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The document contains an exam paper for a Company Law course with multiple choice and subjective questions. The subjective question asks to provide a comprehensive note on the characteristics of a registered company. The response lists 10 key characteristics: 1) Separate legal existence, 2) Perpetual succession, 3) Limited liability, 4) Transferability of shares, 5) Common seal, 6) Separation of ownership and control, 7) Voluntary association, 8) Artificial legal person, 9) Corporate finance, and 10) Statutory regulation and control. The response provides details and examples for each characteristic.
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Test answer key
The document provides information about Roll No: 009 Session: Fulltime student Calpana Lee who scored 20/20 on the objectives portion and 40/20 total marks on a Company Law test. It also contains 20 multiple choice questions related to company law and characteristics of registered companies. The key characteristics of a registered company discussed are: 1) separate legal entity, 2) perpetual succession, 3) limited liability, 4) transferability of shares, 5) use of a common seal, 6) separation of ownership and control, 7) voluntary association, 8) status as an artificial legal person, 9) use of corporate finance through shares, and 10) statutory regulation and control.
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The document discusses the history and provisions of company law in India. It notes that the first Indian company law was modeled after British law in 1850. The Companies Act of 1956 was a major law that was in place until 2013. The Companies Act of 2013 is now in force and applies to companies incorporated under previous acts as well as certain other business entities. The key characteristics of a company include separate legal identity, limited liability, perpetual succession, transferable shares, and a common seal.
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This document provides information on company law concepts and the Companies Act. It discusses:
1. Key concepts like corporate personality, corporate democracy, and corporate status.
2. The differences between a company limited by shares and an association.
3. Circumstances where the veil of incorporation may be lifted, holding members or officers personally liable.
4. Functions of the Registrar of Companies and requirements for a company's register of members.
5. Conditions for altering a company's Articles of Association and how an alteration may breach existing contracts.
6. Definitions of ordinary shares, deferred shares, and preferred shares.
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This Presentation highlights the features and types of thecompany. Useful for corporate accounting and corporate law subjects.
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Woody formed a private limited company in 1992 to carry on his toy manufacturing business. He held all but one share, which was purchased by his father-in-law Buzz. The company was profitable until 2012. In 2012, Buzz died and left his share to Woody. Later that year, the company began suffering losses and borrowed money from creditors. By 2013, the company could not pay its debts. The creditors argue the company was essentially a "one-man company" controlled by Woody, so he should be personally liable for the debts. Under company law, Woody would normally not be liable as the company is a separate legal entity. However, the court may pierce the corporate veil and hold Woody responsible
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This document contains suggested solutions to examination questions for an Accounting Technician Programme paper on Company Law. It addresses topics such as the principle of incorporation established in Salomon v Salomon, lifting the veil of incorporation, altering a company's share capital, shareholders' rights and duties, debentures, remedies for debenture holders, the rule in Foss v Harbottle regarding shareholder actions, and remedies for oppressive conduct under Section 203 of the Companies Act. The document provides detailed explanations and examples for each question.
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Test answer key
The document provides information about Roll No: 009 Session: Fulltime student Calpana Lee who scored 20/20 on the objectives portion and 40/20 total marks on a Company Law test. It also contains 20 multiple choice questions related to company law and characteristics of registered companies. The key characteristics of a registered company discussed are: 1) separate legal entity, 2) perpetual succession, 3) limited liability, 4) transferability of shares, 5) use of a common seal, 6) separation of ownership and control, 7) voluntary association, 8) status as an artificial legal person, 9) use of corporate finance through shares, and 10) statutory regulation and control.
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The document discusses the history and provisions of company law in India. It notes that the first Indian company law was modeled after British law in 1850. The Companies Act of 1956 was a major law that was in place until 2013. The Companies Act of 2013 is now in force and applies to companies incorporated under previous acts as well as certain other business entities. The key characteristics of a company include separate legal identity, limited liability, perpetual succession, transferable shares, and a common seal.
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This document provides information on company law concepts and the Companies Act. It discusses:
1. Key concepts like corporate personality, corporate democracy, and corporate status.
2. The differences between a company limited by shares and an association.
3. Circumstances where the veil of incorporation may be lifted, holding members or officers personally liable.
4. Functions of the Registrar of Companies and requirements for a company's register of members.
5. Conditions for altering a company's Articles of Association and how an alteration may breach existing contracts.
6. Definitions of ordinary shares, deferred shares, and preferred shares.
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This document contains suggested solutions to examination questions for an Accounting Technician Programme paper on Company Law. It addresses topics such as the principle of incorporation established in Salomon v Salomon, lifting the veil of incorporation, altering a company's share capital, shareholders' rights and duties, debentures, remedies for debenture holders, the rule in Foss v Harbottle regarding shareholder actions, and remedies for oppressive conduct under Section 203 of the Companies Act. The document provides detailed explanations and examples for each question.
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This document discusses the meaning and key features of a company according to the Companies Act 2013 in India. It begins by providing context around the replacement of the previous Companies Act of 1956. It then defines a company as one incorporated under the Companies Act or any previous company law. The key features discussed include that a company is a separate legal entity distinct from its members, has perpetual succession, limited liability for members, is an artificial legal person, can use a common seal to authenticate documents, and ownership of its assets remains with the company rather than individual members as established in the Salomon vs Salomon case.
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2) However, in certain situations the court may lift the veil of incorporation and make members personally liable, such as in cases of fraudulent or illegal behavior.
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3. It discusses various types of companies including holding/subsidiary companies, government companies, producer companies, and deemed public companies.
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This document defines company law and outlines the key characteristics of a company. A company is an association of individuals who come together for a common purpose of doing business and earning profit. It must be registered under the Companies Act. Some key characteristics include:
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The document discusses the concept of separate legal entity, where a company is considered a separate legal person distinct from its owners and directors. It summarizes key cases that established this principle, including Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd, which determined that a company remains a separate legal entity even if it has a single shareholder. While this concept provides benefits like limited liability, it has also been criticized for enabling the avoidance of debts and potential for abuse. The document examines both sides of the separate legal entity debate.
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The document is a response to an assignment question regarding the statement made in Salomon v Salomon regarding a company being a separate legal person from its members or shareholders.
The response provides a detailed analysis of the legal development of corporate personality since Salomon, noting that while courts are generally reluctant to pierce the corporate veil, there are exceptions where the veil may be lifted, including for fraud, improper conduct, or where the company is being used as a sham or alter ego. The response examines relevant case law and statutes in both Zimbabwe and other jurisdictions and concludes that while the separate legal personality principle remains intact, the law regarding lifting the corporate veil remains unsettled and applied on a case-by-case basis depending on the
Effect of Incorporation in Company Law
A company has a separate legal identity from its members. It can own property, sue and be sued, and has perpetual succession regardless of changes in membership. Key cases established that a company is a distinct legal entity from its members or shareholders, who have limited liability and are not responsible for the company's obligations. The document discusses the effect of incorporation and cases that demonstrate a company's separate legal personality.
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- Differences between public and private companies.
- Concepts related to shares such as types of shares, issuing shares at a premium, and use of share premium accounts.
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This document discusses the concept of "lifting the corporate veil" or disregarding the separate legal personality of a company. It provides several examples of where courts have lifted the veil to determine the reality of a situation, including to: identify the nationality/residence of the controlling individuals behind a company; prevent a company from being used to evade a legal obligation; and establish that a company was acting as an agent of another. The document also covers when a company can be liable for crimes based on the intent of its "directing mind and will" and discusses vicarious liability of companies in tort.
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The document discusses the concept of lifting the corporate veil, where courts may ignore the legal separation between a company and its owners to prevent fraudulent or improper conduct. It provides examples of when courts may lift the veil under statutory provisions, such as for tax avoidance or when a company no longer meets minimum membership requirements. Courts may also lift the veil through judicial interpretation, such as to protect revenue, prevent fraud or solicitation in violation of contracts, or determine if a company has an "enemy character" and its owners are alien enemies. The document supports this with case law examples.
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This document provides an overview of Indian company law. It discusses the key aspects of the Companies Act of 2013, which regulates the incorporation, management, and dissolution of companies in India. Some of the main points covered include:
- The Companies Act of 2013 replaced the previous Companies Act of 1956 and is divided into 29 chapters and 470 sections.
- A company is a separate legal entity from its owners/shareholders and has features like perpetual existence, transferable shares, separate management, and limited liability.
- The main types of companies discussed are public companies, private companies, Section 25 companies (which don't need "Limited" in their name), holding/subsidiary companies, government companies, and
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The document discusses the Doctrine of Indoor Management, also known as Turquand's Rule. This doctrine protects third parties who transact with a company in good faith. It states that outsiders are not required to investigate a company's internal management processes and will not be affected by irregularities they were not aware of.
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Registration and establishment of qs company in sri lanka
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This document outlines the key elements that must be included in a company prospectus under company law. It defines a prospectus as a document used to invite the public to subscribe to a company's shares. The prospectus must include information such as the company name and address, main business objectives, shareholder rights and qualifications of directors. It must also include auditors reports on the company's financial history, consent from experts, and signatures of directors. The prospectus registration process requires resolutions from the board of directors, delivery of copies to the registrar within 90 days of publication, and liability for any untrue statements.
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This document provides an overview of different types of companies under the Companies Ordinance 1984 in Pakistan. It discusses companies limited by shares, companies limited by guarantee, unlimited companies, and organizations not for profit. It notes that companies can be private or public. It also discusses associations not for profit, and the power of the Commission to dispense with "Limited" in the name of charitable companies. Examples of different types of companies are provided such as chartered companies, statutory companies, registered companies, single member companies, private companies, public companies, listed companies, companies limited by shares, companies limited by guarantee, home companies, foreign companies, and holding and subsidiary companies.
10th lacture
The document discusses key clauses that must be included in the Memorandum of Association when forming a company in Pakistan, including:
1. The registered office clause, which fixes the company's nationality and requires notice of the registered address within 28 days.
2. The objects clause, which defines the nature and scope of the company's activities to inform shareholders of risks.
3. The liability clause, which shows if the company has limited or unlimited liability for its members.
4. The capital clause, which defines the company's authorized capital structure in shares and debentures.
5. The association clause, which requires subscriber details, shareholding amounts, and witnessing of signatures.
13th lecture
This document outlines the key requirements and subject matters that must be addressed in a company's Article of Association (AOA). It notes that the AOA defines the duties, rights, powers and authorities of shareholders and managing authorities and is subordinate to the Memorandum of Association and company ordinance. The document also discusses the differences between the Memorandum of Association and Article of Association, the meaning and status of the AOA, effects of its registration, and provides a standard and topic for the document.
10th lacture
The document discusses various clauses of a Memorandum of Association, including the registered office clause, object clause, liability clause, capital clause, and association clause. The registered office clause fixes the company's nationality and requires notice of the registered address. The object clause establishes the nature and scope of the company's activities. The liability clause indicates whether the company has limited or unlimited liability. The capital clause establishes the company's authorized capital structure. The association clause includes details of initial subscribers such as their names, addresses, occupations, and shares held.
12th lecture
This document discusses key clauses in a company's memorandum of association, including the capital clause, association clause, name clause, object clause, liability clause, and registered office clause. The capital clause defines types of capital like nominal capital and divides capital into shares and debentures. The association clause covers subscriber details like names, addresses, occupations, number of shares. The object clause outlines the company's objectives and allowed activities. The liability clause specifies whether members have limited or unlimited liability based on share or guarantee amounts. The registered office clause establishes the company's nationality and requires notice of any office address changes.
15th lecture
The document outlines the process and requirements for registering a company in Pakistan. It discusses where registration offices are located, what a certificate of incorporation contains, and the documents needed for registration, including a memorandum of association, articles of association, statutory declaration, and director information. Upon approval, the registrar issues a certificate of incorporation, which serves as conclusive evidence that the company is registered but does not validate the legality of the company's objectives. The document was produced by a law lecturer at the University Law College in Quetta for a company law class.
9th lecture
This document discusses control over delegated legislation in Pakistan. It outlines that parliamentary and judicial control exist. Judicial review allows superior courts to declare legislative or administrative acts ultra vires if they are inconsistent with the constitution, parent statute, other statutes, or do not follow proper procedure. Grounds for challenging rules include inconsistency, conflict, non-conformity to procedure, barring court jurisdiction, enabling act being unconstitutional, failing reasonableness tests, discrimination, unfairness, bad faith, oppression, or violating natural justice principles.
14th lecture
i. A pre incorporated contract is an agreement made by promoters on behalf of a company before its existence. It is provisional in nature and not binding on the company unless adopted.
ii. A provisional contract is one that is not final. It allows a company to enforce the contract against third parties if the terms are included in the incorporation, but a third party cannot enforce it against the company unless it is ratified or adopted.
iii. Pre incorporated contracts are voidable at the company's discretion and aim to protect the interests of the company by requiring express or implied adoption of the agreement after formation.
13th lecture
The document discusses the history of judicial independence in Pakistan. It notes that by the 5th amendment in 1976, the period of independence was extended to 5 years, and by presidential order in 1885 it was extended to 14 years. However, after 14 years no steps were taken. Writ petitions were filed in the Balochistan and Sindh High Courts requesting the government take action. The Sindh High Court ruled that the government must take steps towards independence within 6 months. On appeal, the Supreme Court upheld the high court's judgment and extended the deadline to March 23, 1996, directing the government to implement separation. The case of Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhary was another landmark case regarding judicial independence.
14th lecture
1. The document discusses principles of natural justice in Islamic and English jurisprudence.
2. It explains the principle of "Audi Alteram Partem" which means that no person should be condemned without a fair hearing of both sides.
3. Examples from the Quran are given of situations where people were not condemned without being given a chance to explain themselves, including Hazrat Adam, Iblees (Satan), and the bird Hud Hud.
18th lecture
This document defines judicial review and discusses its application in different countries. It also examines the merits and demerits of judicial review. Judicial review refers to a court examining the constitutionality of laws and government actions. The document outlines how judicial review works in the US, UK, and Pakistan. It discusses concepts like ultra vires, locus standi, and the writ jurisdiction of high courts and the supreme court. The merits of judicial review include protecting constitutional rights and separating governmental powers, while demerits include the potential for undemocratic outcomes and an overreaching judiciary. The document is on the topic of judicial review for an LL.B law course.
12th lecture
The document discusses the separation of powers in the UK, USA, Pakistan, and Islam. It outlines that the objective is to learn about the separation of powers in these systems of government. In the UK, there is separation between the legislative (Parliament), judicial (Judiciary), and executive (Crown) branches. In the USA, power is separated among the legislative (Congress), judicial (Supreme Court, lower courts), and executive (President) branches. Similarly in Pakistan, the legislative (Parliament), judicial (Supreme Court, High Courts), and executive (President) branches have separate powers. The prophet Muhammad established separate Qazis or judges for each district in early Islamic governance to separate the judiciary from the
23rd lecture
Meetings play an important role in companies by allowing members to discuss business and resolve disputes. There are three main types of meetings: statutory meetings, which must be held within 6 months of incorporation to discuss formation; annual general meetings, which must be held every year to transact ordinary and special business; and extraordinary general meetings, which can be called as needed by directors or members to handle special business quickly. Resolutions are also classified as ordinary, requiring a simple majority, or special, requiring approval of three-fourths of members.
10th lecture
This document discusses the quasi-judicial function and its differences from the traditional judiciary. It defines quasi-judicial function as when an administrative or executive authority performs the functions of the judiciary, such as investigating facts and drawing conclusions to make official decisions. Some criticisms of the traditional judiciary are that it has lengthy procedures, is costly, and has a rigid formalism that can cause delays. The document contrasts quasi-judicial and quasi-legislative functions, noting that quasi-judicial decisions must be based on existing law while quasi-legislative sets future rules. It provides examples of quasi-judicial bodies like tribunals and ombudsmen.
8th lecture
The document discusses delegated legislation in the United States and Pakistan. In theory, delegated legislation is not acceptable in the US due to the separation of powers doctrine and the idea that a delegate cannot further delegate. However, in practice the Supreme Court allows Congress to lay down general policies and standards that agencies can then use to fill in details. Delegated legislation is permissible both in theory and in practice in Pakistan according to the constitution. The document also lists some advantages and disadvantages of delegated legislation.
First assignment
The document announces an assignment for second year LL.B students on the topic of "Delegatus Non Potest Delegare". It summarizes a presentation claiming the Pakistani constitution contains no provision for delegated legislation, which is contradictory to the separation of powers and should be abolished. The assignment must follow a prescribed format with particulars, contents, and main body pages, and is due by May 25th to be considered for grading.
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16th lecture
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3：凡是获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内将在公安部网内查询个人身份证信息后同步读取人才网入库信息。
4：个人职称评审加20分个人信誉贷款加10分。
5：在国家人才网主办的全国网络招聘大会中纳入资料供国家500强等高端企业选择人才。问山娃想买什么想吃什么山娃知道父亲赚钱很辛苦除了书籍和文具山娃啥也不要能牵着父亲的手满城闲逛他已心满意足了父亲连挑了三套童装叫山娃试穿山娃有点不想父亲说城里不比乡下要穿得漂漂亮亮爸怎么不穿得漂亮望着父亲山娃反问道父亲听了并不回答只是吃吃地笑山娃很精神越逛越起劲父亲却越逛越疲倦望着父亲呵欠连天的样子山娃也说困了累了回家吧小屋闷罐一般头顶上的三叶扇彻夜呜呜作响搅得满屋热气腾腾也搅得山娃心烦意乱父亲一的
在线办理(UNE毕业证书)新英格兰大学毕业证成绩单一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UNE毕业证书)新英格兰大学毕业证成绩单》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
一比一原版多伦多都会大学毕业证(TMU毕业证书)学历如何办理
原版办【微信号:95270640】【多伦多都会大学毕业证(TMU毕业证书)】【微信号:95270640】《成绩单、外壳、雅思、offer、真实留信官方学历认证（永久存档/真实可查）》采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【我们承诺采用的是学校原版纸张（纸质、底色、纹路）我们拥有全套进口原装设备，特殊工艺都是采用不同机器制作，仿真度基本可以达到100%，所有工艺效果都可提前给客户展示，不满意可以根据客户要求进行调整，直到满意为止！】
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信号95270640】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信号95270640】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
留信网服务项目：
1、留学生专业人才库服务（留信分析）
2、国（境）学习人员提供就业推荐信服务
3、留学人员区块链存储服务
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：客户在留信官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
一比一原版(trent毕业证书)加拿大特伦特大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(trent毕业证书)加拿大特伦特大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(trent毕业证书)加拿大特伦特大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(trent毕业证书)加拿大特伦特大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(trent毕业证书)加拿大特伦特大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(trent毕业证书)加拿大特伦特大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
THE CONCEPT OF RIGHT TO DEFAULT BAIL.pptx
The presentation deals with the concept of Right to Default Bail laid down under Section 167 of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 and Section 187 of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023.
一比一原版伯恩茅斯大学毕业证（bu毕业证）如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【伯恩茅斯大学毕业证（bu毕业证）成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理伯恩茅斯大学毕业证（bu毕业证）【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理伯恩茅斯大学毕业证（bu毕业证）【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理伯恩茅斯大学毕业证（bu毕业证）【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理伯恩茅斯大学毕业证（bu毕业证）【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
From Promise to Practice. Implementing AI in Legal Environments
Pim Betist's presentation about generative AI in the legal sector at Lexpo.com '24
一比一原版英国伦敦大学亚非学院毕业证（soas毕业证书）如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【英国伦敦大学亚非学院毕业证（soas毕业证书）成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理英国伦敦大学亚非学院毕业证（soas毕业证书）【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理英国伦敦大学亚非学院毕业证（soas毕业证书）【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理英国伦敦大学亚非学院毕业证（soas毕业证书）【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理英国伦敦大学亚非学院毕业证（soas毕业证书）【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版(uwlc毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学拉克罗斯分校毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uwlc毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学拉克罗斯分校毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uwlc毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学拉克罗斯分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uwlc毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学拉克罗斯分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uwlc毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学拉克罗斯分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uwlc毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学拉克罗斯分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
The Future of Criminal Defense Lawyer in India.pdf
https://veteranlegal.in/defense-lawyer-in-india/ | Criminal defense Lawyer in India has always been a vital aspect of the country's legal system. As defenders of justice, criminal Defense Lawyer play a critical role in ensuring that individuals accused of crimes receive a fair trial and that their constitutional rights are protected. As India evolves socially, economically, and technologically, the role and future of criminal Defense Lawyer are also undergoing significant changes. This comprehensive blog explores the current landscape, challenges, technological advancements, and prospects for criminal Defense Lawyer in India.
一比一原版(glasgow毕业证书)格拉斯哥大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(glasgow毕业证书)格拉斯哥大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(glasgow毕业证书)格拉斯哥大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(glasgow毕业证书)格拉斯哥大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(glasgow毕业证书)格拉斯哥大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(glasgow毕业证书)格拉斯哥大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Capital Punishment by Saif Javed (LLM)ppt.pptx
This PowerPoint presentation, titled "Capital Punishment in India: Constitutionality and Rarest of Rare Principle," is a comprehensive exploration of the death penalty within the Indian criminal justice system. Authored by Saif Javed, an LL.M student specializing in Criminal Law and Criminology at Kazi Nazrul University, the presentation delves into the constitutional aspects and ethical debates surrounding capital punishment. It examines key legal provisions, significant case laws, and the specific categories of offenders excluded from the death penalty. The presentation also discusses recent recommendations by the Law Commission of India regarding the gradual abolishment of capital punishment, except for terrorism-related offenses. This detailed analysis aims to foster informed discussions on the future of the death penalty in India.
San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflict at Sea
Presentation by Justin Ordoyo
University of the Philippines College of Law
Integrating Advocacy and Legal Tactics to Tackle Online Consumer Complaints
Our company bridges the gap between registered users and experienced advocates, offering a user-friendly online platform for seamless interaction. This platform empowers users to voice their grievances, particularly regarding online consumer issues. We streamline support by utilizing our team of expert advocates to provide consultancy services and initiate appropriate legal actions.
Our Online Consumer Legal Forum offers comprehensive guidance to individuals and businesses facing consumer complaints. With a dedicated team, round-the-clock support, and efficient complaint management, we are the preferred solution for addressing consumer grievances.
Our intuitive online interface allows individuals to register complaints, seek legal advice, and pursue justice conveniently. Users can submit complaints via mobile devices and send legal notices to companies directly through our portal.
Sangyun Lee, 'Why Korea's Merger Control Occasionally Fails: A Public Choice ...
Presentation slides for a session held on June 4, 2024, at Kyoto University. This presentation is based on the presenter’s recent paper, coauthored with Hwang Lee, Professor, Korea University, with the same title, published in the Journal of Business Administration & Law, Volume 34, No. 2 (April 2024). The paper, written in Korean, is available at <https://shorturl.at/GCWcI>.
一比一原版英国伦敦商学院毕业证（lbs毕业证书）如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【英国伦敦商学院毕业证（lbs毕业证书）成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
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留信网认证的作用:
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理英国伦敦商学院毕业证（lbs毕业证书）【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理英国伦敦商学院毕业证（lbs毕业证书）【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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Test answer key
- 1. 39/40 Roll No: 009 Session: Fulltime Name: Calpana Lee Objectives portion Marks 20/20 Total Marks 40 01.A Private Company will Cease to be a Private Company when Its Members (a) Reduce then 50 (b) increases then 20 (c) increase then 50 (d) 50% become insolvent (e) none of these 02.The word Companies is derived from two Latin words one is com Which means bread and other is penis which means together .this Statement is (a) true (b) false 03. One of the Following is the Date of birth of Company (A) Date of Issuance of Prospectus (B) Date of Sign of Memorandum (C) Date of the Registration (D) Date of Commencement of Business (E) None of these 04. According to Ordinance an Existing Company Means .a Company Which is formed under any of The Following Acts? (A) 1866, 1882, 1911 (B) 1890, 1807, 1913 (C) 1947, 1956, 1973 (D) 1866, 1882, 1913(E) None of these 05. A Private Company can start a Business (A)Just after its incorporation (B) After the Approval of Registrar (C) After Collection of Money (D) After Issuance of Prospectus (E) None of these 06. One of the Following Regarding the Name of the Company is Incorrect. (A) Sahara (Private) Ltd (B) Sahara (Public) Ltd (C) Sahara (Guarantee) Ltd (D) Sahara (Private) Ltd by share (E) Only B is incorrect (F) only D is incorrect (G) A and C are incorrect (H) B and D are incorrect (I) none of these 07. Chartered Companies are those Companies which are formed by (A) Chartered Accountant (B) Royal Charter (C) Act of parliament (D) Ministry of finance 08. A Company is Natural Person so some Artificial Person is Required to run the Affair of a Company .This Statement is. (A) TRUE (B) FALSE 09. Association not for Profit can be registered as Unlimited Company after Acquiring License from Commission This Statement is true or false. (A) TRUE (B) FALSE 10. Company is the modified form of partnership (A) true (B) false 11. SMC is basically a public company (A) true (B) false Company Law For LL.B SECOND YEAR Prepared by Munir Hussain Lecturer ULC Quetta. 1st Test
- 2. 12. Partnership is a ____________ (A) Status (B) connection (C) agreement (D) Relation (E) none of these 13. The registration of partnership is mandatory (A) true (B) false 14. Company can sue but cannot be sued by its own name (A) true (B) false 15. Maximum number of member for the private company is (A) 2 (B) 20 (C) 50 (D) 10 (E) none of these 16. Private company is bound to arrange statutory meeting (A) true (B) false 17. If a company purchase in other company more than controlling share the former will be known as-------------company. (A) Subsidiary (B) holding (C) prime (D) none of these (E) master 18.NGOs can also be registered under companies ord. 1984(A)true (B)false 19.There should be more than three directors for a listed company (A)true (B)false 20.In company the word limited shows the ___________of its members. (A) Duties (B) profit (C) Liability (D) Number (E) None of these Subjective. (20 Marks) Write a comprehensive note over the characteristics of a Registered company. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Characteristics of a Company A company as an entity has many distinct features which together make it a unique organization. The essential characteristics of a company are following: 1. Separate legal existence: A company has a distinct legal entity independent of its members. It can own property, make contracts and file suits in its own name. Shareholders are not the joint owners of the company's property. A shareholder cannot be held liable for the acts of the company. Similarly, members of the company are not its agents. There can be contracts between a company and its members. A creditor of the company is not a creditor of its members. The separate legal entity of a company was recognised in the famous case of Salomon, v. Salomon and Co. Ltd. The facts of the case were as follows: Salomon formed a company which acquired his own shoe business. He took all the shares except six shares which he distributed among his wife, daughter and four sons.Salomon also purchased some debentures of the company which gave him a charge over its assets. At the time of winding up, the company's assets were not sufficient enough to pay its debts. 19/20
- 3. The creditors of the company (other than Salomon) argued that their debts should be cleared before paying Salomon for his debentures because Salomon and the company was one and the same person.The Court decided that after incorporation, Salomon and Co. had an identity separate from Salomon even though he owned virtually all the shares in the company. 2. Perpetual succession: Perpetual succession means continued existence. A company is a creation of the law and only the law can bring an end to its existence. Its life does not depend on the life of its members. The death, insolvency or lunacy of members does not affect the life of a company. It continues to exits even if all its members die. Members may come and go but the company goes on until it is wound up. 3. Limited liability: As a company has a separate legal entity, its members cannot be held liable for the debts of the company. The liability of every member is limited to the nominal value of the shares bought by him or to the amount of guarantee given by him. For instance, if a member has 50 shares of Rs. 10 each, his liability is limited to Rs 500. Even if the assets of the company are insufficient to satisfy fully the claims of the creditors, no member can be called to pay anything more than what is due from him. However, if the members of the company so desire, they may form a company with unlimited liability. 4. Transferability of shares: The capital of a company is divided into parts. Each part is called a share. These shares are generally transferable. A shareholder is free to withdraw his membership from the company by transferring his shares. However, in actual practice some restrictions are placed on the transfer of shares. 5. Common seal: Being an artificial entity, a company cannot act and sign itself. Therefore, it acts through human beings. All the acts of the company are authorised by its common seal. The name of the company is engraved on its common seal. The common seal is affixed on all important documents as a token of the Company's approval. The common seal is the official signature of the company. Any document which does not bear the common seal of the company is not binding on the company 6. Separation of ownership and control:
- 4. Members have no right to participate directly in the day-to-day management of a company. They elect their representatives, called directors, who manage the company's affairs on behalf of the members. Thus, the ownership of a company is distributed among the shareholders while management is vested in the board of directors. The management of a company is delegated and centralised. 7. Voluntary association: A joint stock company is a voluntary association of certain persons formed to carry out a particular purpose in common. Members of a company can join it and leave it at their own free will. 8. Artificial legal person: A company is an artificial person created by law. It exists only in contemplation of law. It is competent to enter into contracts and to own property in its own name. But it does not take birth like a natural person and it has no physical body of a natural human being. 9. Corporate finance: The share capital of a company is generally divided into a large number of shares of small value. These shares are purchased by a large number of people from different walks of life. 10. Statutory regulation and control: Government exercises control through company law over the management of joint stock companies. A company is required to comply with several legal formalities and to file several documents with the Registrar of Companies. Conclusion. Thus from the above discussion it can be concluded that company is a artificial person created by natural person and recognized by law as a legal person .it is the modern form of business having some distinguished characteristics like transferability of share with limited liability and can also avail some the rights of a natural person .