3. INTRODUCTION
1) EXPLAIN NATURE OF PROBLEM. Some unscientific theories.
A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed
through observation and experiment. Such fact-supported theories are not "guesses" but reliable accounts of the real world.
Biological theories can be classified into three types: (1) those that attempt to differentiate among individuals on the basis of certain innate (i.e., those with which you
are born) outward physical traits or characteristics; (2) those that attempt to trace the source of differences to genetic or hereditary ...
4. DEFINITION
• A theory not only explains known facts; it also allows scientists to make predictions of what they should observe if a theory is true. Scientific theories are testable. New evidence should be
compatible with a theory. If it isn't, the theory is refined or rejected. The longer the central elements of a theory hold—the more observations it predicts, the more tests it passes, the more facts it
explains—the stronger the theory.
• Many advances in science—the development of genetics after Darwin's death, for example—have greatly enhanced evolutionary thinking. Yet even with these new advances, the theory of
evolution still persists today, much as Darwin first described it, and is universally accepted by scientists.
5. RELEVANT CASES
The purpose of the present review is to organize the theoretical approaches toward criminal acts and provide a structured source for the use of forensic researchers. The
causes of criminal actions have been studied by different disciplines to decrease crime rates and understand the nature of the criminal acts. ''Crime can be easily defined
as any activity publicly proscribed by the written laws of a society'' (McGuire, 2004, p. 3). However crime is a complex issue, and that is why theorists have investigated
the causes of the criminal act using different perspectives and explanations. These explanations can be classified into three main categories as biological, psychological
and sociological. Crime theories are also categorized based on their levels and scopes, and evaluated as five levels from large scale to individual factors; (i) societal
macro level theories, (ii) community or locality level theories, (iii) group and socialization influence theories, (iv) crime events and routine activities, and (v) individual-
level theories. It is a fact all theories have a useful function in the literature, but they should be presented within an organized framework.
6. ELEMENTS AND CASE LAWS.
After examining various historical attempts to establish a demarcation criterion, that "philosophy has failed to deliver the goods" in its attempts to distinguish science
from non-science—to distinguish science from pseudoscience. None of the past attempts would be accepted by a majority of philosophers nor, in his view, should they
be accepted by them or by anyone else. He stated that many well-founded beliefs are not scientific and, conversely, many scientific conjectures are not well-founded. He
also stated that demarcation criteria were historically used as machines de guerre in polemical disputes between "scientists" and "pseudo-scientists". Advancing a
number of examples from everyday practice of football and carpentry and non-scientific scholarship such as literary criticism and philosophy, he saw the question of
whether a belief is well-founded or not to be more practically and philosophically significant than whether it is scientific or not. In his judgment, the demarcation
between science and non-science was a pseudo-problem that would best be replaced by focusing on the distinction between reliable and unreliable knowledge, without
bothering to ask whether that knowledge is scientific or not. He would consign phrases like "pseudo-science" or "unscientific" to the rhetoric of politicians or
sociologists
7. CONTINUATION..
What are some science theories?
Examples of scientific theories in different areas of science include:
•Astronomy: Big Bang Theory.
•Biology: Cell Theory; Theory of Evolution; Germ Theory of Disease.
•Chemistry: Atomic Theory; Kinetic Theory of Gases.
•Physics: General Relativity; Special Relativity; Theory of Relativity; Quantum Field Theory.
8. CONTINUATION..
• Why is nature theory important in criminology?
• Nature theories assert that the etiology of criminal behavior is biologically based in genetic inheritance and the structure and functions of people's brains
and other psychological responses.
• What are the three major biological theories of deviance and crime?
• Starting from these basic assumptions, psychological explanations of deviant behavior come mainly from three theories: psychoanalytic theory, cognitive
development theory, and learning theory.
9. CONCLUSION
The nature of crime is changing due to the changes in the society and the environment. Today one cannot view crime with a single perspective alone. Two of the
common views that explain the nature of crime are its condition as being a social construct and being an individual criminality.
