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商業銀行の融資
 商業銀行は傾向として、売上、利益、安定した受注先および受注残高についての実績を
有する既存企業への貸出を優先させる。新設企業に対しては回収不能に陥る割合が高いこ
とを懸念し、あまり意欲的に貸出を行わない。商業銀行は回収リスクのない借り手に貸出
したいのだ。銀行は貸倒れ対策として、まず正のキャッシュフローを調べ上げ、担保を評
価し、さらに新設企業や設立間もない企業においては、たいてい会社所有者の個人的な担
保を要求する。そして、株式投資家と同じく、経営陣の経営手腕にも大きなウエイトを置
く。
 商業銀行は、売上 500 万ドル以下の既存(新設ではない)の中小企業の主な資本調達先
となっている。小口の事業融資は銀行内の小口事業融資課が担当する。大口融資は融資委
員会の承認を要することもある。融資額が地方銀行に課せられた法定貸出限度枠を超して
しまう場合は、隣接地域や近隣の金融センターにある「コルレス」銀行に貸出債権の一部
あるいは全体を買い取ってもらう。こういったコルレス銀行ネットワークのおかげで、地
方にある小規模な商業銀行では取り扱えないはずの大口融資を扱うことができるのだ。
Lending by commercial banks
The trend among commercial banks is lending to existing companies with track
records of sales, profits, stable customer bases and backlogs of orders. They are not
eager to lend to new companies out of fear that the proportion of debts becoming
uncollectible is high. Commercial banks want to lend to borrowers with no risk of
default so they first check that borrowers have positive cash flow, then evaluate their
collateral and in the case of newly formed companies and companies with a short track
record, usually check the personal collateral of the company owners. Additionally, as
with equity investors, banks put a lot of weight on the management skills of the
management team.
Commercial banks have become the main source of financing for small and
medium-sized enterprises with existing sales (not new) of $ 5,000,000 or less. The
small business lending departments within banks are responsible for retail business
financing. Large loans sometimes require the approval of the loan committee. If the
loan amount exceeds legal lending limits imposed on the regional banks, the finance
receivables are bought in part or in whole by correspondent banks in adjacent areas or
nearby financial centers. These correspondent banking networks allow small
commercial banks in rural locations to handle large loans that they otherwise could
not.

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金融融資日英原稿targetNobutakaKim