In the United States, western Europe, and Japan, butadiene is produced as a byproduct of the steam cracking process used to produce ethylene and other alkenes. When mixed with steam and briefly heated to very high temperatures (often over 900 °C), aliphatic hydrocarbons give up hydrogen to produce a complex mixture of unsaturated hydrocarbons, including butadiene. The quantity of butadiene produced depends on the hydrocarbons used as feed. Light feeds, such as ethane, give primarily ethylene when cracked, but heavier feeds favor the formation of heavier olefins, butadiene, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Butadiene is typically isolated from the other four-carbon hydrocarbons produced in steam cracking by extractive distillation using a polar aprotic solvent such as acetonitrile, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, furfural, or dimethylformamide, from which it is then stripped by distillation.[14] From dehydrogenation of n-butane Butadiene can also be produced by the catalytic dehydrogenation of normal butane (n-butane). The first such post-war commercial plant, producing 65,000 tons per year of butadiene, began operations in 1957 in Houston, Texas.[15] Prior to that, in the 1940s the Rubber Reserve Company, a part of the United States government, constructed several plants in Borger, Texas, Toledo, Ohio, and El Segundo, California, to produce synthetic rubber for the war effort as part of the United States Synthetic Rubber Program.[16] Total capacity was 68 KMTA (Kilo Metric Tons per Annum). Today, butadiene from n-butane is commercially produced using the Houdry Catadiene process, which was developed during World War II. This entails treating butane over alumina and chromia at high temperatures.[17] From ethanol In other parts of the world, including South America, Eastern Europe, China, and India, butadiene is also produced from ethanol. While not competitive with steam cracking for producing large volumes of butadiene, lower capital costs make production from ethanol a viable option for smaller-capacity plants. Two processes were in use. In the single-step process developed by Sergei Lebedev, ethanol is converted to butadiene, hydrogen, and water at 400–450 °C over any of a variety of metal oxide catalysts

1. 1

2. ‫واحد‬ ‫با‬ ‫آشنايي‬ ‫دوره‬
‫بوتادين‬
‫بهمن‬
-
1397
2

3. ‫دستي‬ ‫پايين‬ ‫صنايع‬
1
‫و‬
3
‫بوتادين‬
3

4. ‫تقطير‬
‫منظور‬
‫از‬
،‫تقطیر‬
‫در‬
‫واقع‬
‫جداسازی‬
‫فیزیکی‬
‫است‬
‫ک‬
‫ه‬
‫اساس‬
‫آن‬
‫اختالف‬
‫در‬
‫نقطه‬
‫جوش‬
‫هیدروکربن‬
‫های‬
‫مختلف‬
‫اس‬
‫ت‬
.
‫سنگین‬، ‫هیدروکربن‬ ‫هرچه‬
‫باشد‬ ‫تر‬
‫اس‬ ‫زیادتر‬ ‫آن‬ ‫جوش‬ ‫نقطه‬ ،
‫و‬ ‫ت‬
‫بلعکس‬
.
4

5. ‫است‬
.
‫در‬
‫فرآیند‬
‫تقطیر‬
‫ریبویلر‬
‫حرارت‬
‫الزم‬
‫راجهت‬
‫انجام‬
‫عمل‬
‫تقطیر‬
‫و‬
‫تفکیک‬
‫مواد‬
‫سازنده‬
‫یک‬
‫محلول‬
‫تأمین‬
‫می‬
‫کند‬
.
‫بخار‬
‫باال‬
‫رونده‬
‫از‬
‫برج‬
‫با‬
‫مایعی‬
‫که‬
‫از‬
‫باالی‬
‫برج‬
‫بسمت‬
‫پایین‬
‫حرکت‬
‫می‬
‫کند‬
،
‫بر‬
‫روی‬
‫سینی‬
‫ها‬
‫تماس‬
‫مستقیم‬
‫پیدا‬
‫می‬
‫کنند‬
.
‫این‬
‫تماس‬
‫باعث‬
‫افزایش‬
‫دمای‬
‫مایع‬
‫روی‬
‫سینی‬
‫می‬
‫شود‬
‫و‬
‫در‬
‫نهایت‬
‫باعث‬
‫نزدیک‬
‫شدن‬
‫دمای‬
‫مایع‬
‫به‬
‫دمای‬
‫حباب‬
‫می‬
‫شود‬
.
‫با‬
‫رسیدن‬
‫مایع‬
‫به‬
‫دمای‬
‫حباب‬
‫به‬
‫تدریج‬
‫اولین‬
‫ذرات‬
‫بخارحاصل‬
‫می‬
‫شود‬
‫که‬
‫این‬
‫بخارات‬
‫غنی‬
‫از‬
‫ماده‬
‫فرار‬
‫می‬
‫باشد‬
.
‫ازطرف‬
‫دیگردر‬
‫فاز‬
‫بخار‬
‫موادی‬
‫که‬
‫از‬
‫نقطه‬
‫جوش‬
‫کمتری‬
‫برخوردار‬
‫هستند‬
‫تحت‬
‫عمل‬
‫میعان‬
‫قرار‬
‫گرفته‬
‫و‬
‫بصورت‬
‫فاز‬
‫مایع‬
‫به‬
‫سمت‬
‫پایین‬
‫برج‬
‫حرکت‬
‫می‬
‫کند‬
.
‫مهمترین‬
‫عملکرد‬
‫یک‬
‫برج‬
‫برج‬ ‫يک‬ ‫کار‬ ‫طرز‬
‫دار‬ ‫سينی‬
5

6. 6

7. 7

8. 8

9. ‫تقطیر‬ ‫برج‬
‫شامل‬
:
1
-
‫برج‬
2
-
‫ریبویلر‬
3
-
‫كندانسور‬
(
‫چگا‬
‫لنده‬
)
‫تقطي‬ ‫برج‬
‫ر‬
9

10. ‫پ‬
:
‫یچه‬ ‫در‬
‫ای‬
‫ها‬ ‫سينی‬ ‫انواع‬
‫الف‬
:
‫های‬ ‫کالهک‬
(
‫فنجانی‬
)
Bubble cap tray
‫ب‬
:
‫غربالی‬
Sieve tray
10

11. ‫اجزاي‬ ‫ساير‬
‫برج‬ ‫داخلي‬
‫كننده‬ ‫توزیع‬
‫خوراك‬
Feed distributors
‫مایع‬ ‫كننده‬ ‫توزیع‬
Liquid distributors
‫مایع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫كننده‬ ‫جمع‬
Collecting Devices
‫ها‬ ‫نگهدارنده‬
Support Devices
11

12. 12
‫واحد‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ساده‬ ‫شماي‬
‫بوتادین‬ ‫جداسازي‬

13. 13

14. ‫فني‬ ‫دانش‬ ‫اساس‬ ‫بر‬ ‫بوتادين‬ ‫واحد‬ ‫از‬ ‫كلي‬ ‫شماي‬
basf
14

15. ‫تقطير‬ ‫بخش‬
‫استخراجي‬
15

16. ‫خوراك‬ ‫تبخير‬
16

17. 17
‫ي‬ ‫ادامه‬
MW

18. 18
‫ي‬ ‫ادامه‬
RF

19. 19

20. 20
‫ي‬ ‫ادامه‬
AW

21. 21
‫تقطير‬ ‫بخش‬
‫استخراجي‬

22. 22
‫زدا‬ ‫گاز‬

23. 23
‫كندانسور‬
E-3032

24. 24
‫كندانسور‬
E-3090

25. 25
‫كمپرسور‬
C-3031

26. 26
‫كمپرسور‬
C-3031

27. 27
RECYCLE GAS COOLER

28. ‫گاز‬ ‫بخش‬
‫زدايي‬
28

29. ‫پروفايل‬
29

30. ‫تقطير‬ ‫بخش‬
30

31. 31
‫تقطير‬ ‫بخش‬

32. 32
PROPYNE COLUMN

33. 33
PROPYNE COLUMN
‫ادامه‬

34. 34
BD COLUMN

35. 35
BD COLUMN ‫ادامه‬

36. 36
‫ذخيره‬ ‫مخازن‬
‫روزانه‬

37. 37
‫ذخيره‬ ‫مخازن‬
‫محصول‬

38. 38
C-1053

39. 39
‫پااليش‬ ‫سيستم‬
‫حالل‬

40. 40

41. 41

42. 42

43. 43

44. 44

45. CANED PUMP
SCREW COMPPRESURE
45
‫خاص‬ ‫تجهیزات‬

46. 46
‫بوتادين‬‫واحد‬‫در‬ ‫استفاده‬‫د‬‫ر‬‫مو‬‫ي‬‫شيمياي‬‫مواد‬
NMP ‫حالل‬
TBC Polymer inhibitor
SDN Solvent inhibitor
Silicone oil ‫ف‬‫ك‬‫ضد‬

47. 47
‫شيميايي‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫تزريق‬ ‫بخش‬

48. 48

49. 49

50. 50
TBC injection

51. 51
‫ضد‬ ‫عملكرد‬
‫كف‬

52. 52

53. Nuian Baspar Engineering Company
53
‫واحد‬ ‫پلیمرزایي‬ ‫مشكل‬ ‫بروز‬ ‫محل‬
‫طراحي‬ ‫بوتادین‬
BASF

54. 54
“Conventional” Rubber Polybutadiene
• Brown to black color and rubbery texture
• Formed via free-radical polymerization
Polybutadiene Glass
• Crystalline appearance
• Formed via free radical polymerization
(1,2-addition of BD )
Popcorn Polymer
• White, fluffy to grainy appearance
• Yellow when oxidized
• Formed via proliferous polymerization
cis 1,4 addition
trans 1,4 addition
Isotactic
1,2 addition
Syndiotactic
1,2 addition
rubbery
polyBD
glassy polyBD

55. 55
Vaporizer’s reboiler fouling pictures

56. ‫پاپكورن‬ ‫تشكیل‬
56

57. 57

58. 58
‫بستر‬ ‫در‬ ‫پليمر‬ ‫تشكيل‬
3
‫گاززدا‬

59. ‫رابچرديسك‬ ‫در‬ ‫پاپكورن‬ ‫سيني‬ ‫زير‬ ‫پاپكورن‬
T-4041
59

60. 60

61. 61
SDN washing

62. ‫از‬ ‫تشكر‬ ‫با‬
‫شما‬ ‫توجه‬
62