The document discusses the evolution of the Dravidian architectural order in South India. It describes the key elements and changes seen in the order over different historical periods. The Pallava order began with pillar bases featuring lion figures at Mamallapuram. It matured under the Pallava king Mamalla to include fluted shafts, refined necks, bell-shaped capitals, and wide abaci. The Chola type introduced a neck moulding and pot/kalasa below the capital. The Pandya order is noted for its scalloped foliated idals and pendant-shaped corbels. The order evolved over dynasties but retained core components like the shaft, capital and abacus.

1. SUBJECT CODE : - AR 6202
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
& CULTURE - II

3. SYLLABUS
S.NO
TOPIC NO OF
HOURS
1
BRIEF HISTORY OF SOUTH INDIA - RELATION BETWEEN BHAKTI PERIOD AND
TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE OF TEMPLE TOWNS
1
2
DRAVIDIAN ORDER - EVOLUTION AND FORM OF GOPURAM 1
3
ROCK CUT PRODUCTIONS UNDER PALLAVAS: SHORE TEMPLE,
MAHABALIPURAM AND KAILASANATHA TEMPLE, KANCHIPURAM
2
4
CHOLA ARCHITECTURE: NARTAMALAI, BRIHADEESWARA, GANGAIKONDA
CHOLAPURAM AND DARASURAM TEMPLES
2
5
TEMPLE GATEWAYS OF MADURAI AND CHIDAMBARAM 1
6
TEMPLE TOWNS: MADURAI, SRIRANGAM AND KANCHIPURAM 2
7
HOYSALA ARCHITECTURE: BELUR AND HALEBID 1

4. DRAVIDIAN ORDER
EVOLUTION AND CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES
OF THE PALLAVA “ORDER”
 PILLARS AT BAIRVAKONDA – MAHENDRA
GROUP (FIRST PHASE) MARKED THE
BEGINNING OF THE PALLAVAN “ORDER”.
 RICH MATURITY WAS ATTAINED DURING THE
REIGN OF NARASIMHA VARMAN – MAMALLA
GROUP.
 IN SOME EXAMPLES CRUDE BLOCK BRACKET
WAS RETAINED.
 IN THE “MAHISHASURA MANDAPA” THE
PILLARS OF THE FAÇADE HERALDIC LION
FORMING THE LOWER HALF OF THE SHAFT.
 IN THE PALLAVA TYPE THE PILLAR IS MADE TO
REST ON THE SEDENT ANIMALS HEAD.
 IN THE “VARAHA MANDAPA”- HORNED
GROTESQUE USED INSTEAD OF LION. VARAHA MANDAPAMAHISASURAMARDINI
CAVE

5. DRAVIDIAN ORDER
 THE REMAINING MEMBERS (PALLAVA “ORDER” ) ARE EQUALLY WELL
DESIGNED.
THEY ARE:
 THE FLUTED AND BANDED SHAFT(STAMBHAM)
 THE REFINED NECKING(TADI)
 MELON CAPITAL( KUMBHA)
 LOTUS FORM ABOVE (IDAL)
 WIDE ABACUS( PALAGAI)

6. DRAVIDIAN ORDER

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10. DRAVIDIAN ORDER
PALAGAI
IDAL
KUMBHA
TADI
SIMHA-LION
STAMBHAM
PARTS OF DRAVIDIAN ORDER
THE PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS IN THE FAÇADE OF THE
MAMALLAPURAM GROUP IS THE LION PILLAR WHICH
RESTS ON THE ANIMALS HEAD
THE CRUDE BLOCK BRACKET IS OBVIOUS IN EARLY
EXAMPLES, LATER GETS MORE REFINED AND GRACEFUL

11. DRAVIDIAN ORDER
PALAGAI
IDAL
KUMBHA
TADI
SIMHA-LION
KALASA

12. DRAVIDIAN ORDER
TWO CHANGES FROM THE PALLAVA
TYPE TO CHOLA TYPE OF ORDER ARE
 RELATING TO CAPITAL: A NECK
MOULDING INTRODUCED ON TO THE
SHAFT A SEGMENT OF THE UPPER
PART OF THE SHAFT.
 ANOTHER MEMBER ADDED TO THE
LOWER PART OF THE CAPITAL IN THE
FORM OF A VESSEL / POT (KALASA)
 RELATING TO ABACUS THE PALAGAI /
PLANK – MUCH EXPANDED
COMBINED WITH THE FLOWER SHAPE
(IDAL UNDERNEATH)
 GOOD PROPORTION EXPRESSED –
CHOLA PILLAR & CAPITAL
PALAGAI
IDAL
KUMBHA
TADI
SIMHA-LION
KALASA

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15. DRAVIDIAN ORDER
 DRAVIDIAN ORDER – PANDYA
PERIOD
TWO DISTINCTIVE CHANGE FROM
THE ORDER OF THE PREVIOUS
PERIOD-
 IDAL / FLOWER SHAPED MOTIF
WAS GIVEN A SCALLOPED EDGE –
FOLIATED AND EXQUISITE
APPEARANCE.
 BODIGAI / CORBEL OF THE
BRACKET OVERHANGING THE
CAPITAL CONVERTED INTO A
MOULDED PENDENT / DROP.
 PALAGAI / PLANK SERVES AS AN
ABACUS ALTERED IN PROPORTION
AND PROJECTION
 STONE PLANKS – 2” THICK AND
4’6” DIAMETER.

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