This document provides background information on Willi Hennig, the scientist known for introducing phylogenetic systematics. It describes that he was the firstborn son of a railroad worker and maid, grew up moving frequently with his family, and received encouragement towards science from a private tutor. As a young man, Hennig volunteered at a natural history museum where he was mentored by a curator and began publishing scientific works. The document aims to understand Hennig's personality and the influences that led to his revolutionary approach to systematics.
A l'occasion du premier Forum de l'Intelligence Artificielle organisé à Bordeaux en mars 2016 par Ascoergo, une projection du film Blade Runner a été faite. La question centrale du livre de K. Dick et du film de Scott est qu'est ce qu'un être humain ? Autrement dit l'intelligence artificielle dans son excellence pourra-t-elle devenir humaine?
Willi Hennig was born in 1913 in Germany to working class parents. He showed an early interest in natural history and worked at a natural history museum during his schooling. He received his PhD studying fly genitalia. Hennig began developing his ideas about phylogenetic systematics in the 1930s, emphasizing genealogical relationships and monophyly. His 1950 book formalized phylogenetic systematics, prioritizing shared derived characters over similarity. Though controversial, Hennig's approach revolutionized taxonomy by requiring classifications to reflect evolutionary history.
Sources Of Sexuality Related Information Among College Studentsandreademaria
The document summarizes a study that examined college students' sources of sexuality-related information, the topics they seek information about, and their perceived reliability of different information sources. The study found that college students most commonly get sexuality information from the internet (85%), friends (82%), and media (77%). Popular topics included contraceptives, pregnancy, STIs, and sexual health. Students viewed search engines and medical professionals as most reliable sources. The study provides insights that can help improve sexual health interventions and education for college students.
A l'occasion du premier Forum de l'Intelligence Artificielle organisé à Bordeaux en mars 2016 par Ascoergo, une projection du film Blade Runner a été faite. La question centrale du livre de K. Dick et du film de Scott est qu'est ce qu'un être humain ? Autrement dit l'intelligence artificielle dans son excellence pourra-t-elle devenir humaine?
Willi Hennig was born in 1913 in Germany to working class parents. He showed an early interest in natural history and worked at a natural history museum during his schooling. He received his PhD studying fly genitalia. Hennig began developing his ideas about phylogenetic systematics in the 1930s, emphasizing genealogical relationships and monophyly. His 1950 book formalized phylogenetic systematics, prioritizing shared derived characters over similarity. Though controversial, Hennig's approach revolutionized taxonomy by requiring classifications to reflect evolutionary history.
Sources Of Sexuality Related Information Among College Studentsandreademaria
The document summarizes a study that examined college students' sources of sexuality-related information, the topics they seek information about, and their perceived reliability of different information sources. The study found that college students most commonly get sexuality information from the internet (85%), friends (82%), and media (77%). Popular topics included contraceptives, pregnancy, STIs, and sexual health. Students viewed search engines and medical professionals as most reliable sources. The study provides insights that can help improve sexual health interventions and education for college students.
Essay on nature in english || Nature essay writing. Descriptive paragraph on nature. Essay on Nature. 2022-10-05. Essay on Nature | 800+ Words Paragraph on Nature. Essay on Nature | 10 Lines to 250 Words | Class 1-10 - Study-Phi. Essay on Conservation of Natural Resources | Conversation of Natural .... Essay on Nature.docx - Essay on Natures Beauty Nature is an integral .... College Essay: Nature and environment essays. Man and Nature Essay | English (Advanced) - Year 11 HSC | Thinkswap. Essay on Nature | Long & Short Essays on Nature for Kids & Children. Essay on beautiful nature. Expository Essay on Nature Sample. 004 Largepreview Nature Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Nature and Other Essays. Essay writing on save nature. Write an essay on Conservation of Nature | Essay Writing | English .... Essays About Nature And Environment | Sitedoct.org. An Essay About Nature.docx | Nature | Fiction & Literature. College essay: Descriptive essay on nature. Preserving nature short essay about nature. The Nature Essay – Ecocritical Explorations | brill. Essay on Nature | Nature Essay for Students and Children in English .... Nature Essay in English. Essays about nature and man. College essay: Describe nature essay. Essay about saving the nature. Essay on Nature in English for Class 1 to 12 Students. Essay On Nature | Nature Essay for Students and Children in 500 Words .... Nature Essay in English 200 Words - Study Thinks. A Nature Essay | Natural Environment | Environmental Degradation. 646 Words Essay for Students on Beauties of Nature | Beauty | Mind .... Beauty Of The Nature Essay. Write a short essay on Beauty of Nature | Essay Writing | English - YouTube.
This document summarizes research on children's experiences during the Holocaust and how art was used as a coping mechanism. It discusses a famous photo of a girl named Terezka drawing her interpretation of "home" in a chaotic manner. The document then examines artwork created by children in concentration camps, finding that it often depicted happier scenes encouraged by their teacher or symbolized their circumstances. After liberation, many survivors still struggled with trauma and used art and writing to process their experiences. Overall, the document analyzes how art provided an outlet for children during the Holocaust and served as a form of healing afterward.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was an 18th century French philosopher whose political philosophy influenced the French Revolution. He argued that private property led to inequality in society. Rousseau believed that in the state of nature, humans are naturally good, but civilization corrupts human morality.
Rousseau developed influential ideas on education. He advocated for education that follows the natural development of the child, allowing children to learn through experience rather than direct instruction. His novel Emile laid out a developmental stage approach to education, emphasizing physical and sensory development in early childhood followed by moral development in adolescence. Rousseau's ideas influenced the development of early childhood education.
Friedrich Fröbel was influenced by
Assignment InstructionsTHIS IS FOR WEEK 6!!The Learning.docxhoward4little59962
Assignment Instructions
\THIS IS FOR WEEK 6!!
The Learning Reflection Journal is a compilation of weekly
learning reflections you'll independently write about across Weeks 2, 3, 5, 6
and 7. During each of the assigned weeks, you will write two paragraphs, each 300 words in length (i.e., 600 words total). The first paragraph will describe a topic that you found particularly interesting during that week and what made it interesting, and the second paragraph will describe something that you have observed occurring in the real world that exemplified that topic. Only one topic may be recorded in the journal for each assigned week and your observed real word occurrence must be clearly related to it.
READING
Personality Theory
Created
July 7, 2017
by
userMark Kelland
Karen Horney stands alone as the only women recognized as worthy of her own chapter in many personality textbooks, and the significance of her work certainly merits that honor. She did not, however, focus her entire career on the psychology of women. Horney came to believe that culture was more important than gender in determining differences between men and women. After refuting some of Freud’s theories on women, Horney shifted her focus to the development of basic anxiety in children, and the lifelong interpersonal relationship styles and intrapsychic conflicts that determine our personality and our personal adjustment.
Personally, Horney was a complex woman. Jack Rubins, who knew Horney during the last few years of her life, interviewed many people who knew her and came away with conflicting views:
She was described variously as both frail and powerful, both open and reticent, both warm and reserved, both close and detached, both a leader and needing to be led, both timid and awesome, both simple and profound. From these characterizations, the impression emerges that she was not only a complex personality but changeable and constantly changing. She was able to encompass and unify, though with struggle, many diverse attitudes and traits… (pg. 13; Rubins, 1972)
Erich Fromm, who was a lay-analyst with a Ph.D. (not an M.D. like most early psychoanalysts), focused even more than Horney on social influences, particularly one’s relationship with society itself. He not only knew and worked with Horney personally, but the two were intimately involved for a number of years, and Fromm analyzed Horney’s daughter Marianne. Both Horney and Fromm can be seen as extending Adler’s emphasis on social interest and cooperation (or the lack thereof), and their belief that individuals pursue safety and security to overcome their anxiety is similar to Adler’s concept of striving for superiority.
Brief Biography of Karen Horney
Karen Clementine Theodore Danielssen was born on September 16th, 1885, in Hamburg, Germany. Her father was Norwegian by birth, but had become a German national. A successful sailor, he had become the captain o.
Assignment InstructionsTHIS IS FOR WEEK 6!!The Learning.docxsimba35
Assignment Instructions
\THIS IS FOR WEEK 6!!
The Learning Reflection Journal is a compilation of weekly
learning reflections you'll independently write about across Weeks 2, 3, 5, 6
and 7. During each of the assigned weeks, you will write two paragraphs, each 300 words in length (i.e., 600 words total). The first paragraph will describe a topic that you found particularly interesting during that week and what made it interesting, and the second paragraph will describe something that you have observed occurring in the real world that exemplified that topic. Only one topic may be recorded in the journal for each assigned week and your observed real word occurrence must be clearly related to it.
READING
Personality Theory
Created
July 7, 2017
by
userMark Kelland
Karen Horney stands alone as the only women recognized as worthy of her own chapter in many personality textbooks, and the significance of her work certainly merits that honor. She did not, however, focus her entire career on the psychology of women. Horney came to believe that culture was more important than gender in determining differences between men and women. After refuting some of Freud’s theories on women, Horney shifted her focus to the development of basic anxiety in children, and the lifelong interpersonal relationship styles and intrapsychic conflicts that determine our personality and our personal adjustment.
Personally, Horney was a complex woman. Jack Rubins, who knew Horney during the last few years of her life, interviewed many people who knew her and came away with conflicting views:
She was described variously as both frail and powerful, both open and reticent, both warm and reserved, both close and detached, both a leader and needing to be led, both timid and awesome, both simple and profound. From these characterizations, the impression emerges that she was not only a complex personality but changeable and constantly changing. She was able to encompass and unify, though with struggle, many diverse attitudes and traits… (pg. 13; Rubins, 1972)
Erich Fromm, who was a lay-analyst with a Ph.D. (not an M.D. like most early psychoanalysts), focused even more than Horney on social influences, particularly one’s relationship with society itself. He not only knew and worked with Horney personally, but the two were intimately involved for a number of years, and Fromm analyzed Horney’s daughter Marianne. Both Horney and Fromm can be seen as extending Adler’s emphasis on social interest and cooperation (or the lack thereof), and their belief that individuals pursue safety and security to overcome their anxiety is similar to Adler’s concept of striving for superiority.
Brief Biography of Karen Horney
Karen Clementine Theodore Danielssen was born on September 16th, 1885, in Hamburg, Germany. Her father was Norwegian by birth, but had become a German national. A successful sailor, he had become the captain o ...
This document provides biographical information on several notable deaf individuals and their contributions throughout history:
- Charles-Michel de l'Épée founded the first school for deaf education in Paris in 1760.
- Pierre Desloges was a bookbinder and upholsterer in Paris who became deaf at age 7 and did not learn sign language until age 27.
- Teresa de Cartagena was a 15th century Spanish nun and author who fell deaf in 1453-1459, influencing her works.
- Several inventors and scientists who were deaf or lost their hearing are mentioned, including Beethoven, Edison, Bell, and Heaviside.
Anders Gustaf Ekeberg (1767-1813) was a Swedish chemist and mineralogist. He became a full professor at Uppsala University in 1797 and made important contributions to mineralogy and analytical chemistry. Some of his notable achievements include discovering the elements tantalum and niobium, and developing methods for quantitative chemical analysis. He is regarded as one of the founders of analytical chemistry in Sweden.
️ Age discrimination essay outline. The Age Discrimination. 2022-11-14. age discrimination - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. Age discrimination essay Demografie Netzwerk FrankfurtRheinMain. PDF Age discrimination at work: A review of the research and .... ᐅ Essays On Age Discrimination Free Argumentative, Persuasive .... Mm411 chapter 11 age discrimination power point outline. Age Discrimination Essay Example Topics and Well Written Essays .... Premiumessays.net business sample essay on age discrimination in work. PDF Age discrimination as a source of exclusion in Europe: the need .... Essay on age discrimination in the workplace. Essay on Age .... A Letter about Discrimination - Free Essay Example PapersOwl.com. SP GenEd2 Photo Essay Age Discrimination - YouTube. AGE Discrimination. PDF Why Do Employment Age Discrimination Cases Fail? An Analysis of .... Discrimination Essay Essay on Discrimination for Students and .... First Lecture for Chapter 12: Age Discrimination HRPO 2303. Age discrimination within the workplace essay job. Age discrimination in employment research paper - persepolisthesis.web .... Age Discrimination in the Workplace Essay Example Topics and Well .... Age Discrimination - Academic Essay Assignment - Www.topgradepapers .... PDF AGEISM AND AGE DISCRIMINATION. PPT - Age discrimination: The last socially acceptable discrimination .... Age Discrimination is Alive and Well and Living in the Bay Area .... Discrimination Against Women: Working in a Mans World Essay Example .... Age discrimination in workplace. Age discrimination academic essay assignment - www.topgradepapers.c. Age Discrimination Ageism Discrimination. Free Louisiana Louisiana Age Discrimination Labor Law Poster 2024. Age discrimination in the workplace research paper. Buy research .... Age Discrimination and the Disparate Impact Doctrine Note 34 Stanford .... Age discrimination essay - Reasearch amp; Essay Writings From HQ Writers Age Discrimination Essay Age Discrimination Essay
This document discusses several famous historical figures who faced disabilities or difficulties but still achieved great success, including Helen Keller, Beethoven, Einstein, Hawking, Roosevelt, Milton, Edison, Bell, and Alexander Graham Bell. It notes the hardships they overcame, such as deafness, blindness, paralysis, and learning disabilities. The main message is that if these people could achieve so much despite their disabilities, then a person's health or abilities should not prevent them from also being successful, as what really matters is having a positive attitude and facing challenges with a smile.
Assignment InstructionsTHIS IS FOR WEEK 6!!The Learni.docxhoward4little59962
Assignment Instructions
\THIS IS FOR WEEK 6!!
The Learning Reflection Journal is a compilation of weekly learning reflections you'll independently write about across Weeks 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7. During each of the assigned weeks, you will write two paragraphs, each 300 words in length (i.e., 600 words total). The first paragraph will describe a topic that you found particularly interesting during that week and what made it interesting, and the second paragraph will describe something that you have observed occurring in the real world that exemplified that topic. Only one topic may be recorded in the journal for each assigned week and your observed real word occurrence must be clearly related to it.
READING
Personality Theory
Created July 7, 2017 by user
Karen Horney stands alone as the only women recognized as worthy of her own chapter in many personality textbooks, and the significance of her work certainly merits that honor. She did not, however, focus her entire career on the psychology of women. Horney came to believe that culture was more important than gender in determining differences between men and women. After refuting some of Freud’s theories on women, Horney shifted her focus to the development of basic anxiety in children, and the lifelong interpersonal relationship styles and intrapsychic conflicts that determine our personality and our personal adjustment.
Personally, Horney was a complex woman. Jack Rubins, who knew Horney during the last few years of her life, interviewed many people who knew her and came away with conflicting views:
She was described variously as both frail and powerful, both open and reticent, both warm and reserved, both close and detached, both a leader and needing to be led, both timid and awesome, both simple and profound. From these characterizations, the impression emerges that she was not only a complex personality but changeable and constantly changing. She was able to encompass and unify, though with struggle, many diverse attitudes and traits… (pg. 13; Rubins, 1972)
Erich Fromm, who was a lay-analyst with a Ph.D. (not an M.D. like most early psychoanalysts), focused even more than Horney on social influences, particularly one’s relationship with society itself. He not only knew and worked with Horney personally, but the two were intimately involved for a number of years, and Fromm analyzed Horney’s daughter Marianne. Both Horney and Fromm can be seen as extending Adler’s emphasis on social interest and cooperation (or the lack thereof), and their belief that individuals pursue safety and security to overcome their anxiety is similar to Adler’s concept of striving for superiority.
Brief Biography of Karen Horney
Karen Clementine Theodore Danielssen was born on September 16th, 1885, in Hamburg, Germany. Her father was Norwegian by birth, but had become a German national. A successful sailor, he had become the captain of his own ship, a.
Essay on Global Warming- Leverage Edu. ≫ Effects and Causes of Global Warming and Climate Change Free Essay .... Write A Short Essay On Global Warming - Global Warming Argument Essay. Global warming - GCSE Science - Marked by Teachers.com. Global Warming Speech - GCSE Geography - Marked by Teachers.com. Global warming essays - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. Global Warming Argument Essay : The ultimate climate change FAQ. The Impact of Global Warming: An Argumentative Essay Example. Global Warming - Argument Essay Free Essay Example. Essay on Global Warming: Causes, Effects, Impact and Prevention of .... Examples of global warming essays in 2021 | Free business plan, Essay .... Global Warming and Its Effects - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Global warming essay wikipedia in 2021 | Essay, Writing skills, Essay ....
Lewis Hine was a pioneering American documentary photographer who used his photos to expose social injustice and help enact legislative reform. He is best known for his photos of child labor that helped lead to stricter child labor laws. Hine worked for the National Child Labor Committee from 1908 to 1931, photographing children working in mills, mines and canneries to document their working conditions. His photos provided visual evidence that was influential in pushing the U.S. government to strengthen child labor laws.
Analytical Essay: Jesse owens essay. Help me do my essay jesse owens in the 1936 olympics. jesse owens essay. PPT - A Biography of Jesse Owens 1913-1980 PowerPoint Presentation .... Jesse Owens- Informational Writing by Thrilling 3rd Grade Adventures. Jesse Owens, American Hero – Rediscovering Black History. Jesse Owens Biography: Olympics, Facts & Life | SportyTell.
WEEK 6 FORUM ASSIGNMENTGender Differences in Personality.docxdannies7qbuggie
WEEK 6 FORUM ASSIGNMENT
Gender Differences in Personality
This week, your forum assignment is about male and female differences in personality. What male and female differences in personality have you observed and where do you think they come from (e.g., are they learned, inborn, etc.)?
NOTE
: If you believe more than one personality theory explains male/female differences, give concrete examples. Link the theory you choose solidly to the personality differences you describe to provide evidence of your thorough comprehension of your selected theory by your accurate application of it rather than just picking a theory by name and listing characteristics believed by the general public to differ between genders. You must describe how the theory you choose explains specific differences. MINIMUM 300 WORDS.
READING
Personality Theory
Created
July 7, 2017
by
userMark Kelland
Karen Horney stands alone as the only women recognized as worthy of her own chapter in many personality textbooks, and the significance of her work certainly merits that honor. She did not, however, focus her entire career on the psychology of women. Horney came to believe that culture was more important than gender in determining differences between men and women. After refuting some of Freud’s theories on women, Horney shifted her focus to the development of basic anxiety in children, and the lifelong interpersonal relationship styles and intrapsychic conflicts that determine our personality and our personal adjustment.
Personally, Horney was a complex woman. Jack Rubins, who knew Horney during the last few years of her life, interviewed many people who knew her and came away with conflicting views:
She was described variously as both frail and powerful, both open and reticent, both warm and reserved, both close and detached, both a leader and needing to be led, both timid and awesome, both simple and profound. From these characterizations, the impression emerges that she was not only a complex personality but changeable and constantly changing. She was able to encompass and unify, though with struggle, many diverse attitudes and traits… (pg. 13; Rubins, 1972)
Erich Fromm, who was a lay-analyst with a Ph.D. (not an M.D. like most early psychoanalysts), focused even more than Horney on social influences, particularly one’s relationship with society itself. He not only knew and worked with Horney personally, but the two were intimately involved for a number of years, and Fromm analyzed Horney’s daughter Marianne. Both Horney and Fromm can be seen as extending Adler’s emphasis on social interest and cooperation (or the lack thereof), and their belief that individuals pursue safety and security to overcome their anxiety is similar to Adler’s concept of striving for superiority.
Brief Biography of Karen Horney
Karen Clementine Theodore Danielssen was born on September 16th, 1885, in Hamburg, Germany. Her fathe.
Essay On Diversity. . Diversity Essay Examples 2021 See How to Write an Effec...Beth Retzlaff
4 Tips for Writing a Diversity College Essay - How to write an .... Cultural Diversity Essay | Essay on Cultural Diversity for Students and .... Remarkable Diversity Essay ~ Thatsnotus. 006 Diversity Essays For College Sample Graduate School 11 T Pdf .... Breathtaking Essay On Diversity ~ Thatsnotus. diversity essay instructions. Student Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 ....
Conformity vs illness in brave new world by aldous huxleyJhonFredyLugoTorres
This analysis examines the struggle of these characters and their personal growth from social beings to individuals able to think, feel, and oppose the world order that takes them “ill.”
This document summarizes a PhD thesis on the morphophylogeny of 41 sand fly species of medical importance using different data sources. The study used traditional morphology data, wing and head landmark data from geometric morphometrics, and DNA sequence data to generate phylogenetic trees. The best tree was produced using all data blocks and showed good support for relationships within the Lutzomyiina subtribe and the Bichoromyia genus based on head morphology and molecular synapomorphies. Comparisons of trees from different data blocks showed that wing landmarks were important but that all blocks together provided the best phylogenetic hypothesis. Relationships of some groups were consistent with previous studies using multiple genetic markers. This study was the first to combine different character blocks
El documento anuncia la XI Reunión argentina de Cladística y Biogeografía, que se llevará a cabo del 26 al 28 de marzo de 2014 en la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Universidad Nacional del Litoral en Santa Fe, Argentina. La reunión busca promover el intercambio de ideas sobre cladística y biogeografía histórica entre investigadores, docentes y estudiantes de la región. Contará con simposios sobre temas metodológicos y empíricos, biogeografía e comunicaciones libres
This tutorial sets out the easy steps to displaying aerial photography and data from the most well known mapping applications on the web in your QGIS project. Please note that each of the data providers have a set of terms and conditions for the use of their data, please refer to these terms and conditions before using or publishing the data.
N. Alexander - ERGO
This document provides materials for a laboratory exercise on phylogenetic systematics. Students are tasked with reconstructing the evolutionary relationships among major amniote groups using 10 morphological characters from skeletal and physiological systems. They collect data on character states, polarize characters against an amphibian outgroup, and construct a phylogenetic tree through successive grouping of taxa sharing derived characters. Finally, students classify the taxa based on their inferred evolutionary relationships and analyze features of amniote evolution implied by the tree. The exercise aims to give students hands-on experience with phylogenetic methods and systematic biology.
El documento describe los resultados de un análisis filogenético de menos de 15 taxones utilizando TNT. Se muestra un árbol más parsimonioso con 7 caracteres sinapomórficos. Además, se enumeran las reconstrucciones de cada estado de carácter en el árbol.
Essay on nature in english || Nature essay writing. Descriptive paragraph on nature. Essay on Nature. 2022-10-05. Essay on Nature | 800+ Words Paragraph on Nature. Essay on Nature | 10 Lines to 250 Words | Class 1-10 - Study-Phi. Essay on Conservation of Natural Resources | Conversation of Natural .... Essay on Nature.docx - Essay on Natures Beauty Nature is an integral .... College Essay: Nature and environment essays. Man and Nature Essay | English (Advanced) - Year 11 HSC | Thinkswap. Essay on Nature | Long & Short Essays on Nature for Kids & Children. Essay on beautiful nature. Expository Essay on Nature Sample. 004 Largepreview Nature Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Nature and Other Essays. Essay writing on save nature. Write an essay on Conservation of Nature | Essay Writing | English .... Essays About Nature And Environment | Sitedoct.org. An Essay About Nature.docx | Nature | Fiction & Literature. College essay: Descriptive essay on nature. Preserving nature short essay about nature. The Nature Essay – Ecocritical Explorations | brill. Essay on Nature | Nature Essay for Students and Children in English .... Nature Essay in English. Essays about nature and man. College essay: Describe nature essay. Essay about saving the nature. Essay on Nature in English for Class 1 to 12 Students. Essay On Nature | Nature Essay for Students and Children in 500 Words .... Nature Essay in English 200 Words - Study Thinks. A Nature Essay | Natural Environment | Environmental Degradation. 646 Words Essay for Students on Beauties of Nature | Beauty | Mind .... Beauty Of The Nature Essay. Write a short essay on Beauty of Nature | Essay Writing | English - YouTube.
This document summarizes research on children's experiences during the Holocaust and how art was used as a coping mechanism. It discusses a famous photo of a girl named Terezka drawing her interpretation of "home" in a chaotic manner. The document then examines artwork created by children in concentration camps, finding that it often depicted happier scenes encouraged by their teacher or symbolized their circumstances. After liberation, many survivors still struggled with trauma and used art and writing to process their experiences. Overall, the document analyzes how art provided an outlet for children during the Holocaust and served as a form of healing afterward.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was an 18th century French philosopher whose political philosophy influenced the French Revolution. He argued that private property led to inequality in society. Rousseau believed that in the state of nature, humans are naturally good, but civilization corrupts human morality.
Rousseau developed influential ideas on education. He advocated for education that follows the natural development of the child, allowing children to learn through experience rather than direct instruction. His novel Emile laid out a developmental stage approach to education, emphasizing physical and sensory development in early childhood followed by moral development in adolescence. Rousseau's ideas influenced the development of early childhood education.
Friedrich Fröbel was influenced by
Assignment InstructionsTHIS IS FOR WEEK 6!!The Learning.docxhoward4little59962
Assignment Instructions
\THIS IS FOR WEEK 6!!
The Learning Reflection Journal is a compilation of weekly
learning reflections you'll independently write about across Weeks 2, 3, 5, 6
and 7. During each of the assigned weeks, you will write two paragraphs, each 300 words in length (i.e., 600 words total). The first paragraph will describe a topic that you found particularly interesting during that week and what made it interesting, and the second paragraph will describe something that you have observed occurring in the real world that exemplified that topic. Only one topic may be recorded in the journal for each assigned week and your observed real word occurrence must be clearly related to it.
READING
Personality Theory
Created
July 7, 2017
by
userMark Kelland
Karen Horney stands alone as the only women recognized as worthy of her own chapter in many personality textbooks, and the significance of her work certainly merits that honor. She did not, however, focus her entire career on the psychology of women. Horney came to believe that culture was more important than gender in determining differences between men and women. After refuting some of Freud’s theories on women, Horney shifted her focus to the development of basic anxiety in children, and the lifelong interpersonal relationship styles and intrapsychic conflicts that determine our personality and our personal adjustment.
Personally, Horney was a complex woman. Jack Rubins, who knew Horney during the last few years of her life, interviewed many people who knew her and came away with conflicting views:
She was described variously as both frail and powerful, both open and reticent, both warm and reserved, both close and detached, both a leader and needing to be led, both timid and awesome, both simple and profound. From these characterizations, the impression emerges that she was not only a complex personality but changeable and constantly changing. She was able to encompass and unify, though with struggle, many diverse attitudes and traits… (pg. 13; Rubins, 1972)
Erich Fromm, who was a lay-analyst with a Ph.D. (not an M.D. like most early psychoanalysts), focused even more than Horney on social influences, particularly one’s relationship with society itself. He not only knew and worked with Horney personally, but the two were intimately involved for a number of years, and Fromm analyzed Horney’s daughter Marianne. Both Horney and Fromm can be seen as extending Adler’s emphasis on social interest and cooperation (or the lack thereof), and their belief that individuals pursue safety and security to overcome their anxiety is similar to Adler’s concept of striving for superiority.
Brief Biography of Karen Horney
Karen Clementine Theodore Danielssen was born on September 16th, 1885, in Hamburg, Germany. Her father was Norwegian by birth, but had become a German national. A successful sailor, he had become the captain o.
Assignment InstructionsTHIS IS FOR WEEK 6!!The Learning.docxsimba35
Assignment Instructions
\THIS IS FOR WEEK 6!!
The Learning Reflection Journal is a compilation of weekly
learning reflections you'll independently write about across Weeks 2, 3, 5, 6
and 7. During each of the assigned weeks, you will write two paragraphs, each 300 words in length (i.e., 600 words total). The first paragraph will describe a topic that you found particularly interesting during that week and what made it interesting, and the second paragraph will describe something that you have observed occurring in the real world that exemplified that topic. Only one topic may be recorded in the journal for each assigned week and your observed real word occurrence must be clearly related to it.
READING
Personality Theory
Created
July 7, 2017
by
userMark Kelland
Karen Horney stands alone as the only women recognized as worthy of her own chapter in many personality textbooks, and the significance of her work certainly merits that honor. She did not, however, focus her entire career on the psychology of women. Horney came to believe that culture was more important than gender in determining differences between men and women. After refuting some of Freud’s theories on women, Horney shifted her focus to the development of basic anxiety in children, and the lifelong interpersonal relationship styles and intrapsychic conflicts that determine our personality and our personal adjustment.
Personally, Horney was a complex woman. Jack Rubins, who knew Horney during the last few years of her life, interviewed many people who knew her and came away with conflicting views:
She was described variously as both frail and powerful, both open and reticent, both warm and reserved, both close and detached, both a leader and needing to be led, both timid and awesome, both simple and profound. From these characterizations, the impression emerges that she was not only a complex personality but changeable and constantly changing. She was able to encompass and unify, though with struggle, many diverse attitudes and traits… (pg. 13; Rubins, 1972)
Erich Fromm, who was a lay-analyst with a Ph.D. (not an M.D. like most early psychoanalysts), focused even more than Horney on social influences, particularly one’s relationship with society itself. He not only knew and worked with Horney personally, but the two were intimately involved for a number of years, and Fromm analyzed Horney’s daughter Marianne. Both Horney and Fromm can be seen as extending Adler’s emphasis on social interest and cooperation (or the lack thereof), and their belief that individuals pursue safety and security to overcome their anxiety is similar to Adler’s concept of striving for superiority.
Brief Biography of Karen Horney
Karen Clementine Theodore Danielssen was born on September 16th, 1885, in Hamburg, Germany. Her father was Norwegian by birth, but had become a German national. A successful sailor, he had become the captain o ...
This document provides biographical information on several notable deaf individuals and their contributions throughout history:
- Charles-Michel de l'Épée founded the first school for deaf education in Paris in 1760.
- Pierre Desloges was a bookbinder and upholsterer in Paris who became deaf at age 7 and did not learn sign language until age 27.
- Teresa de Cartagena was a 15th century Spanish nun and author who fell deaf in 1453-1459, influencing her works.
- Several inventors and scientists who were deaf or lost their hearing are mentioned, including Beethoven, Edison, Bell, and Heaviside.
Anders Gustaf Ekeberg (1767-1813) was a Swedish chemist and mineralogist. He became a full professor at Uppsala University in 1797 and made important contributions to mineralogy and analytical chemistry. Some of his notable achievements include discovering the elements tantalum and niobium, and developing methods for quantitative chemical analysis. He is regarded as one of the founders of analytical chemistry in Sweden.
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This document discusses several famous historical figures who faced disabilities or difficulties but still achieved great success, including Helen Keller, Beethoven, Einstein, Hawking, Roosevelt, Milton, Edison, Bell, and Alexander Graham Bell. It notes the hardships they overcame, such as deafness, blindness, paralysis, and learning disabilities. The main message is that if these people could achieve so much despite their disabilities, then a person's health or abilities should not prevent them from also being successful, as what really matters is having a positive attitude and facing challenges with a smile.
Assignment InstructionsTHIS IS FOR WEEK 6!!The Learni.docxhoward4little59962
Assignment Instructions
\THIS IS FOR WEEK 6!!
The Learning Reflection Journal is a compilation of weekly learning reflections you'll independently write about across Weeks 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7. During each of the assigned weeks, you will write two paragraphs, each 300 words in length (i.e., 600 words total). The first paragraph will describe a topic that you found particularly interesting during that week and what made it interesting, and the second paragraph will describe something that you have observed occurring in the real world that exemplified that topic. Only one topic may be recorded in the journal for each assigned week and your observed real word occurrence must be clearly related to it.
READING
Personality Theory
Created July 7, 2017 by user
Karen Horney stands alone as the only women recognized as worthy of her own chapter in many personality textbooks, and the significance of her work certainly merits that honor. She did not, however, focus her entire career on the psychology of women. Horney came to believe that culture was more important than gender in determining differences between men and women. After refuting some of Freud’s theories on women, Horney shifted her focus to the development of basic anxiety in children, and the lifelong interpersonal relationship styles and intrapsychic conflicts that determine our personality and our personal adjustment.
Personally, Horney was a complex woman. Jack Rubins, who knew Horney during the last few years of her life, interviewed many people who knew her and came away with conflicting views:
She was described variously as both frail and powerful, both open and reticent, both warm and reserved, both close and detached, both a leader and needing to be led, both timid and awesome, both simple and profound. From these characterizations, the impression emerges that she was not only a complex personality but changeable and constantly changing. She was able to encompass and unify, though with struggle, many diverse attitudes and traits… (pg. 13; Rubins, 1972)
Erich Fromm, who was a lay-analyst with a Ph.D. (not an M.D. like most early psychoanalysts), focused even more than Horney on social influences, particularly one’s relationship with society itself. He not only knew and worked with Horney personally, but the two were intimately involved for a number of years, and Fromm analyzed Horney’s daughter Marianne. Both Horney and Fromm can be seen as extending Adler’s emphasis on social interest and cooperation (or the lack thereof), and their belief that individuals pursue safety and security to overcome their anxiety is similar to Adler’s concept of striving for superiority.
Brief Biography of Karen Horney
Karen Clementine Theodore Danielssen was born on September 16th, 1885, in Hamburg, Germany. Her father was Norwegian by birth, but had become a German national. A successful sailor, he had become the captain of his own ship, a.
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Lewis Hine was a pioneering American documentary photographer who used his photos to expose social injustice and help enact legislative reform. He is best known for his photos of child labor that helped lead to stricter child labor laws. Hine worked for the National Child Labor Committee from 1908 to 1931, photographing children working in mills, mines and canneries to document their working conditions. His photos provided visual evidence that was influential in pushing the U.S. government to strengthen child labor laws.
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WEEK 6 FORUM ASSIGNMENTGender Differences in Personality.docxdannies7qbuggie
WEEK 6 FORUM ASSIGNMENT
Gender Differences in Personality
This week, your forum assignment is about male and female differences in personality. What male and female differences in personality have you observed and where do you think they come from (e.g., are they learned, inborn, etc.)?
NOTE
: If you believe more than one personality theory explains male/female differences, give concrete examples. Link the theory you choose solidly to the personality differences you describe to provide evidence of your thorough comprehension of your selected theory by your accurate application of it rather than just picking a theory by name and listing characteristics believed by the general public to differ between genders. You must describe how the theory you choose explains specific differences. MINIMUM 300 WORDS.
READING
Personality Theory
Created
July 7, 2017
by
userMark Kelland
Karen Horney stands alone as the only women recognized as worthy of her own chapter in many personality textbooks, and the significance of her work certainly merits that honor. She did not, however, focus her entire career on the psychology of women. Horney came to believe that culture was more important than gender in determining differences between men and women. After refuting some of Freud’s theories on women, Horney shifted her focus to the development of basic anxiety in children, and the lifelong interpersonal relationship styles and intrapsychic conflicts that determine our personality and our personal adjustment.
Personally, Horney was a complex woman. Jack Rubins, who knew Horney during the last few years of her life, interviewed many people who knew her and came away with conflicting views:
She was described variously as both frail and powerful, both open and reticent, both warm and reserved, both close and detached, both a leader and needing to be led, both timid and awesome, both simple and profound. From these characterizations, the impression emerges that she was not only a complex personality but changeable and constantly changing. She was able to encompass and unify, though with struggle, many diverse attitudes and traits… (pg. 13; Rubins, 1972)
Erich Fromm, who was a lay-analyst with a Ph.D. (not an M.D. like most early psychoanalysts), focused even more than Horney on social influences, particularly one’s relationship with society itself. He not only knew and worked with Horney personally, but the two were intimately involved for a number of years, and Fromm analyzed Horney’s daughter Marianne. Both Horney and Fromm can be seen as extending Adler’s emphasis on social interest and cooperation (or the lack thereof), and their belief that individuals pursue safety and security to overcome their anxiety is similar to Adler’s concept of striving for superiority.
Brief Biography of Karen Horney
Karen Clementine Theodore Danielssen was born on September 16th, 1885, in Hamburg, Germany. Her fathe.
Essay On Diversity. . Diversity Essay Examples 2021 See How to Write an Effec...Beth Retzlaff
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Conformity vs illness in brave new world by aldous huxleyJhonFredyLugoTorres
This analysis examines the struggle of these characters and their personal growth from social beings to individuals able to think, feel, and oppose the world order that takes them “ill.”
This document summarizes a PhD thesis on the morphophylogeny of 41 sand fly species of medical importance using different data sources. The study used traditional morphology data, wing and head landmark data from geometric morphometrics, and DNA sequence data to generate phylogenetic trees. The best tree was produced using all data blocks and showed good support for relationships within the Lutzomyiina subtribe and the Bichoromyia genus based on head morphology and molecular synapomorphies. Comparisons of trees from different data blocks showed that wing landmarks were important but that all blocks together provided the best phylogenetic hypothesis. Relationships of some groups were consistent with previous studies using multiple genetic markers. This study was the first to combine different character blocks
El documento anuncia la XI Reunión argentina de Cladística y Biogeografía, que se llevará a cabo del 26 al 28 de marzo de 2014 en la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Universidad Nacional del Litoral en Santa Fe, Argentina. La reunión busca promover el intercambio de ideas sobre cladística y biogeografía histórica entre investigadores, docentes y estudiantes de la región. Contará con simposios sobre temas metodológicos y empíricos, biogeografía e comunicaciones libres
This tutorial sets out the easy steps to displaying aerial photography and data from the most well known mapping applications on the web in your QGIS project. Please note that each of the data providers have a set of terms and conditions for the use of their data, please refer to these terms and conditions before using or publishing the data.
N. Alexander - ERGO
This document provides materials for a laboratory exercise on phylogenetic systematics. Students are tasked with reconstructing the evolutionary relationships among major amniote groups using 10 morphological characters from skeletal and physiological systems. They collect data on character states, polarize characters against an amphibian outgroup, and construct a phylogenetic tree through successive grouping of taxa sharing derived characters. Finally, students classify the taxa based on their inferred evolutionary relationships and analyze features of amniote evolution implied by the tree. The exercise aims to give students hands-on experience with phylogenetic methods and systematic biology.
El documento describe los resultados de un análisis filogenético de menos de 15 taxones utilizando TNT. Se muestra un árbol más parsimonioso con 7 caracteres sinapomórficos. Además, se enumeran las reconstrucciones de cada estado de carácter en el árbol.
El documento analiza tres temas principales: 1) La vigencia de las Normas de Homologación que determinan los sueldos de los profesores universitarios. 2) La inconstitucionalidad de dos cláusulas del proyecto de Convención Colectiva que tratan temas ajenos al régimen laboral. 3) Recomendaciones para mejorar el proceso de discusión de la Convención Colectiva y proteger la autonomía universitaria.
Este documento presenta un curso sobre entomología urbana que tiene el objetivo de capacitar a los participantes sobre la biología, hábitos y diversidad de los artrópodos importantes en áreas urbanas y suburbanas, así como los métodos de manejo de estas plagas. El curso cubre temas como la introducción a la entomología urbana, la biodiversidad en las ciudades, y características del ecosistema y biocenosis urbana.
This review analyzes 214 published phylogeography studies of South American organisms to identify emerging patterns. The studies find striking genetic divergence among lineages, suggesting high undocumented diversity. Pleistocene climate oscillations and Pliocene/Miocene geological events shaped modern distributions in tropical and temperate regions. Herpetofauna diverged earlier than other groups. Forest species' ranges contracted more in glacial periods, while open habitat species responded variably to climate change. The results reveal a complex mosaic of phylogeography patterns across South America.
Este documento resume los principales puntos sobre el criterio de parsimonia en el análisis filogenético. Explica que la parsimonia asume que sabemos poco sobre los mecanismos evolutivos y busca establecer conclusiones basadas en la evidencia en lugar de suposiciones. También discute cómo la parsimonia se alinea con el enfoque de Darwin de clasificar los seres vivos en una jerarquía natural de grupos dentro de grupos basada en la ascendencia común.
GB TNT is a program that allows users to easily create data sets for the phylogenetic analysis program TNT from GenBank files. It extracts defined genomic regions from GenBank sequences, filters the data, aligns the sequences, and merges them into a single TNT matrix. The program handles all steps automatically, from parsing GenBank files to generating a ready-to-analyze TNT matrix. It also incorporates taxonomic information from GenBank into sequence names to facilitate analysis and interpretation of results in TNT.
Este documento proporciona información sobre la 10a Reunión Argentina de Cladística y Biogeografía, que se llevará a cabo del 29 al 31 de mayo de 2012 en Mendoza, Argentina. Incluye detalles sobre la comisión organizadora, las actividades planificadas como simposios y conferencias, el proceso de envío de resúmenes, los requisitos de inscripción y pagos, y la dirección del sitio web donde se publicará información actualizada.
El documento habla sobre mapas que incluyen Blue Marble, placas tectónicas, y países. También discute la panbiogeografía en Haemagogus usando métodos como Minimum Spanning Tree y análisis espaciales para crear trazos individuales y generalizados con varios programas como PASSAGE, GvSIG, Trazos2004 y Martitracks.
El documento describe los pasos para generar un mapa predictivo usando MaxEnt, incluyendo seleccionar el formato GRID para los archivos de salida, visualizar los archivos de salida en DIVA-GIS y editar los colores de cada categoría, y agregar el archivo resultante BMP a otros programas SIG manteniendo la escala de grises seleccionada.
Este documento resume brevemente la historia de la sistemática, desde las clasificaciones de las culturas preliterarias hasta los desarrollos más recientes. También describe algunos conceptos fundamentales de la sistemática filogenética y presenta un estudio de caso sobre las serpientes del género Conopsis, analizando los datos morfológicos, moleculares y su combinación, así como las consecuencias taxonómicas de los resultados. Finalmente, el documento fue publicado en la revista Ciencia Ergo Sum de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México.
La Unión Europea está considerando nuevas regulaciones para las empresas de tecnología. Estas regulaciones incluirían multas más altas por violaciones a la privacidad de datos y nuevas reglas para evitar el uso indebido de datos personales por parte de las grandes compañías. La UE busca proteger mejor los derechos digitales de los ciudadanos.
La Unión Europea ha anunciado nuevas sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen prohibiciones de viaje y congelamiento de activos para más funcionarios rusos, así como restricciones a las importaciones de productos rusos de acero y tecnología. Los líderes de la UE esperan que estas medidas adicionales aumenten la presión económica sobre Rusia y la disuadan de continuar su guerra contra Ucrania.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
Supplement schmitt
1. Palaeodiversity 3, Supplement: 3–9; Stuttgart 30 December 2010. 3
WILLI HENNIG, the cautious revolutioniser1
MICHAEL SCHMITT
Abstract
WILLI HENNIG is frequently associated with the so-called cladistic revolution. However, he did neither feel nor
behave as a demolitionist. He was the first born son of a railroad worker and a former maidservant. During all his
life, he appeared rather shy than strong when talking publicly. Even in his writings, he claimed only in a modest way
to have invented a new method of systematics.
In the present contribution, I present a short description of HENNIG’s contribution to modern phylogenetics, with
emphasis on those aspects that were new at the time of their introduction. Also, I try to explain the psychological
basis of his scientific innovations by referring to FRANK SULLOWAY’s model on the influence of birth order on the de-
velopment of the human personality. This model provides a satisfying psychological explanation of WILLI HENNIG’s
revolutionary role in the history of systematics.
K e y w o r d s : History of phylogenetics, cladistics, birth order.
Zusammenfassung
Mit dem Namen WILL HENNIGs wird häufig die Vorstellung einer cladistischen Revolution verbunden. Er hatte
jedoch keineswegs die Persönlichkeit eines Umstürzlers. Er war der erstgeborene Sohn eines Eisenbahn-Arbeiters
und einer ehemaligen Magd. Sein ganzes Leben lang erschien er eher schüchtern als durchsetzungskräftig, wenn er
vor einer größeren Gruppe von Menschen zu sprechen hatte. Sogar in seinen Veröffentlichungen erhob er nur in zu-
rückhaltender Weise den Anspruch, eine neue systematische Methode entwickelt zu haben.
Im vorliegenden Beitrag gehe ich der Frage nach, was wirklich neu an HENNIGs Methode war, und ich versu-
che die Persönlichkeitsmerkmale zu benennen, die Voraussetzungen für seine wissenschaftlichen Neurungen wa-
ren. Dabei beziehe ich mich auf FRANK SULLOWAYs Modell des Einflusses des Geburtsrangs auf die Entwicklung der
menschlichen Persönlichkeit. Dieses Modell liefert eine befriedigende Erklärung für die revolutionäre Rolle WILLI
HENNIGs in der Geschichte der Systematik: Als erstgeborenes Kind war er zwar wenig prädestiniert zu einem „Re-
volutionär“ zu werden, sein hohes Alter beim Tod seiner Eltern und seine Schüchternheit sind jedoch Faktoren, die
ihn eher „offen für Neuerungen“ werden ließen.
Contents
1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................3
2. HENNIG’s family and childhood ...............................................................................................................................4
3. Scientific education .................................................................................................................................................4
4. Phylogenetic systematics.........................................................................................................................................6
5. HENNIG as a revolutioniser .......................................................................................................................................7
6. References ...............................................................................................................................................................9
1. Introduction whereas the data on WILLI HENNIG’s further personal de-
velopment and career were originally published in SCHLEE
Quite frequently, the method coined by WILLI HEN- (1978) and SCHMITT (2001, 2003).
NIG for the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships is
termed a “revolution”, the “Hennigian revolution” (e. g. Acknowledgements
DUPUIS 1990; MISHLER 2000; WHEELER 2008). Here, I pur- I cordially thank GABRIELE UHL (Greifswald, Germany) for
sue two questions: first, who was the man who accom- carefully reading and improving my manuscript and FRANK J.
plished this revolution, and second, what does “revolu- SULLOWAY (Berkeley, USA) for providing me with copies of some
tion” mean here? of the illustrations in his book “Born to Rebel”.
All information on WILLI HENNIG’s family background
and childhood is taken from VOGEL & XYLANDER (1999),
1
Contribution to the WILLI-HENNIG-Symposium on Phylogenetics and Evolution, University of Hohenheim, 29 September –
2 October 2009.
2. 4 PALAEODIVERSITY 3, SUPPLEMENT, 2010
2. HENNIG’s family and childhood
When EMIL HANS WILLI HENNIG (Fig. 1) was born on
April 20, 1913, in Dürrhennersdorf near Löbau in Saxo-
ny (Upper Lusatia), the circumstances seemed not just fa-
vourable for the development of a newborn into a renowned
scientist who is said to have caused a revolution. He was
Fig. 2. The HENNIG family in 1923. From left: RUDOLF, EMIL,
HERBERT, EMMA, WILLI (Courtesy of WILLI HENNIG Archive,
Görlitz – W. R. XYLANDER).
HENNIG was a difficult character, nervous and unstable,
whereas EMIL HENNIG had a calming influence on the fam-
ily life. In his spare time, he relaxed at basket-weaving
(Fig. 4). VOGEL & XYLANDER (1998) speculate that not all
family moves were due to the father’s profession but might
in part have been driven by the mother’s restlessness.
EMMA HENNIG aimed in a very ambitious manner at pro-
viding her sons an excellent education and school training,
obviously an attempt to compensate for her illegitimate
birth. Already during WILLI’s primary school years, EMMA
organised private lessons in French and mathematics. The
teacher was a retired military physician (Oberstabsarzt =
chief staff surgeon) who not only taught the mentioned
subjects to WILLI but also animated him to collect insects
and to build up a herbarium.
From Easter, 1927 to 1932 WILLI HENNIG attended a
boarding school (Reformrealgymnasium der Landes-
schule) in Klotzsche near Dresden. He lived in the house
Fig. 1. WILLI HENNIG, ca. 1950 (courtesy of IRMA HENNIG). of his science teacher, M. ROST, who brought him into con-
tact with WILHELM MEISE (22.11.1901–24.08.2001, Fig. 5),
curator of the non-insect animals at the State Museum of
the firstborn son of K ARL ERNST EMIL HENNIG (28.08.1873– Zoology in Dresden.
28.12.1947), a railroad worker, and MARIE EMMA, née
GROSS (12.06.1885–03.08.1965), who earned some money
as a housemaid and later as a worker in a factory. She was 3. Scientific education
the illegitimate child of a maidservant, which meant to her
a social stigma from which she suffered all her life. Two HENNIG worked at the museum as a volunteer already
younger sons were born on 05.03.1915 (FRITZ RUDOLF, died during his gymnasium times and was trained by WILHELM
24.11.1990) and 24.04.1917 (K ARL HERBERT, missing since MEISE in taxonomy and morphology. Three scientific pub-
January, 1943, near Stalingrad) (Fig. 2). WILLI entered pri- lications on “flying” reptiles (in the colubrid snake genera
mary school of Dürrhennersdorf Easter 1919, but had to Dendrophis and Chrysopelea and the agamid lizard genus
change school twice within three years because the HEN- Draco), two of them co-authored by MEISE and HENNIG,
NIG family had to move several times during these years were the outcome of this successful supervision. Even be-
(Fig. 3). According to reports of contemporaries, EMMA fore HENNIG entered the Leipzig University, he met FRITZ
3. SCHMITT, WILLI HENNIG, THE CAUTIOUS REVOLUTIONISER 5
Fig. 3. WILLI HENNIG (circle) on the occasion of his confirmation on 10.04.1927 in Oppach (Courtesy of WILLI HENNIG Archive, Görlitz
– W. R. XYLANDER).
Fig. 4. EMIL HENNIG, basket weaving (Courtesy of WILLI HENNIG
Archive, Görlitz – W. R. XYLANDER).
Fig. 5. WILHELM MEISE, ca. 1935 (Courtesy of WILHELM MEISE).
4. 6 PALAEODIVERSITY 3, SUPPLEMENT, 2010
VAN EMDEN (13.10.1898–02.09.1958, Fig. 6), the keeper
of insects at the Dresden Museum. VAN EMDEN inspired
HENNIG to focus on Diptera, so that he published anoth-
er five papers on flies before receiving his PhD on April
15, 1936. His doctoral thesis – under the supervision of the
famous investigator of animal symbioses PAUL BUCHNER
(12.04.1886–19.10.1978) – treated the copulatory appara-
tus of the Diptera Cyclorrhapha.
Due to the racist Nazi laws, FRITZ VAN EMDEN was ex-
pelled from the Museum on 30.09.1933. His successor be-
came K LAUS GÜNTHER (07.10.1909–01.08.1975, Fig. 7) from
Berlin to whom HENNIG soon established a very close re-
lationship. One can fairly state that in the 1970s GÜNTHER
was HENNIG’s closest friend. Although there is little writ-
ten evidence, it is highly probable that the two of them
discussed on HENNIG’s growing scientific ideas already
during the Dresden times. From the correspondence ac-
cessible at the State Museum of Natural History of Stutt-
gart and the documents kept by the family it is clear that
K LAUS GÜNTHER had a considerable influence on WILLI
HENNIG’s reasoning and philosophy (SCHMITT 1996). WILLI
HENNIG died on November 5, 1976, in his home in Lud-
wigsburg-Pflugfelden from a sudden heart attack.
Fig. 7. KLAUS GÜNTHER, ca. 1929 (Courtesy of WALTRAUT GÜNTHER).
4. Phylogenetic systematics
Already as early as 1936, WILLI HENNIG had begun
to deviate from conventional systematics and discussed
some aspects (HENNIG 1936) which later became essential
for his method: “relationship” should be defined in terms
of phylogenetic, i. e. genealogic, relations, and only new-
ly acquired characters are adequate arguments in favour of
closer relationship. Later, when he wrote his fundamental
work (HENNIG 1950), he insisted that only a concept of ge-
nealogical relationship can provide a sound basis for a con-
sistent classification, in contrast to “similarity”. This strict
definition of “relationship” was the first important step to-
wards the so-called “Hennigian revolution”. The next step
was a concise concept of “monophyly”. This term stems
from ERNST HAECKEL’s (16.02.1834–09.08.1919) “mono-
phyletic trees”, but HAECKEL (1866) left some ambiguity
as to the exact meaning of “monophyletic”: of course, he
intended to indicate that a group of organisms stems from
a single root, i. e. from a common ancestor. But he left it
Fig. 6. FRITZ VAN EMDEN (from HENNIG 1960). open whether or not there are implications other than this.
5. SCHMITT, WILLI HENNIG, THE CAUTIOUS REVOLUTIONISER 7
HENNIG emphasised that the concept of monophyly can blages of species had to be excluded, which was strong-
only lead to unambiguous phylogenetic hypotheses if it is ly opposed by ERNST MAYR and his followers who hold the
restricted to such groups which comprise all descendants opinion that a classification should reflect more than just
of a stem species and only these. On that concept he based the sequence of cladogenetic events. Otherwise the infor-
the central claim of his approach that only a strictly phyl- mation content of the cladogram and the system (or classi-
ogenetic system allows for unambiguous and testable hy- fication) would be identical and thus redundant. They in-
potheses on relationship. Such a system must only contain sist that in certain cases overall similarity (caused by a
monophyletic taxa as defined by him, and single species high amount of plesiomorph resemblances) is biological-
(which cannot be monophyletic by definition, since a sin- ly more relevant than monophyly based only on few char-
gle species is not “all descendants of a stem species”). The acters.
aim of phylogenetic systematics then is to hypothesize that (2) His view that a species goes “extinct” or rather ter-
two taxa are the exclusive descendants of an ancestor spe- minates as soon as it splits into two (or more) descend-
cies (stem species). The immediate offspring of a stem ants. To HENNIG, this was an unavoidable consequence of
species were called “sister groups”. the accepted circumstance that all descendants keep ex-
A major achievement of HENNIG’s approach was the actly the same type of relationship to their ancestor, so the
elaboration of a method to detect monophyletic taxa and stem species “survives” in all its offspring equally. There-
consequently substantiate hypotheses on monophyly. fore, he insisted that “species” are delimited in time only
From his initial finding that ancient (primitive) charac- by splitting or extinction events.
ters cannot prove closer relationship but only more recent- (3) Some opponents minded that there is no justification
ly acquired ones, he reached the concept of “apomorphy”, for the obligatorily dichotomous branching pattern which
meaning transformed in relation to the original state. For is regularly seen in the graphical representation of the hy-
the – relatively – unchanged (primitive) condition HENNIG potheses on phylogenetic relationships (cladograms). They
coined the term “plesiomorph”. In practice, to justify a hy- stated that polytomies could not be excluded since in na-
pothesis on a sister group-relationship between two taxa, ture species could have split into more than two branches.
at least one putative evolutionary novelty (“autapomor- However, HENNIG had nowhere claimed that species could
phy”) of their stem species must be found. only bifurcate. It is simply a methodological postulation to
As clear as this procedure sounds in principal, as ob- aim at revealing dichotomous fissions, because only they
scure remained HENNIG’s empirical criteria or rather ar- can be proved by shared derived characters. Any polyto-
guments for assessing the direction of evolutionary trans- my can be composed of several undetected dichotomies,
formation (“Lesrichtung”, “character polarity”). Also he but a proved dichotomy can hardly be anything else.
was not quite clear on the conceptual relationship between These arguments have been extensively published,
“apomorphy” and “homology”. Only in publications af- summaries can be found in HULL (1988) and SCHMITT
ter 1950 he partially clarified some of the open questions. (2001).
But it was not before 1981 that a convincing method for
assessing character polarity was published (WILEY 1981;
WATROUS & WHEELER 1981; cf. SCHMITT 2003). 5. HENNIG as a revolutioniser
During the 15 years following 1950, HENNIG’s ideas
were only poorly appreciated by the scientific communi- Wikipedia defines a revolution as “a fundamen-
ty. A main obstacle was certainly the fact that HENNIG had tal change in power or organizational structures that
published them only in German (cf. HULL 1988: 130 ff.), takes place in a relatively short period of time” (checked
but even in Germany the new method was only reluctant- 25.03.2010). If what HENNIG presented caused indeed a rev-
ly adopted. As pointed out elsewhere (SCHMITT 1996, 2001), olution, then a “fundamental change” should be recognis-
HENNIG’s sophisticated and sometimes cumbersome prose able. Of course it is always a matter of taste what one ac-
prevented a wider audience, but also that his “Grundzüge cepts as “fundamental”. But just that there was and still is
…” were published by a publisher hardly known and not ex- such a long and fervid argument about HENNIG’s systemat-
perienced in science (but more in laws), and the fact that he ics shows that there must be a fundamental disagreement
was an entomologist who was only little perceived outside between his approach and some earlier schools of science.
the entomological community. Things changed dramat- When checking the methods and outcomes of traditional
ically after the publication of “Phylogenetic Systematics” systematics and comparing them to the analyses done un-
in 1966. HENNIG’s method was immediately accepted by a der the new paradigm, it becomes evident that there are
considerable number of systematists but also hotly debated indeed differences that could induce a feeling in tradi-
by others (see HULL 1988: 130 ff.). Central conflicts were tional systematists of being threatened by the new style.
(1) HENNIG’s claim that classification had to be based on HENNIG introduced the necessity to systematics to make
a phylogenetic analysis and all non-monophyletic assem- clear statements in the form “A is more closely related to B
6. 8 PALAEODIVERSITY 3, SUPPLEMENT, 2010
than either is to C” rather than put a taxon somewhere “in while a “more conforming and traditional” attitude would
between” others or allegedly solve a taxonomic problem be a hindrance (Fig. 8). As all contemporaries witness,
by opening a separate Linnean unit for a taxon in question. HENNIG was not at all a “rebel” personality. He was un-
Moreover, he elaborated a method which required explicit confident, especially when confronted with an audience
presentation of supporting evidence rather than statements of more than three people, he did not write or behave de-
based purely on intuition or inexplicable experience. For manding, he did not try to convince someone in personal
the first time a method was at hand that made phylogenet- encounters. Instead, he reiterated what he saw as improve-
ics a scientific enterprise comparable to the branches of ments of systematic in quite a number of taxonomic pub-
investigation which fall into POPPER’s concept of science lications. In letters, he stated that his new method could
(although there is still an ongoing debate on the question only be propagated through examples, given by experi-
whether or not this applies to cladistics, i. e. the contempo- enced taxonomists. With very few exceptions (1965, 1966,
rary version of Hennigian phylogenetic systematics, see, 1971, 1974), he did not address a general scientific read-
e. g., R IEPPEL 2007; K LUGE 2009). Thus, one can firmly ac- ership outside entomology. Obviously, he had planned to
cept the expansion of the Hennigian method of systemat- publish a textbook of phylogenetic systematics, the intro-
ics (“cladistics” for that matter) as a scientific revolution. duction of which was published posthumously (1984) by
Then, the question might stand to reason if WILLI HEN- WILLI HENNIG’s eldest son WOLFGANG.
NIG as a person was a revolutionary. This means, did he
intentionally threaten the taxonomic establishment of his
days? To consider this possibility I find it useful to follow
FRANK J. SULLOWAY’s approach of estimating human per-
sonality. In 1996, he published his comprehensive analysis
of more than 6000 biographies with respect to the factors
that make a person a “rebel”, i. e. someone who is open
to innovations and prone to transcend traditional limits.
SULLOWAY found that of all factors taken into the metic-
ulous statistical analysis only one explained consistently
and significantly the probability of someone to become a
“rebel”: birth order. His study revealed clearly that later-
borns are definitely more receptive to scientific innova-
tions than firstborns, while firstborns tend to be more con-
forming and traditional.
WILLI HENNIG was the firstborn of three sons. Accord-
ing to SULLOWAY (1996), we would not expect him to pur-
posefully revolutionise a branch of science, since for that
“receptiveness for innovations” would be a prerequisite, Fig. 9. Receptivity for innovations in relation to birth order, loss
of parents, and social class (from SULLOWAY 1996; circle: WILLI
HENNIG).
How, then, could it be that HENNIG did not end as an ex-
tremely specialised – however highly respected – taxono-
mist but became known as the founder of a fundamentally
new scientific school? SULLOWAY’s analyses revealed some
interesting interactions of birth order and other biograph-
ic and social parameters. He found that firstborns of low-
er social classes were nearly as open to innovations as lat-
erborns of all classes if they were older than 21 when their
parents died. This is exactly the case with WILLI HENNIG
(Fig. 9). He was 24 when his father died, and 52 when he
lost his mother. Thus, this factor could clearly compensate
for his status as firstborn.
SULLOWAY found an additional influence that contrib-
utes to the receptiveness to innovations of firstborns: shy-
Fig. 8. Receptivity for innovations in relation to birth order and ness, which interacts in a non-additive manner with birth
sibsize (from SULLOWAY 1996; circle: WILLI HENNIG). order. He could demonstrate that the receptiveness of lat-
7. SCHMITT, WILLI HENNIG, THE CAUTIOUS REVOLUTIONISER 9
HENNIG, W. (1950): Grundzüge einer Theorie der phylogeneti-
schen Systematik. 370 pp.; Berlin (Deutscher Zentralverlag).
HENNIG, W. (1960): F. I. VAN EMDEN †. – Zoologischer Anzeiger,
Supplement, 23 (Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologi-
schen Gesellschaft 1959): 528–529.
HENNIG, W. (1965): Phylogenetic systematics. – Annual Review
of Entomology, 10: 97–116.
HENNIG, W. (1966): Phylogenetic Systematics. IV + 263 pp.; Ur-
bana (University of Illinois Press).
HENNIG, W. (1971): Zur Situation der biologischen Systematik.
– In: SIEWING, R. (ed.): Methoden der Phylogenetik. Sympo-
sion vom 12. bis 13. Februar 1970. – Erlanger Forschungen,
Reihe B: Naturwissenschaften, 4: 7–15.
HENNIG, W. (1974): Kritische Bemerkungen zur Frage “Cladistic
analysis or cladistic classification ?”. – Zeitschrift für zoolo-
gische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 12: 279–294.
HENNIG, W. (1984): Aufgaben und Probleme stammesgeschicht-
licher Forschung. 65 pp.; Berlin und Hamburg (Paul Parey).
HULL, D. L. (1988): Science as a Process. XIII + 586 pp.; Chica-
go, London (University of Chicago Press).
Fig. 10. Receptivity for scientific innovations in relation to birth
K LUGE, A. G. (2009): Explanation and falsification in phyloge-
order and shyness (from SULLOWAY 1996; circle: WILLI HENNIG). netic inference: Exercise in Popperian philosophy. – Acta bi-
otheoretica, 57: 171–186.
MISHLER, B. D. (2000): Deep phylogenetic relationships among
erborns for scientific innovations was the higher the less “plants” and their implications for classification. – Taxon,
shy they were, whereas shy firstborns are as open for in- 49: 661–683.
R IEPPEL, O. (2007): The metaphysics of HENNIG’s phylogenetic
novations as shy laterborns and lose receptiveness for in- systematics: substance, events and laws of nature. – System-
novations when they lose shyness. WILLI HENNIG was de- atics and Biodiversity, 5: 345–360.
finitively a shy person (Fig. 10). He regularly avoided SCHLEE, D. (1978): In Memoriam WILLI HENNIG 1913–1976. Eine
occasions where he had to talk to several people he was biographische Skizze. – Entomologica Germanica, 4: 377–391.
not familiar with (let aside publicly). HULL (1988: 132) de- SCHMITT, M. (1996): K LAUS GÜNTHERs Bedeutung für die Phylo-
genetische Systematik. – Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft
scribed him as “very shy and self-effacing”, which is in Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, neue Folge, 35: 13–25.
complete concordance with all reports I received from nu- SCHMITT, M. (2001): WILLI HENNIG (1913–1976). – In: JAHN, I. &
merous interview partners (see SCHMITT 2001). SCHMITT, M. (eds.): DARWIN & Co., eine Geschichte der Biologie
Consequently, it is most probably exactly his shyness in Portraits. Vol. 2: 316–343, 541–546; München (C. H. Beck).
and modesty that made WILLI HENNIG – although a first- SCHMITT, M. (2003): WILLI HENNIG and the rise of cladistics. – In:
LEGAKIS, A., SFENTHOURAKIS, S., POLYMENI, R. & THESSALOU-
born – a scientific “rebel”. LEGAKI, M. (eds.): The New Panorama of Animal Evolution
(Proc. 18th Int. Congr. Zoology): 369–379; Sofia, Moscow
(Pensoft).
6. References SULLOWAY, F. J. (1996): Born to Rebel: Birth Order, Family Dy-
namics, and Creative Lives. 654 pp.; New York (Pantheon).
DUPUIS, C. (1990): HENNIG, EMIL HANS WILLI. – In: HOLMES, F. L. VOGEL, J. & XYLANDER, W. E. R. (1999): WILLI HENNIG – Ein Ober-
(ed.): Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 17, Supple- lausitzer Naturforscher mit Weltgeltung. – Berichte der Natur-
ment 2: 407–410; New York (Charles Scribner’s Sons). forschenden Gesellschaft der Oberlausitz, 7/8: 145–155.
HAECKEL, E. (1866): Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. WATROUS, L. E. & WHEELER, Q. D. (1981): The out-group com-
Vol. 1: XXXII + 574 pp., Vol. 2: CLX + 462 pp.; Berlin parison method of character analysis. – Systematic Zoolo-
(Georg Reimer). gy, 30: 1–11.
HENNIG, W. (1936): Beziehungen zwischen geographischer Ver- WHEELER, Q. D. (2008): Undisciplined thinking: morphology and
breitung und systematischer Gliederung bei einigen Dipte- HENNIG’s unfinished revolution. – Systematic Entomology,
renfamilien: ein Beitrag zum Problem der Gliederung sys- 33: 2–7.
tematischer Kategorien höherer Ordnung. – Zoologischer WILEY, E. O. (1981): Phylogenetics. The Theory and Practice of Phy-
Anzeiger, 116: 161–175. logenetic Systematics. XV + 439 pp.; New York etc. (Wiley).
Address of the author:
MICHAEL SCHMITT, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Allgemeine und Systematische Zoologie, Anklamer Str. 20, 17489 Greifswald,
Germany
E-mail: michael.schmitt@uni-greifswald.de
Manuscript received: 15 April 2010, accepted: 15 June 2010.