2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
1. A THYMUS MORFOMETRIAI
ANALÍZISÉHEZ FEJLESZTETT,
TÉRFOGATBECSLÉSRE ALKALMAS
MAKRÓ BEMUTATÁSA
Témavezetők: Készítette:
Dr. Herberth-Minkó Krisztina Keresztes Dávid
Dr. Dávid Csaba
Humánmorfológiai és Fejlődésbiológiai Intézet
2. Témaválasztás indoklása
Interdiszciplinaritás
– Biológiai szakterület (kutatómunka)
– Informatikai háttér
Egészségügyi szervező, mint kapocs
Célkitűzés:
– Olyan szoftver létrehozása, mellyel a biológiai minta térfogatbecslése végezhető
• Könnyen, széles körben elérhető
• Megbízható eredményt ad
Célkitűzés eléréséhez szükséges ismeretek
– Kutatói munka megismerése
– Sztereológiai elvek
– Programozás 2
3. Laboratóriumi munka
3
Minták (metszetek) készítése:
• Gallus gallus (dexametazon kezelés)
• Thymus lebenyek eltávolítása (kezelt és
kontroll állatok)
• Thymus beágyazása
• Blokkok metszése
• Immunhisztokémiai eljárás
• Képfeldolgozás (digitalizált metszeti képek)
A vizsgált szerv: csecsemőmirigy
• anatómiai helyzete
• szerepe
• involúciója
Bódi Ildikó felvétele
5. Sztereológia
A Cavalieri-becslés
Sztereológia:
• a morfometria részterülete
• objektumok térbeli viszonyait vizsgálja kétdimenziós minták
alapján
• sejtek száma/sűrűsége, hossz, felszín, térfogat meghatározás
• becslő metódusai geometriai, statisztikai és matematikai
alapokon nyugszanak
• Ismeretek megszerzése (szakirodalmi kutatás, Neurolucida
használata)
Térfogatbecslésre alkalmas metódus: Cavalieri-becslés
Cavalieri- és Delesse-elv
• Tesztpontokat használ az egyes metszetek területének
meghatározására (Cavalieri-pontok)
• A becsült területeket kell szorozni az alkalmazott
metszetintervallummal, metszetvastagsággal (=> térfogat)
𝑉 =
1
𝑠𝑠𝑓
× 𝑎 𝑝 × 𝑡 ×
𝑖=1
𝑛
𝑃𝑖
ahol,
𝒔𝒔𝒇: metszet mintavételi hányados
𝒂 𝒑: egy ponthoz tartozó terület, mely
megegyezik egy négyzet területével (g2
)
𝒕 : (átlagos) metszetvastagság
𝑷𝒊: tesztpontokra elhelyezett markerek száma
az i-edik metszeten (akár csak az adott
struktúra felett)
Eredeti ábra forrása:
http://www.mbfbioscience.com/help/si11/Content/SI_SP
ECIFIC/Equations/cavalieri_Eq.htm, 2014.10.10.
6. Sztereológiai elvárások, szisztematikus
véletlenszerű mintavételezés
6
Kutató feladata meghatározni:
• a metszet mintvételi intervallumot (random kezdéssel),
• a megfelelő metszetvastagságot,
• az adott struktúra fölé eső tesztpontot
Programnak képesnek kell lennie:
• a metszeti képek kezelésére,
• a tesztpontrendszer felrajzolására (random
elhelyezés szükséges),
• az összes tesztponton végig iterálni,
• a meghatározott pontok alapján
térfogatbecslést végezni.
7. A Fiji program
• ImageJ képfeldolgozó program továbbfejlesztett programcsomagja
• Nyílt forráskódú, ingyenes
• Platormfüggetlen
• Tovább programozható
– Fejlesztői környezetet biztosít a funkciók bővítéséhez
– IJM Language (saját makró nyelv)
• Makró:
– Igényeknek megfelelően további komplexebb műveletsorok létrehozása
7
Fiji program referenciái:
http://fiji.sc/Publications
http://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v9/n7/full/nmeth.2019.html
10. Markerek elhelyezése
10
A metszeti képen
meghatározott markerek:
Kéregállomány
KPN (velőállomány)
KNA (velőállomány)
Háttér (nem a szövetre eső
metszéspont)
12. A kezelés eredményéből levonható következtetések
A DM-kezelés hatására:
• jelentős szerkezeti átalakulás
• a szerv zsugorodik (akut involúció)
• a kéreg elvékonyodik
• a kéreg/velő arány megfordul
• immunszupresszív hatás érvényesül
Léptékvonal: 200 µm
C
C
KNA
KPN
DM-kezelt állat
13. Összegzés
13
• A makró gyors és hatékony térfogatbecslést tesz lehetővé
• Felhasználóbarát (sok ponton automatikus működés)
• Az eddig használt konvencionális szoftvernél gyorsabban végezhető
el a mérés; a számolásokat a számítógép végzi el (kutatómunkát
gyorsítja)
• Széles körben elérhető (platformfüggetlen, nyílt forráskódú)
• Vizsgálati kiértékelést megkönnyíti
14. Köszönetnyilvánítás
• Köszönöm témavezetőimnek, Dr. Herberth-Minkó Krisztinának és
Dr. Dávid Csabának, hogy lehetőséget biztosítottak számomra a
szakdolgozat megírásához az Intézetben
• Szeretnék kiemelten köszönetet mondani Bódi Ildikónak és a
Fejlődésbiológiai és Immunológiai Laboratórium (laborvezető:
Dr. Nagy Nándor) további munkatársainak, hogy készségesen segítettek
nekem elsajátítani a laboratóriumi vizsgálatok egyes lépéseit.
• Az Anatómiai, Szövet- és Fejlődéstani Intézet Agykérgi Modularitás
Kutató Csoportjának (laborvezető: Dr. Kántor Orsolya) köszönöm, hogy
lehetőséget adtak a Neurolucida program megismerésére
14
15. Hivatkozások
[1] Röhlich Pál: Szövettan, Semmelweis Kiadó, 2006., ISBN: 963 9656 46 1 (3-4.dia)
[2] Minkó Krisztina, Oláh Imre: Expression of Intermediate Filaments and N-cadherin Adhesion Molecule In
The Thymus of Domesticated Birds, Acta Biologica Hungarica, 47, 323-340. old., 1996. (4. dia)
[3] Dr. László Lajos: Szövettani és sejtbiológiai vizsgálómódszerek,
http://elte.prompt.hu/sites/default/files/tananyagok/szovettan/book.pdf , 2014.08.13. (3., 4-5. dia)
[4] Bódi Ildikó, Minkó Krisztina, Molnár Dávid, Nagy Nándor, Oláh Imre: A novel aspect of the structure of the
avian thymic medulla, Cell and Tissue Research, doi: 10.1007/s00441-014-2027-1 (3., 13. dia)
[5] R.W. Boyce: Design-based Stereology: Introduction to Basic Concepts and Practical Approaches for
Estimation of Cell Number, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21030683 , 2014. 09. 10. (5-7. dia)
[6] Zuhal Altunkaynak: A Brief Introduction to Stereology and Sampling Strategies: Basic Concepts of
Stereology, http://www.neuroquantology.com/index.php/journal/article/view/427/472 , 2014.09.27. (5-7. dia)
[7] A Fiji program hivatalos honlapja: http://fiji.sc/Fiji (8.dia)
15
22. A becslés sajátosságai
Elvárások a pontos becsléshez (torzítatlanság és precizitás):
• 6-12 metszet mintavételezése
• Tesztpontok számának ésszerű meghatározása
• Vékony metszetek használata
• Anatómiai határok ismerete
(festési eljárás segítheti)
• A mérés eredményének hiba
együtthatója meghatározható
(CE, coefficient of error)
22
0,155
0,092
0,065
0,042
0,032
0,026
0,019
0,016
0,015
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
11 22 36 64 93 136 247 545 962
Becsültössztérfogat(mm3)
Találatok száma az összes metszeten
A becsléshez tartozó CE
(Coefficient of error)
Szükséges tesztpontok számának
meghatározása
23.
24.
25. 25
𝑉 =
1
𝑠𝑠𝑓
× 𝑎 𝑝 × 𝑡 ×
𝑖=1
𝑛
𝑃𝑖 , 𝑎 𝑝 = 𝑔2
𝑽: térfogat
𝒔𝒔𝒇: metszet mintavételi hányados
𝒂 𝒑: egy ponthoz tartozó terület, mely megegyezik egy négyzet területével (𝒈 𝟐
)
𝒕 : (átlagos) metszetvastagság
𝑷𝒊: tesztpontokra elhelyezett markerek száma az i-edik metszeten
𝐴 =
𝑖=1
𝑛
𝑃𝑖 × 𝑃𝑖 ; 𝐵 =
𝑖=1
𝑛−1
𝑃𝑖 × 𝑃𝑖+1
; 𝐶 =
𝑖=1
𝑛−2
𝑃𝑖 × 𝑃𝑖+2
𝒏: metszetek száma
𝑉𝐴𝑅 𝑧𝑎𝑗 = 0,0724 ×
𝑏
𝑎
× 𝑛 ×
𝑖=1
𝑛
𝑃𝑖
𝒃
𝒂
: az ún. shape factor, melyet a metszet
kerülete és területének gyökéből képzett hányados ad meg
𝑛: metszetek száma
𝑉𝐴𝑅 𝑆𝑈𝑅𝑆 =
3 × 𝐴 − 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑧𝑎𝑗 − 4 × 𝐵 + 𝐶
12
m = 0 esetén
m: a shape factor indikátora, a vizsgált szövet anatómiája alapján választandó
𝑉𝐴𝑅 𝑆𝑈𝑅𝑆 =
3 × 𝐴 − 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑧𝑎𝑗 − 4 × 𝐵 + 𝐶
240
m = 1 esetén
m: a shape factor indikátora, a vizsgált szövet anatómiája alapján választandó
𝐶𝐸 =
𝑉𝐴𝑅ö𝑠𝑠𝑧
𝑛
𝑃
𝑉𝐴𝑅ö𝑠𝑠𝑧 = 𝑉𝐴𝑅 𝑆𝑈𝑅𝑆 + 𝑉𝐴𝑅 𝑧𝑎𝑗
Editor's Notes
Bizonyos kritériumknak eleget kell tennünk ahhoz, hogy becslési eredményünkben megbízhassunk. Fontos legalább 6 metszetet bevonnunk, a kellő torzítatlanság eléréséhez. A precizitásunk attól függhet, hogy az egyes mintákon hány tesztpontot határozunk meg. Fontos hogy annyi mintavételezési pont kerüljön meghatározásra, amely mellett a becslés elfogadható értéket ad, miközben nem végzünk feleslegesen sok plusz munkát. Ennek szemléltetése látható az ábrán.
A Cavalieri-becslés vastag metszetek esetén hajlamos túlbecsült értéket adni, így az általam használt 12 mikrométeres vastagságúak megfelelőnek számítanak.
Ha egy szöveten belül is több kompartimentum térfogatát is szeretnénk megkapni, akkor különösen is fontos tisztában lennünk az anatómai határokkal.
A sztereológiai metódusok lehetővé teszik, hogy az általuk becsült eredményének jóságát jelző értéket is kiszámítsunk.
