to be a true story. Consequently, much fiction was passed off as biography or autobiography, and this meant that the author’s real name was often omitted. For example, Gulliver’s Travels (1726) by Jonathan Swift and Robinson Crusoe (1719) by Daniel Defoe, two enduringly popular works of fiction, pretended to be nonfictional accounts of actual adventures, and Pamela: Virtue Rewarded (1740), by Samuel Richardson was an epistolary novel, consisting solely of letters “written” by its 15-year-old heroine. American writers were slow to gain recognition and respect abroad. In the early nineteenth century, British critics were asking, “Who reads an American book or goes to see an American play?” These questions incurred the wrath of American authors, who promp.

The Early Novel in the Western World Listen to the AudioEarly We.docx

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The Earth System Earth is the third planet from the sun in our solar system. Earth orbits the sun in an elliptical (oval) path. Earth’s orbit is sometimes called the “Goldilocks zone.” Mercury and Venus travel too close to the sun to sustain life—they’re “too hot.” Planets beyond Earth travel too far from the sun—they’re “too cold.” But Earth is “just right.” (Note that there’s evidence that Mars—the Red Planet—once may have sustained microscopic life on its surface. However, conditions on the Red Planet no longer seem favorable.) The term “Earth system” refers to the different processes and cycles that exist on the planet. All of these work together to sustain life. The four domains of the Earth system include the geosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere. Let’s quickly review each of these. Layers of Earth (NASA public domain image) The geosphere refers to the solid portion of the planet. It includes the rocks and minerals that make up the continents as well as the ocean floor. It also includes structures within Earth, including the liquid mantle and the dense, solid, metallic core. Nonliving surface ground layers, such as desert sands and volcanic rock, are part of the geosphere. The hydrosphere includes all the water on or near Earth’s surface. The oceans are the major component of the hydrosphere. They make up 97 percent of the Earth’s water. Glaciers and polar ice caps make up about 2 percent of the hydrosphere. Only about 1 percent of the hydrosphere is made up of the liquid freshwater found in ponds, streams, rivers, lakes, and underground water reservoirs (aquifers). Aquifers are the main freshwater source in America’s “breadbasket” states of the Midwest and Great Plains. (“Breadbasket” states get their name from the volume of wheat, a primary ingredient in bread, grown there.) The hydrosphere extends several miles above the surface of the planet into the atmosphere, mainly in the form of water vapor. Water vapor is water in its gaseous state. Precipitation is water released from the clouds. It may take the form of rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow, or hail. It’s part of the water cycle. For more information on the hydrosphere, follow this link: What is the HYDROSPHERE? The atmosphere is the planet’s blanket. It allows living beings on the planet to breathe. It also protects us from the unfriendly features of the universe, such as meteors, cosmic radiation, and the effects of solar flares. The atmosphere is made up of a variety of layers, as follows: Earth’s Atmosphere (NASA public domain image) · The troposphere is the densest part of the atmosphere. It starts at Earth’s surface and extends upward from about 5 miles (in the higher or lower latitudes) to 9 miles (over the equatorial regions). Most of our weather takes place here. · The stratosphere extends from the troposphere upward about 31 miles. The ozone layer, which protects the planet from solar ultraviolet radiation, is located in this region. · The mesosph.

The Earth SystemEarth is the third planet from the sun in our so.docx

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The Efficacy of Executive Coaching in Times of Organisational Change ANTHONY M. GRANT Coaching Psychology Unit, School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia ABSTRACT Executive coaching is often used in times of organisational change to help executives develop the psychological and behavioural skills needed to focus on reaching their work-related goals whilst simultaneously dealing with the turbulence associated with organisational change. Despite its widespread use, little research has explored the impact of executive coaching during periods of organisational change. This within-subject study used both quantitative and qualitative measures to explore the impact of executive coaching during a period of organisational change on 31 executives and managers from a global engineering consulting organisation. Participation in the coaching was associated with increased goal attainment, enhanced solution-focused thinking, a greater ability to deal with change, increased leadership self-efficacy and resilience, and decrease in depression. The positive impact of coaching generalised to non-work areas such as family life. Recommendations are made for the measurement and design of executive coaching programmes. KEY WORDS: Executive coaching, organisational change, leadership self-efficacy, solution- focused thinking Introduction Organisational turbulence has increasingly become part of the everyday experience in organisations in the contemporary Western commercial world. Organis- ational turbulence is defined as nontrivial, rapid, and discontinuous change in an organisation, brought about by events such as restructurings, downsizings, sales, and spin-offs of assets and acquisitions, the effects of which are often experienced as disconcerting (Cameron et al., 1987). Journal of Change Management, 2014 Vol. 14, No. 2, 258 – 280, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14697017.2013.805159 Correspondence Address: Anthony M. Grant, Coaching Psychology Unit, School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Email: [email protected] # 2013 The Author(s). Published by Taylor & Francis. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The moral rights of the named author(s) have been asserted. Whereas in the last century organisational change tended to be part of desig- nated mergers and acquisitions or pre-planned cultural development initiatives (Gaughan, 2010), since 2000 the rate and unpredictability of organisational change appear to have escalated, resulting in greater demands and stresses being placed on managers and executives (Sablonnière et al., 2012). Such economic uncertainty and organisational turbulence have been particularly evident since the 2007 Global Financial Crisis. Not surprisi.

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The Earth has had three distinct atmospheres over its life to date. Describe the composition of these atmospheres and when they occurred. 2.The same process responsible for the relatively young average age of rocks on the Earth is also responsible for the fact that we have so few craters. Names this process and describe how it works. 3. What is the source of the magnetic field that we have on Earth? 4.Describe two of the most rare/unique physical features of Venus and their cause. 5.What are the main indicators that there was once a liquid surface water on Mars? Describe and locate any current forms of water on Mars? .

The Earth has had three distinct atmospheres over its life to date. .docx

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"the earth we abuse and the living things we kill will, in the end, take their revenge; for in exploiting their presence we are diminishing our future" agree or disagree this point. write better than a diary but not formal as the essay and please write as a high school student, leave some grammer problem on the parter. do not use too much high level vocab. its all about the personal response. 150-250words please be on time! .

the earth we abuse and the living things we kill will, in the end.docx

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The Effects of Smoking In Pregnant Women A Capstone Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Healthcare Administration PURDUE UNIVERSITY GLOBAL September 4, 2018 The Effects of Smoking in Pregnant Women Background The following section highlights some historical and reviewed information or material on smoking during pregnancy, and some of the effects the practice has not only on the unborn children but also on the mothers. Most people associate smoking with heart disease, cancer and major health conditions that have been documented in different scholarly materials. Smoking during the period of pregnancy is attributed to additional health challenges most of which are connected with the well-being of the unborn child (Banderali et al., 2015). It has been documented that smoking cigarettes is the leading cause of preventable deaths in several parts of the country and the rest of the world. Estimated figures of smoking prevalence during pregnancy are most of the time derived from self-reported data and information. Validation of these data and information using biochemical markers like cotinine has most of the time shown that women who are pregnant may hide their smoking especially when they understand the kind of reactions they could be exposed to. As a result, the self-reported smoking prevalence data and information during pregnancy is underestimated (Banderali et al., 2015). Since negative attitudes towards maternal smoking have been on the increasing trend over the recent past, the validity and credibility of self-reported smoking data and information may be of special attention (Banderali et al., 2015). This literature perspective brings forth an understanding on the consequences of smoking during pregnancy from the perspective of brain functioning and how the developing fetus is likely to be affected by the common practice. Banderali et al. (2015) stress that mothers often want healthy babies full of life and with a high brain capacity. However, smoking has been illustrated to have an immediate impact on how the fetus is developed and how the capacity of the brain is affected. Environmental factors can massively modulate genetically programmed development of the brain during the fetal life, and maternal smoking is a harmful factor (Banderali et al., 2015). It is saddening that while pregnant mothers and other people in the society have widespread and detailed knowledge and information on the consequences of smoking on the development of the fetus, statistics still show that more than 20 percent of women in this category continue with the practice in several parts of the world, Europe and United States not left behind (Ekblad, Korkeila & Lehtonen, 2015). Statistics speculate that women and first-time mothers especially those coming from low-income families are worst hit by the effects of smoking during pregnancy, as compared to the older women who have had mo.

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The Effects of Media Violence on Behavior The topic effects of media violence on behavior is aimed at establishing how the consumption of violent content alter or build our behaviors especially in the younger generation, the adolescents. Considering the fact that almost in every media there is violence, action movies (movies in general), video games (Grand Theft Auto), YouTube and other social media platforms such as Instagram and Facebook. All these platforms are where we spend most of our time and one is likely to come across a violent content on a daily. Therefore, if this happens in couple of days in a year it means that this violent portrayal in the media will become the new reality. What does this mean, it means that the entertainment industry pushes violence in each one of us and especially the younger demographic. Who might grow up with some psychological conditions that might be developed from being exposed to violence either virtual or real life violence. Therefore, this topic is relevant and relevant to the society mainly because, of the concern of psychological development of the younger generation. A good example is the Columbine Tragedy, a mass shooting in ahigh that left 15 students dead and 21 individuals injured. The forensics officers and psychiatrists linked the behavior of the suspects from the exposure to violent video games and violent music. While it might not be taken seriously but media violence can harbor violent tendencies in individuals who have predisposed conditions, such as psychopathy and depression and suicidal conditions. The aspects of the topic that will be the main focus, is how virtual or comic violence can pass through the brain as real-life violence. Why does the people affected do not know how to distinguish between virtual violence and real-life violence? Bibliography Schildkraut, J., & Muschert, G. W. (2019). Columbine, 20 years later and beyond: Lessons from tragedy. ABC-CLIO. This resource will be used in the paper as it will help to dissect through the columbine tragedy and explain how violent media was responsible for the mass shooting in this school. Although there will various instances, this particularly is important as it is the first case dealing with adolescents that violent media or video games were tied to the violent tendencies of the adolescents. Bender, P. K., Plante, C., & Gentile, D. A. (2018). The effects of violent media content on aggression. Current opinion in psychology, 19, 104-108. This source on the other hand will be instrumental in establishing the effects of violent media content on aggression. This source does not have a particular age group but the better as it will help to understand the phenomenon better when all age groups are involved. This article will be useful and resourceful as it comprises of current opinion in psychology meaning that the information that is passed through is not outdated as it will resonate with modern forms of violence such as through the VR .

The Effects of Media Violence on BehaviorThe topic effects of me.docx

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The Dynamics of International Strategy Read the case, “Danone: Strategy Implementation in an International Food and Beverage Company” on page 727-744. As you are reading identify and think about the following questions: Does Danone have substantial debt and or challenges that will impact their growth expansion plans? Please provide examples. Formulate a one- to two-sentence summary identifying Danone’s performance surrounding these two key issues: Operating efficiency Growth strategy Competition Conduct additional research as necessary to provide the most up to date perspective. Search for the following information: Annual Report SEC Form 10-K Annual Shareholders Proxy Statement Competitive/Industry Information When you have completed your research, answer the following question : Does Danone have substantial debt and or challenges that will impact their growth expansion plans? Please provide examples from your research. .

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THE DURATION OF CUTANEOUS SENSATION (I) AND THE IMPROVEMENT OF ITS SENSIBLE DISCRIMINATION BY PRACTICE (II) BY K. C. MUKHERJEE Dacca University The experiment consists of two parts. The part chosen for the two experiments is the same i.e. a small area—say b—of the left forearm about 50 mm from the wrist on its palmary side. An electro-magnetic pointer with an hair attached to its end was used for the experiment. It was then, through electric connection, attached to a metronome. So the rapidity of successive contacts was determined by the beats of the metronome and was gradually increased till they fused to an unitary sensation. By the application of this method it is observed that only two or three contacts in the sec. are felt as just separate, and so the duration of the sensation of moderate intensity varies from .5 to .3 sec. But when the intensity of the stimulus is greatly increased or it becomes rather painful the duration is much altered. Not only the sensitivity of the areas but also the intensity of the stimuli employed affects considerably the duration: At the tip of the finger the number of the separately felt contacts increases per second and so the duration decreases while the intensity of contact is moderately felt. The objective intensity of contact varies subjectively in different areas of the skin. As the felt intensity of the stimulas is greater, the lingering sensation continues longer and so the duration increases. The results of this experiment given by other observers are widely divergent.1 The subjective difference of the intensity of contact may have caused greatly this varying result. The subject A observes that though the continuity of contact is quite clear, but still a vague feeling of succession seems to be mixed 1 Kulpe, Outlines of Psychology, p. 383. 339 3 4 0 K. C. MUKHERJEE in it. It appears that the stimulation spreads over to the neighbouring points in varying intensity and subsides therein earlier than in the point directly stimulated—thus causing the vague feeling of succession inter-mingling with the fusion. The wide divergence of results may also be due to the want of proper discrimination on this point. II The same area which was explored for the duration of the contact sensation was used to determine the improvement of its discriminative delicacy by practice. In making this experiment Spearmann's aesthesiometer was used. The experiment was each day taken twice almost at the same time with two subjects—one male and the other female, and was con- tinued over a month. At each sitting thirty observations were made with each subject. The subject remained blind- fold with the arm comfortably placed on a 'felt.' The aesthesiometer was applied to the skin uniformly and the distance between the points of contact was gradually increased or de- creased as required for the method. In order to put off the effect of fatigue, too many observations at one sitting were carefully avoided by .

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