STUDY OF CANCER INVESTIGATORY PROJECT.ppt

1. Biology Investigatory
Topic- By-
Class-
Roll
no.-
Submitted to-
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2. THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT DEVRAJ SINGH TOMAR
OF CLASS 12TH
OF GVN THE GLOBAL SCHOOL HAS
COMPLETED HIS PROJECT UNDER MY
SUPERVISION. HE HAS TAKEN PROPER CARE AND
UTMOST SINCERITY IN COMPLETION OF THIS
PROJECT.
I CERTIFY THAT THIS PROJECT IS UP TO MY
EXPECTATION AND AS PER GUIDELINES ISSUED
BY CBSE.
APPROVED BY- MRS. AKANKSHA TRIPATHI
PERMITTED BY- (PRINCIPAL)
EXTERNAL SIGNATURE-
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3. 3 S T U D Y O F C A N C E R

4. STUDY OF
CANCER
Cancer is a disease involving abnormal cell growth with a
potential to invade to other parts of the body. In contrast
benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body.
They form a subset of neoplasm. A neoplasm or tumor is a
group of cells that have undergone unregulated growth and will
often form a mass or lump, but may be distributed diffusely.
 BladderCancer
 Breast Cancer
 Colorectal Cancer
 Kidney Cancer
Cancer cells stealing energy from
normal healthy cells.
Cancer develops when the cell’s genetic
material gets damaged or mutated.
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5.  Lung Cancer
 Lymphoma- Non Hodge skin
 Melanoma
 Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer
 Pancreatic Cancer
 Prostate Cancer
 Thyroid Cancer
 Uterine Cancer
 Brain Cancer
It produces no symptoms at the beginning of cancer, the actual
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6. symptoms starts when there is a mass growth or People
may become anxious or depressed post-diagnosis. The risk of
suicide in people with cancer is approximately double.
Mass effects from lung cancer can block the bronchus resulting
in cough or
can
cause narrowing of the Esophagus, making it difficult or painful
to swallow; and
may lead to narrowing or blockages in the Bowel, affecting
bowel habits. Masses in breasts or testicles may produce
observable lumps. can
cause bleeding that, if it occurs in the lung, will lead to coughing
up blood, in the bowels to anemia or rectalbleeding, in the
bladder to blood in the urine and in the uterus to vaginal
bleeding.
These are some local symptoms which can show up the growth
of cancer cells.
CELL REPRODUCTION
.
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7. Cell reproduction is needed to
replenish the cell population
that ages or becomes
damaged or destroyed.
Normal cells reproduce
properly.
These cells may have gene
mutations or chromosome
mutations that affect the
reproductive properties the
cells. They don’t experience
biological aging and maintain
their ability to replicate and
grow.
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8. It is well known that cancer is preceded by damaged DNA.
Because DNA is encoded with the instructions for cell
behavior, damaged DNA can alter cell processes including
those that regulate growth and division. This is supported by
the fact that tissues which have a high cell-division rate, such
as bone and lymph, are the most common sites for cancer.
Some genes, encoded on DNA, act as a switch that can be
turned on or off depending on cell needs. Free radicals have
the ability to break DNA strands which can result in some
genes being permanently switched on, such is the case with
cancerous cell growth. Although it is often taught that the DNA
mutations that lead to cancer happen at random, research
suggests there are epigenetic triggers that may increase
prevalence of DNA damage.
DNA is vital for cell function and the body has mechanisms
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9. by which it protects DNA from being damaged. One of
the most important mechanisms is the one responsible
for the production of antioxidants. A major step in the
prevention of DNA damage, and therefore cancer, would
be to optimize antioxidant activity. Research has
suggested that this can be achieved through the
adoption of a diet that incorporates antioxidant rich
foods or extracts.
Glutathione plays a major role in the antioxidant
activities of the body. Evidence shows that this
molecule alone has the ability to influence cancer risk
in a directly correlative manner. This means that by
increasing your body’s supply of glutathione, you are
drastically improving its ability to control free radicals
before they damage cells. There are several ways in
which you can increase your supply of glutathione.
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10. 7, Development of
Cancer
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11. � Tobacco use is the cause of about 33% of cancer deaths.
� Another 10% is due to obesity, poor diet, lack of
physical activity, excessive drinking of alcohol.
� Nearly 20% of cancer cause is due to hepatitis B,
hepatitis C and human papillomavirus.
� Approximately 5-10% of cancer is due to inherited
genetic defect from person’s parents.
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12. Generally a tumor is surgically removed wherever
possible. This may also called ‘Resection’.
Doctor usually takes out the tumor and some of the
healthy tissues around it.
Tumor cells are irradiated lethally by gamma radiations
taking proper care of the normal tissues surrounding
the tumor mass or neoplasm.
use of I131 for thyroid cancer
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13. Several chemotherapeutic drugs are used to kill
cancerous cell. Some of these are specific for
particular tumor e.g. two anticancer drugs,
, used in the treatment of leukaemia are obtained
from common weed Catharanthusroseus.
Majority of drugs have side effects like hair loss
anemia.
�
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14. Sometimes tumor cells are seen to avoid detection and
destruction by immune system. So the patients are
given substances called such as
which activate their immune system and help in
destroying the tumor.
A plan for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer is a key
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15. component of any overall cancer control plan. Its main
goal is to cure cancer patients or prolong their life
considerably, ensuring a good quality of life. In order for
a diagnosis and treatment programme to be effective, it
must never be developed in isolation. It needs to be
linked to an early detection programme so that cases
are detected at an early stage, when treatment is more
effective and there is a greater chance of cure. It also
needs to be integrated with a palliative care
programme, so that patients with advanced cancers,
who can no longer benefit from treatment, will get
adequate relief from their physical, psychosocial and
spiritual suffering. Furthermore, programmes should
include a awareness-raising component, to educate
patients, family and community members about the
cancer risk factors and the need for taking preventive
measures to avoid developing cancer.
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