Presented at ConSus Training Program 2nd Training at University of Graz, Austria: Integrative development processes for sustainable and regional development

1. Sustainability Challenges in an International Context:
Case Studies & Possible Solutions
Erika Seidenbusch, Kendisha I. Soekardjo Hintz, Minh Thuy Nguyen
7 July 2015

2. Session Overview
2
Time (minutes) Schedule (10.00 – 12.45)
10 Introduction: Sustainability Scenarios & Ecological Footprint
10 Ecological Footprint Calculator [Activity]
15 Group Discussion [Activity]
40 Introduction to Waste: The Circular Economy
Austrian Waste Management and the Stage Model [Activity]
Indonesian Waste Management Initiatives
10 Break
30 Introduction to Water Issues: National Water Footprint
Canadian Water Management Experiences
Vietnamese Water Management Initiatives
50 6-3-5 Brainwriting game & Group Discussion [Activity]
RCE Graz-Styria

3. Introduction: Global Footprint Trajectory
Scenarios
3
Global Footprint Network, 2015a
RCE Graz-Styria
Y-axis: Number of earths, X-axis: years 1960-2050

4. Introduction: Ecological Footprint (red) and
Biocapacity per Capita (green), 1961-2011
4
Global Footprint Network, 2015b
ALBANIA
AUSTRIA
CANADA
INDONESIA
VIETNAM
WORLD
RCE Graz-Styria

5. Introduction: Ecological Footprint
Let’s calculate your ecological footprint!
Any volunteer?
Link: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/calculators/
5RCE Graz-Styria

6. Water and Waste Challenges in Albania and
Kosovo
6RCE Graz-Styria
Albania
- Water pollution
due to waste (Tirana
river)
Kosovo
- Water shortage
- Water
contamination
from uranium
- No waste
separation, waste
dumping
- Inadequate
maintenance and
investment in
infrastructure
- Bureaucratic
inertia, path
dependency
Alcani and Dorri 2013; Berisha and Goessler 2013a, b; Kodra and Milios 2013; Miho et al. 2010; UNDP 2012; UNECE 2012; World Bank 2013

7. Waste Management Challenges
7
Waste Atlas, 2010a,b; 2011; 2012 a,b, n.d.; World Bank, 2013

8. The Circular Economy: Creating Value from
Waste
8
Metro Vancouver, 2015
RCE Graz-Styria

9. The Circular Economy: Creating Value from
Waste
9
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zCRKvDyyHmI
RCE Graz-Styria

10. Austria and Waste
• Highest recycling rate of Municipal Solid Waste in Europe (63%)
• Although waste volumes have steadily grown, percentage recycled has remained
steady
• Austria has already been surpassing the EU target for 50% recycling by 2020 since
at least 2001
• Effective legislation regarding waste, including landfill taxes and the separate
collection of biogenic waste
• Total amount of landfilled waste dropped by 28 % from 2003 to 2010 due to
taxation measures
10
Regions for Recycling, 2015
RCE Graz-Styria

11. Case Study: Austria and Waste
11
EEA, 2013
RCE Graz-Styria

12. Waste Management Stage Model
12
Klampfl-Pernold & Gelbmann, 2006
RCE Graz-Styria
Six development stages of waste
management, determined by 4 types of
variables:
● ECONOMY
● SOCIETY
● POLICY
● ECOLOGY

13. Waste Management Stage Model
13
Klampfl-Pernold & Gelbmann, 2006
RCE Graz-Styria

14. Indonesian Waste Management Initiatives
What are the waste challenges in Indonesia?
• Collect-haul-dispose system
• Non-involvement of stakeholders in decision-making and planning
• No long-term waste management strategies
• Inadequate data on waste generation, composition, and characteristics
14
Left: waste collector. Right: micro-business of recycling materials (Pasang et al. 2007)
RCE Graz-Styria

15. Indonesian Waste Management Initiatives
1. Waste bank
• Initiated in a district in Yogyakarta province in 2008
• Adopts the commercial banking system; waste
valued at 0.14-0.18 Euro per kg
• Organic → composting
• Inorganic → small-scale recycling centers
• Participants: individuals, schools, community centers
15
Salim 2013; Purba et al. 2014
RCE Graz-Styria

16. Indonesian Waste Management Initiatives
2. Garbage Clinical Insurance
● Adopts the insurance system, with waste as the insurance premium (0.60
Euro per month or 2 kg of waste)
● Organic → composting and fertilizers
● Inorganic → small-scale recycling centers, waste bank, upcycling
● Customers are entitled to free health care in participating clinics
● Won Young Sustainability Entrepreneur Prize 2014
→ Principles
• Raising awareness and creating a paradigm shift in the way people treat
waste
• Addressing other related issues
16RCE Graz-Styria

17. Indonesian Waste Management Initiatives
17https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iaBGlW91qQ8RCE Graz-Styria

18. 18gci.com; unilever.com; childfund.org.au

19. Indonesian Waste Management Initiatives
3. Jakarta Smart-city portal: http://smartcity.jakarta.go.id/
19RCE Graz-Styria

20. National Water Footprint Comparison
20
Mekoenen and Hoekstra 2011
RCE Graz-Styria

21. 4.3 Case Study: Canada and Water
Management
- In 2003 Canada ranked 2nd best (next to FInland) on Water Poverty Index - plentiful access
and resources
- Per capita water consumption is 2nd highest in the world
- Canadian experience with water contamination of E.Coli bacteria in a town in Ontario which
killed 7 people led to tightened regulations for water management across Canada
- However, for Aboriginal communities in Canada, water access and safety is a different
story, with slow progress being made
- Several threats to water resources remain
21
Source: Environment Canada, 2004
RCE Graz-Styria

22. 22
Real Canadian History, 2013; Harden & Levalliant, 2008
RCE Graz-Styria

23. Vietnamese Water Management Initiatives
- ADAPTS sets out to increase
developing countries' adaptive
capacities by achieving the
inclusion of climate change and
adaptation considerations in
water policies, local planning and
investment decisions.
- ADAPTS cooperates with local
communities, civil society
organisations, local and national
governments, scientific institutes
and the private sector.
23RCE Graz-Styria

24. Vietnamese Water Management Initiatives
- The Huong River basin area in Central Vietnam is already heavily impacted by natural disasters
which are projected to occur with increasing frequency and intensity due to climate change.
- Water resources management in this region is challenging both at the macro management level
and at the community level.
24Source: ADAPTS Programme in Vietnam. Synthesis Report, 2012
RCE Graz-Styria

25. Vietnamese Water Management Initiatives
● Part of the transnational program ADAPTS
● Objective : enable the local counterpart – The Centre for Social Research and Development (CSRD) in
Vietnam, to take climate change and adaptation into account when working with local communities
● Three communities, in three different districts : Huong Loc Commune, Thuy Bieu communie, Hai Duong
commune
● Project main approach :
○ Knowledge development
○ Dialogues and upscaling
○ Local acknowledgement and action on protecting the water
● Considerably raised awareness of water management
● and climate change among the communities
● and governmental organisations
25RCE Graz-Styria

26. 5. Group Discussions
How are the case studies relevant to the local contexts?
Would it work in Albania and Kosovo? Why or why not?
How would you imagine a circular economy operating in your
countries?
(15 minutes)
26RCE Graz-Styria

27. 5. Group Discussions
27
Case studies Relevant? Would it work? Why or why not?
Austria: effective tax on
landfill, separate collection,
and recycling
Indonesia:
Community-based
initiatives (e.g. waste bank,
insurance, Smartcity portal)
Canada: abundance
mentality and ethnic
marginalization
Vietnam: Adaptive water
management on a local
scale
RCE Graz-Styria

28. 5.1 6-3-5 Brainwriting game (30 min)
Procedure:
1) Write down 3 ideas of
possible solutions on the form
2) Pass it clockwise to your
neighbor
3) 5 minutes for each round
28RCE Graz-Styria

29. 5.1 Discussion (10 min)
Discussion: What are your ideas?
29RCE Graz-Styria

30. Thank you very much for your attention
and participation!

31. References
Alcani, M. and Dorri, A. 2013. “Problems Related to Current Situation of Solid Waste Management in Albania” International Journal of
Ecosystem and Ecology Sciences Vol. 3 (4): 697-704.
Berisha, F. and Goessler, W. 2013a. “Investigation of Drinking Water Quality in Kosovo” Journal of Environment and Public Health Vol. 2013
Article ID 374954: 1-9.
Berisha, F. and Goessler, W. 2013b. “Uranium in Kosovo’s Drinking Water” Chemosphere 93: 2165-2170.
Herczeg, Marton. 2013. “Municipal Waste Management in Austria”European Environment Agency
Kodra, A. and Milios, L. 2013. “Municipal Waste Management in Albania” European Environment Agency
Mekonnen, M. M. and Hoekstra, A. Y. 2011. National Water Footprint Accounts, UNESCO-IHE
Miho, A., Hysko, M, Duka, S. 2010. “Second Environmental Progress Report Related with the New Constructed Wetland in the Place Bregu
Lumit (Tirana River).
Pasang, H. Moore, G. A., Sitorus, G. 2006. “Neighborhood-based waste management: A solution for solid waste problems in Jakarta,
Indonesia” Waste Management 27: 1924-1938.
Purba, H. D., Meidiana, C., Adrianto, D. 2014. “Waste Management Scenario through Community Based Waste Bank: A Case Study of
Kepanjen District, Malang Regency, Indonesia” International Journal of Environmental Science and Development Vol. 5 No. 2: 212-216.
Salim, R. 2013. “Waste Not, Want Not: ‘Waste Banks’ in Indonesia”
blogs.worldbank.org/eastasiapacific/waste-not-want-not-waste-banks-indonesia, accessed 26 April 2015.
UNDP. 2012. “A New Path for the Sustainable Development: A Green Economy for Albania” Stock talking Albania Rio+20 Report. Tirana:
UNDP.
UNECE. 2012. “Albania” Environmental Performance Reviews - Second Review” Geneva: UNECE.
Unilever Indonesia. 2013. “Buku Panduan Sistem Bank Sampah & 10 Kisah Sukses” Jakarta: Yayasan Unilever Indonesia.
http://www.unilever.co.id/Images/FIN%20Buku%20Sistem%20Bank%20Sampah%20%26%2010%20kisah%20sukses_tcm110-392961.pdf
Waste Atlas. 2010a. “Albania” http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/index.php?view=country_report&country_id=42
Waste Atlas. 2012a. “Austria” http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/index.php?view=country_report&country_id=47
Waste Atlas. 2012b. “Canada” http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/index.php?view=country_report&country_id=60
Waste Atlas. 2010b. “Indonesia” http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/index.php?view=country_report&country_id=9
Waste Atlas. n.d. “Kosovo” http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/index.php?view=country_report&country_id=185
Waste Atlas. 2011. “Vietnam” http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/index.php?view=country_report&country_id=159
World Bank. 2013. “Kosovo Country Environmental Analysis” Cost assessment of environmental degradation, institutional review, and Public
Environmental Expenditure review. New York: World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTKOSOVO/Resources/KosovoCEA.pdf
31

32. Image References
Global Footprint Network. 2015a. Global Footprint Scenarios. Availableat: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/world_footprint
Global Footprint Network. 2015b. Austria, Canada, Indonesia, Vietnam, Albania, World Trends.Available at:
http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/trends/
Metro Vancouver. 2015. Linear and Circular Economy. Available at: http://www.metrovancouver.org/services/solid-waste/about/wte/pages/01.aspx
Regions for Recycling. 2015. Waste bins. Available at: http://www.regions4recycling.eu/partners/Styria
EEA.2013. Development of Landfilling and Incineration of MSW and Landfill Tax in Austria. European Environmental Agency. Available at:
http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/managing-municipal-solid-waste/austria-country-paper-on-municipal. Page 13.
Real Canadian History. 2013. Health Canada Advisory. Available at:
http://realcanadianhistory.tumblr.com/post/41820526079/battlestardidactica-from-my-chilliwack-news-a
Harden, Andrea, and Holly Levalliant. 2008. Water Comparison. In: Boiling point! six community profiles of the water crisis facing First
Nations within Canada. Ottawa, Ont: Polaris Institute. http://site.ebrary.com/id/10241462. Page 22.
32