This case presentation describes a 60-year-old male with hepatitis C and hypertension who presented with fever, weight loss, and right upper quadrant pain. Imaging revealed a large liver lesion consistent with hepatocellular carcinoma. The patient underwent transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and was discharged with medications. TACE involves selectively delivering chemotherapy to the tumor along with arterial embolization. The patient will follow up in one week.
This document discusses various medical diseases that can complicate pregnancy, including hematological abnormalities like sickle cell anemia and thalassemia, neurological disorders like epilepsy and multiple sclerosis, respiratory diseases like asthma and cystic fibrosis, heart disease, hypertensive disorders, gastrointestinal issues, liver disease, and more. It provides details on the potential risks each condition poses to both mother and baby during pregnancy and recommendations for management and treatment. A multidisciplinary approach is emphasized to ensure appropriate care for pregnant women with medical problems.
Varicose veins are dilated, swollen veins caused by incompetent valves that allow blood to flow backwards. They most commonly occur in the lower limbs. The greater saphenous vein runs along the inside of the leg and thigh and drains into the femoral vein, while the lesser saphenous vein runs along the back of the calf and drains into the popliteal vein behind the knee. Risk factors include age, family history, obesity, pregnancy, and prolonged standing. Tests like the Brodie-Trendelenburg and Schwartz tests can identify which valves are incompetent. Left untreated, varicose veins can lead to complications like skin discoloration, ulcerations, and deep vein thrombosis.
Thyroid malignancies are the most common endocrine malignancies. The annual incidence is 3.7 per 100,000 people with a 3:1 female to male ratio. The main types are papillary carcinoma (60% of cases), follicular carcinoma (17%), anaplastic carcinoma (13%), and medullary carcinoma (6%). Risk factors include a history of radiation exposure, family history, and certain genetic syndromes. Presentation varies from asymptomatic thyroid nodules to symptoms of compression. Treatment depends on the type and stage of cancer, and may include surgery, radioactive iodine therapy, chemotherapy, and external beam radiation. Prognosis ranges from generally good for differentiated cancers to very poor for anap
Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space between the lung and chest wall. It can be spontaneous, caused by trauma or medical procedures. Spontaneous pneumothorax is classified as primary, occurring without lung disease usually in young males, or secondary, occurring in older males with underlying lung conditions like COPD. Symptoms include shortness of breath and chest pain. Treatment depends on type and severity but may include needle aspiration, tube drainage, or surgery. Tension pneumothorax is a medical emergency where air builds up in the pleural space, compressing the heart and blood vessels and requiring immediate needle decompression.
Nasal obstruction can have various causes, including congenital defects present from birth, infections, injuries, tumors, or chronic conditions like nasal polyps or allergies. Common symptoms are difficulty breathing through the nose and sinus congestion. Diagnosis involves examining the nose and determining if there is swelling, abnormalities of the nasal septum, or growths blocking the nasal passages. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include medications, surgery, or avoiding allergen triggers.
This case presentation describes a 60-year-old male with hepatitis C and hypertension who presented with fever, weight loss, and right upper quadrant pain. Imaging revealed a large liver lesion consistent with hepatocellular carcinoma. The patient underwent transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and was discharged with medications. TACE involves selectively delivering chemotherapy to the tumor along with arterial embolization. The patient will follow up in one week.
This document discusses various medical diseases that can complicate pregnancy, including hematological abnormalities like sickle cell anemia and thalassemia, neurological disorders like epilepsy and multiple sclerosis, respiratory diseases like asthma and cystic fibrosis, heart disease, hypertensive disorders, gastrointestinal issues, liver disease, and more. It provides details on the potential risks each condition poses to both mother and baby during pregnancy and recommendations for management and treatment. A multidisciplinary approach is emphasized to ensure appropriate care for pregnant women with medical problems.
Varicose veins are dilated, swollen veins caused by incompetent valves that allow blood to flow backwards. They most commonly occur in the lower limbs. The greater saphenous vein runs along the inside of the leg and thigh and drains into the femoral vein, while the lesser saphenous vein runs along the back of the calf and drains into the popliteal vein behind the knee. Risk factors include age, family history, obesity, pregnancy, and prolonged standing. Tests like the Brodie-Trendelenburg and Schwartz tests can identify which valves are incompetent. Left untreated, varicose veins can lead to complications like skin discoloration, ulcerations, and deep vein thrombosis.
Thyroid malignancies are the most common endocrine malignancies. The annual incidence is 3.7 per 100,000 people with a 3:1 female to male ratio. The main types are papillary carcinoma (60% of cases), follicular carcinoma (17%), anaplastic carcinoma (13%), and medullary carcinoma (6%). Risk factors include a history of radiation exposure, family history, and certain genetic syndromes. Presentation varies from asymptomatic thyroid nodules to symptoms of compression. Treatment depends on the type and stage of cancer, and may include surgery, radioactive iodine therapy, chemotherapy, and external beam radiation. Prognosis ranges from generally good for differentiated cancers to very poor for anap
Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space between the lung and chest wall. It can be spontaneous, caused by trauma or medical procedures. Spontaneous pneumothorax is classified as primary, occurring without lung disease usually in young males, or secondary, occurring in older males with underlying lung conditions like COPD. Symptoms include shortness of breath and chest pain. Treatment depends on type and severity but may include needle aspiration, tube drainage, or surgery. Tension pneumothorax is a medical emergency where air builds up in the pleural space, compressing the heart and blood vessels and requiring immediate needle decompression.
Nasal obstruction can have various causes, including congenital defects present from birth, infections, injuries, tumors, or chronic conditions like nasal polyps or allergies. Common symptoms are difficulty breathing through the nose and sinus congestion. Diagnosis involves examining the nose and determining if there is swelling, abnormalities of the nasal septum, or growths blocking the nasal passages. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include medications, surgery, or avoiding allergen triggers.
A 75-year-old man presented to the emergency room after hitting his head in a fall. A CT scan revealed a crescent-shaped hemorrhage over the right side of his brain. This was diagnosed as an acute subdural hematoma, which occurs when blood gathers between the inner layer of the dura mater and the arachnoid mater, usually from tears in bridging veins caused by head trauma. Left untreated, the buildup of blood can put pressure on the brain and cause damage, unconsciousness, or death. The document discusses signs and symptoms, causes, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment options for subdural hematomas.
This document summarizes common conditions that affect the elbow joint. It describes the anatomy of the elbow joint and its major muscles, ligaments and nerves. It then discusses specific conditions like olecranon bursitis, tennis elbow, golfer's elbow, cubital tunnel syndrome, and elbow dislocations. For each condition, it provides details on symptoms, examinations, and treatment options both conservative and surgical.
This document summarizes key aspects of human conception, placental development, and fetal circulation. It describes how fertilization occurs through the union of an egg and sperm, forming a zygote. Implantation in the uterus follows cell division. The placenta then develops from the chorion and decidua, establishing the maternal-fetal interface through which nutrients and waste are exchanged. The umbilical arteries and veins connect the developing fetus and placenta in a circuit that allows for gas and nutrient transfer between mother and fetus without blood mixing.
Dyspnea, also known as shortness of breath, is difficult or labored breathing that can have many causes. The document outlines an approach to evaluating and treating dyspnea in patients. It describes taking a history, performing an examination, ordering relevant tests, and treating any underlying conditions found to be contributing to the dyspnea. Specific causes discussed include asthma, pulmonary edema, pneumonia, congestive heart failure, and acute coronary syndrome. For each, the document provides details on treatments aimed at opening airways, reducing fluid buildup, fighting infections, and improving blood flow.
The document discusses various antenatal obstetric complications including minor complications like backache and constipation, problems with pelvic organs like fibroids and ovarian cysts, infections like urinary tract infections, and complications related to prolonged pregnancy such as post-term pregnancy. It also covers complications related to excess or deficiency of amniotic fluid, fetal malpresentation especially breech presentation, and risks of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy. Management options for various complications are provided.
This document discusses acute diarrhea in children. It defines diarrhea and lists its leading causes as enterotoxigenic E. coli, enteroinvasive bacteria like Shigella and Salmonella, rotavirus, Vibrio cholerae, and Giardia lamblia. It describes the mechanisms by which these pathogens cause diarrhea and outlines their clinical presentations. The document also covers factors that increase susceptibility to diarrhea, effects of dehydration, evaluation of patients, management of rehydration, and treatment for specific causes.
A 75-year-old man presented to the emergency room after hitting his head in a fall. A CT scan revealed a crescent-shaped hemorrhage over the right side of his brain. This was diagnosed as an acute subdural hematoma, which occurs when blood gathers between the inner layer of the dura mater and the arachnoid mater, usually from tears in bridging veins caused by head trauma. Left untreated, the buildup of blood can put pressure on the brain and cause damage, unconsciousness, or death. The document discusses signs and symptoms, causes, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment options for subdural hematomas.
This document summarizes common conditions that affect the elbow joint. It describes the anatomy of the elbow joint and its major muscles, ligaments and nerves. It then discusses specific conditions like olecranon bursitis, tennis elbow, golfer's elbow, cubital tunnel syndrome, and elbow dislocations. For each condition, it provides details on symptoms, examinations, and treatment options both conservative and surgical.
This document summarizes key aspects of human conception, placental development, and fetal circulation. It describes how fertilization occurs through the union of an egg and sperm, forming a zygote. Implantation in the uterus follows cell division. The placenta then develops from the chorion and decidua, establishing the maternal-fetal interface through which nutrients and waste are exchanged. The umbilical arteries and veins connect the developing fetus and placenta in a circuit that allows for gas and nutrient transfer between mother and fetus without blood mixing.
Dyspnea, also known as shortness of breath, is difficult or labored breathing that can have many causes. The document outlines an approach to evaluating and treating dyspnea in patients. It describes taking a history, performing an examination, ordering relevant tests, and treating any underlying conditions found to be contributing to the dyspnea. Specific causes discussed include asthma, pulmonary edema, pneumonia, congestive heart failure, and acute coronary syndrome. For each, the document provides details on treatments aimed at opening airways, reducing fluid buildup, fighting infections, and improving blood flow.
The document discusses various antenatal obstetric complications including minor complications like backache and constipation, problems with pelvic organs like fibroids and ovarian cysts, infections like urinary tract infections, and complications related to prolonged pregnancy such as post-term pregnancy. It also covers complications related to excess or deficiency of amniotic fluid, fetal malpresentation especially breech presentation, and risks of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy. Management options for various complications are provided.
This document discusses acute diarrhea in children. It defines diarrhea and lists its leading causes as enterotoxigenic E. coli, enteroinvasive bacteria like Shigella and Salmonella, rotavirus, Vibrio cholerae, and Giardia lamblia. It describes the mechanisms by which these pathogens cause diarrhea and outlines their clinical presentations. The document also covers factors that increase susceptibility to diarrhea, effects of dehydration, evaluation of patients, management of rehydration, and treatment for specific causes.