Steam basics and fundamentals of steam part

yqud,h ms<sn| uQ,sl
lreKq
Session 1
Eng. Suganda Somasundara
19th November 2017
ISB - Kurunegala

yqud,h hkq l=ulao @
• jdhqjla
• jdIamhla
yqud,h Ndjs;d lrkqfha @
• r;a lsrSu i|ZZyd
• n,Yla;s ckkh yd lerlSug wjYH n,h ,nd .ekSug
• isis,a lsrSu i|Zyd jdIAm wjfYdaIK ps,rAia i|Zyd Ndjs;d flfrA
r;a lsrSfuz udOHhla f,i yqud,h fu;ruz ckm%sh wehs @
• fya;= rdYshla we;'
yqud,h ms<sn| uQ,sl lreKq

yqud, mSvkh
• kg/cm2 fyda lbs/sq.in (psi) j,ska ukskq ,efnz’
• f.acA fyda ksrfmalaI f,i ukskq ,efnz
• ksrfmalaI w.h yeujsgu 1.013 kg/cm2 la f.acA w.hg jvd jevsfjz’
• ksrfmalaI w.h yeujsgu 14.5 psi la w.hg jvd jevsfjz’
• iuyr wjia:dj,oS fuh lsf,dameial,a j,skao oelafjz’
• riosh l|l Wi 760 mm,(0C WIaK;ajfhaoS) 1kg/cm2 fjz’
1 kg/cm 2 = 0.981 bar = 14.223 psi = 98.1 kPascal
yqud,h iuznkaO tall

yqud, WIaK;ajh
• fi,aishia wxYl (0C) fyda *erkayhsÜ wxYl (0F) j,ska ukskq ,efnz’
• fuu tall fol w;r iuznkaO;djhla mj;S’
• (F-32)/9=C/5 F-*erkayhsÜ wxYl $C- fi,aishia wxYl
Wod(- 100 (0C) =212 (0F)
• WIaK;ajh iuyr wjia:dj, fl,aúka (K) j,ska o ukskq ,efnz’
0 0C = 273 K
tall mrsjrA;kh

;dmh ukskq ,nkafka
• kcal/kg fyda Btu/lb fyda kJ/kg
mrsjrA;kh
• 1 kcal/kg=1.8 Btu/lb=4.1868 kJ/kg
• 1 kcal/=3.96 Btu = 4.1868 kJ
n,h ukskq ,nkafka
• kW fyda hp
mrsjrA;kh
• 1kW = 1.34 hp
• 1kW = 860 kcal/hr
tall mrsjrA;kh ^iuznkaOhs&

wfkl=;a jeo.;a mrsjrA;k
• ;dm ix.=Klh 1 W/m2K= 0.86 kcal/m2hr0C
= 0.18 Btu/hr.ft20F
• oqiai%djS;djh 1fikagsfmdhsia (cp) = 2.42 lb/ft.hr
fyda 1 cst = 0.39 ft2/hr
• mrsudj 1 m3 =10 kl=35.3 ft3=264 US .e,quz
• >k;ajh 1 kg/m3=16.02 lb/ft3
tall mrsjrA;kh

Boiling
point
Saturated steam
Sensible Heat-hf Latent Heat - hfg Supper Heated Range
Temperature
Enthalpy
yqud,fha ix;Dma; jl%h
(steam saturation curve)
hf - oefkk ;dmh
hfg - .=ma; ;dmh

mSvkh - ukskq ,nk tall kg/cm2g or A, barg
or A, psig g hkqfjka f.aPA mSvkh yd
A j,ska ksrfmalaI (Absolute) w.h
ksrEmkh flfrA’&
WIaK;ajh - fi,aishia wxYl (0C) fyda *erkayhsgz
wxYl (0F)
oefkk ;dmh - kcal/kg øj wjia:dfjzoS ;dm m%udKh
.=ma; ;dmh - kcal/kg jdIamSlrKhg wjYH ;dmh
yqud,fha jeo.;a .=Kdx.

wê;dmh
kcal/kg ix;Dma; wjia:dfjka miq ;dm m%udKh
iusmqrAK ;dmh
kcal/kg by; oefkk ;dmh + .=ma; ;dmh yd wê;dm
ish,af,a tl;=j
oS we;s mSvkhla i|Zyd ix;Dma; WIaK;ajh
fi,aishia wxYl ^0C& fyda *erkayhsÜ wxYl (0F) j;=r kgk
WIaK;ajh
jsYsIag mrsudj fyda >k;ajh
m3/kg fyda kg/m3
yqqud,fha .=KdZZZZx.

f.acA mSvk WIaK;ajh c,h jdIamSlrKfha yqud,h jsh<s ix;Dma;
ndrA 0C hf jsYsIaG ;dmh hg jsYsIaG mrsudj
hfg m3/kg
0 100 100 540 640 1.673
1 120 120 526.2 646.2 0.881
2 134 133 517.6 650.6 0.603
3 144 144 509.7 653.7 0.461
4 152 152 504 656 0.374
5 159 159 498.9 657.9 0.315
6 165 166 493.5 659.5 0.272
7 170 171 489.8 660.8 0.240
yqud,h hkq l=ulao @

my; mSvk fofla yqud,fha .=Kdx. j, fjki n,kak’
2 kg/cm2g 7 kg/cm2g
mSvkh 2 7
ix;Dma; WIaK;ajh 133 0C 170 0C
oefkk ;dmh 133 kcal/kg 171 kcal/kg
.=ma; ;dmh 517 kcal/kg 490 kcal/kg
uq:Z ;dmh 650 kcal/kg 661 kcal/kg
jsYsIag mrsudj ^yqud,h& 0.617 m3/kg 0.245 m3/kg
jsYsIag mrsudj ^c,h& 0.0011 m3/kg 0.0011 m3/kg
yqud,fha .=Kdx. fjkiajkafka
flfiao @

yqud,fha mSvkh jevsjk jsg
• ix;Dma; WIaK;ajh jevsfõ’
• oefkk ;dmh jevsfõ’
• .=ma; ;dmh wvqfõ’
• uq:Z ;dmh jevsfõ’ ^b;d uo jYfhka&
• yqud,fha jsYsIaG mrsudj wvqfõ’
• c,fha jsYsIaG mrsudj fkdfjkiaj mj;s’
b;d jeo.;a !

tla mrdus;shla ia:djr l< jsg wfkla ish:Zu mrdus;s ia:djr fõz’
ndrA^f.a&1l mSvkfha we;s yqud,fha
ix;Dma; WIaK;ajh (Ts) = 120 0C
oefkk ;dmh (h) = 120 kcal/kg
.=ma; ;dmh (L) = 526.2 kcal/kg
jsYsIaG mrsudj (V) = 0.902 m3/kg
^yqud,h& =0.0011
m3/kg^P,h&
wNHdi (-
ndrA^f.&A 3 mSvkfhaoS yqud,fha by; mrdus;shka fidhkak’
yqud,h fu;ruz fjkia jkafka
ula ksido @

wvq mSvk j,oS yqud,fha jevs .=ma; ;dm m%udKhla we;’
1 kg/cm2g mSvkfha oS .=ma; ;dmh 526.2 kcal/kg
7 kg/cm2g mSvkfha oS .=ma; ;dmh 489.8 kcal/kg
ula ksido @
fuysoS wmg fmkS hk lreKla kuz jevs mSvkhloS (7 kg/cm2g)
.=ma; ;dmh wvq mSvkfhaoS (1kg/cm2g) w.hg jvd 7.5% la wvq nj
fyda l%shdj,SfhaoS jevs mSvk yqud, Ndjs;d l< jsg 7.5% jevsmqr
yqud,h jeh jk njh’ tu.ska yqud,h ;dm yqjudre l%shdj,shkaySoS
Ndjs;d lsrSfuz oS wjYH WIaK;ajh ,nd .ekSu ioZyd Ndjs;d l< yels
wju mSvkh Ndjs;d l< hq;= fjz’

wvq mSvkfha oS yqud,fha jsYsIaG mrsudj jevs w.hla
.kS’
1 kg/cm2g mSvkfhaoS jsYsIaG mrsudj 0.902 m3/kg
7 kg/cm2g mSvkfhaoS jsYsIaG mrsudj 0. 24 m3/kg
ula ksido @
fuhska fmkS hkqfha wvq mSvkfhaoS ^1 kg/cm2g)
yqud,fha jsYsIaG mrsudj jevs mSvkfhaoS ^1 kg/cm2g)
fuka 376% m%udKhlska jevs njhs’

yqud,fha ;;ajh fjkia jk fohla jk w;r th fl<skau ueksh yelalla fkdfjz’
yqud,fha ;;ajh §jsh<s idOlhla ¶ u.ska ksrEmkh lfrA’
§jsh<s idOlh¶ - x u.ska yqud, ialkaOhl fld;ruz jsh<s yqud,h
;sfnzoehs mejfia’
x = 0.9 hkŒ 90% l yqud,h (SH+LH) iy 10% l c,h njh ^SH muKS&
jdIamSlrKfha x jsh<s = jdIamSlrKfha tka;e,amsh
tka;e,amsh idOlh
wNHdi (- mSvkh ndrA^f.&A 3 jk yd jsh<s nj 0.85 la jk yqud,fha
wvx.= iuzmQrAK ;dm m%udKh .Kkh lrkak’
yqud,fha fu;ruz fjkia jkafka
wehs@

yqud,fha ;;ajh fndhsf,are jrA.h u; yd fld;ruz jevodhs f,i
mrsjykh lsrSu u; rod mj;s’
fldhs,a ghsma fndhsf,arejla i<ld ne,SfuzoS Ndrh (load)
fjkia jSfuz oS f;;a yqud,h imhkq ,nhs’ fuh wfmalaIs;
;;ajhla fkdfjz’
tkuq;a fI,a ghsma fndhsf,arejla TzkEu Ndr ;;ajhka j,oS
jvd fydo ;;ajfhka yqud,h ,nd fohs’ ix;Dma; yqud,h
lsisjsfgl 100% jsh<s fkdfjz’
ula ksido @

ix;Dma; yqud,h hkq wjia:d fjkiloS laIKsl ;dmh ksl=;a lrk
>kSNjkh jk jdIamhls’
yqud,h >kSNjkh jSfuz oS .=ma; ;dmh ksl=;a lrkq ,nhs’
wê;dm yqud,h jdhqjla f,i ie<lsh yel’
wê;dm yqud,h .=ma; ;dmh ksl=;a lsrSug fmr wê;dmh
ksl=;a l< o fuh b;d fifuka isqfõ’ fuz ksid b;d iqoqiq
foa kuz Rcq fkdjk ;dm yqjudre j,oS ix;Dma; yqud,h
Ndjs;d lsrSuhs’
ula ksido @

my; ;;ajhka j,oS yqud,fha .=K fidhkak
− mSvk 3.5 barg yd ix;Dma; yqud,h
− mSvk 7 barg yd ix;Dma; yqud,h
− mSvkh 17 barg” WIaK;ajh 300 0C
WodyK lSmhla ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘

1’ b;d ,dNodhlh
yqud,hg <.skau msysgs wfkla udOHh fuka 30% l us,laa muKls’
2’ yqud,h ckkh lrkqfha c,fhks
c,h b;d myiqfjka yd nyq, f,i imhd .; yels jSu’
3’ ls%hdlrjSu yd kv;a;= lsrSu myiqh’
4’ fmduzm lsrSu wjYH fkdfjz’
5’ ;dm yqjudrej b;d ldrAhlaIu fjz’
6’ 100% m%;splS%lrKh l< yel’
yqud,h fu;ruz ckm%sh wehs @

7’ md,kh lsrsu myiqfjka l< yel
• tla mrdus;sh;a md,kh l< jsg wfklajd ta yd wkqj fjkia fj’z
• Wod(-mSvkh
• mSvk wka;rhla we;s jsg bfnz .uka lrhs’
• yqud, mhsmaam i|Zyd idudkH wuqo%jH fhdod .; yel’
8’ yqud,fha wOsl Yla;shla we;
• 1 kg yqud,h jsoHq;a Yla;sh tall 0’6 lg iudk fjz’
9’ ;dm yqjudre l%shdj,s j,oS taldldrs WIaK;aj wkql%uKhla
mj;s’
yqud,h fu;ruz ckm%sh wehs @

oS we;s mSvkhl”
• yqud,fha jdIam fyda jdhq wjia:d j, mj;skqfha ix;Dma; WIaK;ajfha fyda
thg jvd jevs WIaK;ajhl muKs’
oS we;s mSvkhl”
• yqud,h >kSNjkh jSu ix;Dma; WIaK;ajfhaoS fyda thg jvd wvq
WIaK;ajhloS isoqfjz’
c,h jdIam jSfuzoS mrsudj 160 .=Khlska fyda Bg jvd jevsfjz’
yqud,h >kSNjkh jSfuzoS mrsudj 160 .=Khlska fyda Bg jevs
.=Khlska wvqfjz
;dm yqjudre l%shdj,sj,oS wê ;dmS yqud,h oqrAj, ;dm yqjudre
udOHhls’
u;l ;nd .; hq;= jeo.;a
lreKq

• yqud,h Ndjs;d lsrSfuzoS yd yqud, WmlrK kv;a;= lsrSfuzoS
yqud,h iu.Z tl;= jS we;s jd;h ;SrKd;aul idOlhla fjz’
• huz mSvk wvq jSuloS yqud,fha mrsud .,d hEu wvqfjz’
• yqud,h >kSNjkh jSfuzoS wvq jk mrsudj fya;= fldgf.k we;=,;
wjmSvk ;;ajhla we;sfjz’ fuysos jdhqf.da,Sh jd;h yqud, moaO;sh
;=,g weo .ekSug yel’
• >kSNjkh jQ yqud,h mhsmam ;=, fjdagrA-yeurA we;slsrSug
fya;= fjz’
• yqud,h lsissjsfgl 100% la jsh<s fkdfjz’ yqud,fha jsh<s idOlh
u.Zska tys we;s c,h m%udKh oelafjz
u;l ;nd .; hq;= jeo.;a
lreKq

• wêl ;dm m%udKh, nyq,j yd ,dNodhS f,i fidhd .; yels jSu’
• yqud, mhsmam idfmalaI f,i .;a jsg nrska wvqfjz’
• yqud,h fmduzm lsrSu ioyd fjkuu fmduzm wjYH fkdfjz’ mSvk wka;rhla
we;s jsg bfnz .uka lrhs’
• yqud,h Ndjs;d lsrSfuz oS iemhqug irs,k mrsos Ndrhka tl;= lsrSu fyda
bj;a lsrSu l< yel’
• yqud,fha ;dm yqjudre ix.+Klh r;ajŒ c,fha fuka fo.=Khla muK fjz’
• ;dm yqjudre jSfuzoZS ;dm yqjudre mDIaGh u; ksh; WIaK;aj
wdkQl%uKhla mj;s’
• ixikaokd;aulj .;a jsg moaO;sfha kv;a;+j myiqh’
yqud,h Ndjs;d lsrSfuz we;s jdis

c,h
.,d hEfuz fjz.h kg/s = 1000 W = 0.0217 kg/s
4187 J/kg K(82 0C-71 0C) = 78 kg/h (Rs. 16/h)
r;a lrk ,o f;,a
.,d hEfuz fjz.h = 1000 W = 0.091kg/s
5505 J/kg K (300 0C-280 0C)
= 328 kg/hr (Rs. 14/h)
yqud,h
mSvkh 6 barg jŒ yqud,h Ndú;d lrk nj Wml,amkh lfrA’
6 barg oS jdIamSlrKfha tka;e,amsh = 2066 kcal/kg
tuksid wjYH yqud, m%udKh = 1 = 0.00048 kg/s
2066 = 1.7 kg/h (Rs. 3.4/h)
iudk jsoaHq;a Yla;s tallhl us< = 8/h
fuhska fmkShkqfha yqud,h Ndú;d lsrSu ,dNodhl njh
1 kW n,hla ,nd .ekSu i|Zyd jsjsO Yla;s m%Njhkag tall
ld,hloS wjYH .,dhEfï m%udKhka

• yqud,fha ;;ajh ks;ru fjkia jk iq:Zhs’ fndhsf,arefjz ;sfnk
jsh<s yqud,h WmlrK j,g ,enSfuz oS f;;a jsh yel’
• wjYHh yqud, m%udKh ld,hla iu.Z fjkiafjz’ idudkHfhka
;dm yqjudre ioZyd yqud,h ksIamdokh lrk fndhsf,are 50% l Ndrhla
iys;j jev lrhs
• yqud, moaO;s ie<iquz lsrSfuz wjia:dfjz oS ta ms<snoZ jevs
ie<ls,a,la fkdoelajSu’
WmlrKj, jsYd,;ajh ksrAKh lsrSfïoS yd f;dard .ekSfuz oS ksjersos
;dlaIKh Ndjs;d fkdlsrSu.
• idudkH l%shdlrk ;;ajhka j,oS jsjsO .eg:Z u;= fjz’
mSvkh uo jSu, fjdgrA yeurA, thdrA nhskavska, ;dm l%shdj,shg
fndfyda ld<hla .;jSu, ksIamdokfha ;;ajh my< hEu fmdoq
,laIKhka fjz’
yqud,h iuznkaO jeo.;a lreKq

• idudkHfhka l%shdj,s i|Zyd wjYH yqud, m%udKh ks;ru fjkiajk
iq:Z jk w;r Wmrsu b,a,qu flgs ld, m%dka;r j,oS we;sfjz’
• levs levs isoqjk ;dm l%shdj,s j,g yqud,h Ndjs;d lsrSfuz oS jd;h
tl;= ùfuz yelshdj jevsh.
) WmlrK ioZyd yqud,h jrska jr wjYH jSu’
) moaO;sh ojilg jrla fyda fojrla l%shdlsrSu’
) moaO;sh i;shlg ojia 5 la fyda 6 la muKla jev lsrSu’
l%shdlrjSfuzoS idudkHfhka we;sjk
.eg:Z

yqud,h ksjeros ld,fhaoS iemhsh
hq;=h
fndhsf,arefjz mSvkh
wvq jSu u.ska
wjYH;djh iemhSu
fndhsf,arej fkdlvjd l%shdl<
yels Wmrsuh’
idudkH yqud, .,dhEfuz fjz.h
i;Hh yqud, .,dhEfuz
fjz.h
ld,h
wjYH;djh
iemhS ke;
Wmrsuh

;dm yqjudre ldrAhlaIu;djh
wvqlrk jsjsO ia:r
yqud,h
r;ajk
c,h
f,day
ì;a;sh
ksYap, c,h
>kSNú; c, mg,h
ìs;a;sfha ne|S we;s
ridhksl mg,h
jdhq mg,h

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