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三四线城市正在进行时
——FBIF2017 全体大会 马儒超,总裁,亿滋中国
我们一直都讲“农村包围城市”,但是大家相信的是实际上是“城市包围农村”。
我们看到基本上包围的路线就是这样的。
90 年代,大多数跨国公司都进入到快消品的行业,基本上是在一线城市,北上
广深,他们感觉到在这些城市占住脚以后,就开始寻找周边城市,比如说在北京,
它可能就会进入石家庄。但从北京走到石家庄的过程中可能就落掉了一些城市,
比如说保定,保定的人口有 120 万,乐凯胶卷就在这儿生产,而且当时 38 师也
是驻扎在保定,所以保定不是一个小城市。刚才我们说城市包围农村,也就是说
石家庄会包围保定,但是我们发现事实并非如此
我们来看一下为什么三、四线城市突然涌现出它的重要性。如果大家想进入三线
城市,考虑的因素还是比较多的。三、四线城市不是 5 年前突然出来的,像保定
它就有几千年的历史,但为什么现在他们的重要性涌现出来?是因为他们的人口
在增加吗?是因为他们的收入在增加吗?是因为他们基础设施在增加吗?还是
我们所说的现代商超在那儿发展呢?一、二线城市也具备那些因素,所以三、四
线城市没有什么特别之处。但是为什么三、四线城市的重要性突然显现呢?实际
上这是取决于现在的竞争本质,以及我们公司争夺市场份额,华尔街的市场上一、
二线城市的分销和市场份额基本上已经没有增长的空间了,大公司的市场份额基
本上集中在一、二线城市,比三、四线城市高,但现代商超在三、四线城市发展
更快。我们现在增加的收入产生的地点是三线城市,所以如果我们想抢夺市场份
额,就只能进入三、四线城市。
尼尔森的一位朋友给我作了一个图,它讲一个概念:跨国公司进入中国,随着增
量增长,销售就铺开,但跨国公司分销都铺满以后,它的市场份额就要下降了,
有很多的刊物就讲大多数的跨国公司在中国的市场份额现在非常难铺开,现有的
分销他们是可以控制的,但是消费者转移就非常麻烦了。这张图反映我们的快消
品行业在各品类的销售,2012 年开始,一线城市它的消费占总消费的比例要小
于二、三、四线城市了,第二现代商超在二、三、四线城市扩张,商超本身的重
要性在增加,更重要的是在三、四线扩张。接下来看一下市场份额,行业基本的
观点就是大多数大公司在一、二线城市的市场份额比较高,到三、四线城市就会
下降。现在消费更多的是在三、四线城市,而跨国公司的分销主要还分布在一、
二线城市,所以跨国公司现在逐渐失去市场份额。同时,现代商超主要在三四线
城市扩张,在那些地方主要是小的业态,而我们知道这些小业态的市场份额是很
难获得的。
还有本地的竞争对手,我们看饼干,达利园是本土的饼干品牌,它的全国市场份
额只有 5.3%,关键城市市场份额不到 3%,一、二线城市也不到 5%,但是到三、
四线城镇里面它的市场份额要超过 7%,他们在增长,随着市场的增长而增长,
他们在三、四线城市的市场份额正在慢慢地对我们形成威胁,所以三、四线城市
很重要,我们在三、四线城市的份额不仅要维持还要做得更好,否则的话我们就
越来越糟糕。
而进入三、四线城市的挑战是什么呢?我们想像一下,现在我们 CEO 来中国了,
我们在开会,有中国的管理团队,全球 CEO 他们说要更多的增长、更多的市场
份额逼着你,然后有来自营销部门和销售部门的代表,告诉你他的销售团队的成
本跟 2000 年比增加了三倍,并且年增长率 8%,所以进入这些城市需要招很多
的人,成本在上升,而大部分公司是想节省成本的,所以他们减小团队从而减少
成本,来增加盈利。这时候营销团队又说了,事实上 90 年代、在 2000 年他们
都用大的城市、大的产品,而营销团队的话,如果是我们公司的话,你的品牌在
中国的渗透率是在减少的,从 65%减到 56%,这是一个巨大的缩减。总部怎么
反应呢?总部会说你必须要增加媒体效率,更加有效,但是不会给你更多的钱,
因为这会影响到我们的利润。所以最大的挑战就是总部的期望值。一方面我们要
看损益,另外一方面要看中国团队的工作,所以我们首先的挑战是,如何接触到
三、四线的消费者,我们在一、二线城市用的模式,不适用与三、四线,另外我
们上市的途径,我们没办法招更多的人,因为成本。现在中国市场的人口编制被
冻结,我们必须利用现有资源,去找更有用的分销商。第三个挑战就是现代商超
的发展,现代不仅仅是家乐福和沃尔玛,本地的零售商也做得越来越好,开始挤
占我们。以前的模式对三、四线城市是不适用的,本部不愿意增加成本的同时又
让你保持一、二线城市的业务。
现在在三、四线城市搞营销越来越困难,电视广告的渗透率和影响越来越少,特
别是三、四线城市。另外一个原因是公司更多地把钱投到国家媒体当中而不是地
方媒体当中,也就是对三、四线城市的影响不大。每个人都讲到我们要以不同的
产品来应对不同的口味和品位,因为每个人他们对于产品有不同的看法,特别是
在食品行业。我不反对这一点,我想说我们要让快消公司的这种模式要有一个机
会,在三四线城市的消费者,以前大部分没有接触到我们的品牌。三、四线城市
他们不了解我们的品牌,他们不是不吃奥利奥饼干,是不知道。本地的零售商通
常会更支持本地的食品厂,比如说上海的家乐福,货架上很多都是奥利奥的产品,
但是三、四线城市他们都是推本地品牌,而不是国际品牌,没有所谓的激活或者
是唤醒意识和宣传,在三、四线城市没有这样的机会,这就是我们的挑战。
现在我们来看看分销商,在大城市他们的利润率通常只有 2%,如果你没有办法
把你的销售人员分配到三、四线城市,又希望你的销售商做到这一点,距离一旦
超出 100 公里,分销商的成本就要增加 2%,所以他们没有动力在边远城市分销。
另外一点经销商的运营在中国通常缺乏效率。我们的销售供品率对于客户来说是
98%,而看看经销商的销售供品率在三、四线是不到 80%的,同时,分销商不
重视食品品质、安全和健康,使得我们可能并不是将最新鲜、最好的产品供应到
消费者手里,。第三点我们卖给分销商商品的时候,我们的收款账期基本是 7 天
以内,而经销商卖给零售商是 30 天,这让他们有很大的财务压力。跨国企业会
花很大的精力去培训销售团队,但是在三、四线城市的分销商不会重视这一点,
意味着如果你要去三、四线城市成功发展,你要好好考虑你的分销商。
看看本地的零售商,在一、二线城市主导的就是沃尔玛、家乐福,而在山东的威
海,当地的一个主要零售商就是佳佳悦,在威海基本上就是这家本地的零售商主
导,他们主导了本地的市场。这意味大部分的公司改主要是围绕国家大型的零售
商,而没有针对三、四线城市小的零售商来做调整。
最后我们来总结,看看进军三、四线城市我们的一些考虑因素,首先要考虑上市
路径,我们要进入三、四线城市,就要增加分销商的数量,大概 300—400 家,
给分销商更大的规模,让他们有 1300 家零售商合作的机会。另外我们要将 1000
家小的分销商整合到这 300 个大的分销商,增加他们的能力,第二,我们要管
理品牌。我们要以拳头产品攻占三四线城市,加大在这方面的营销。简单讲一讲
如何增加生产率,如何增加我们的分销商,建立次级分销商,另外要了解如何利
用分销商来建立他们的销售团队,在本地发展大的客户,提供更好的条件,并且
为他们进行激励机制。最后一点我们还要了解如何通过移动端来接受三四线城市
的消费者,因为时间有限,我就讲两个要点,一个是要增加我们分销商的能力,
另外一个是 RTM。
首先看看升级我们的分销商,到目前为止我们是减少了 1/3 的分销商,以前这些
分销商盈利非常少,但是也要达到 3%—4%,另外他们增加了 480 个车辆帮助
我们,所以通过给他们更好的利润率,给他们更多的激励机制,他们就能实现财
务化方面的自给自足帮助我们。我们还帮助他们改变仓库,做了分销、配送仓库
的优化。然后我们做了关于安全、健康和品质的培训。虽然他们覆盖了更多的面
积,但物流成本从 4.4%到了 7%,所以他们的利润率就更高,仓库空间的利润
率也还有改进的空间,从 45%到 57%,现在低效主要是因为他们的仓库里面有
多个品牌的产品,所以说他们先改变了我们品牌的仓储部分,再改变其他品牌的
仓储部分,仓储劳动率生产率改变了 26 个点,这样现金回款更快,他们对于我
们的忠诚度也会增加。
我想给大家一些数字,我们的分销商的销售供品率。给他们零售店的销售供品率
是 80%,现在到了 92%,我们希望年底达到 98%,这样不光会促进他们的收入,
也会增加他们销售的市场份额。第二个看一下库存日,现在库存时间我们可以掌
握,我们分销商减少了 8 天的库存时间,这不光是改变我们的损益表,而且还可
以有利于促进消费。后面两张图也是非常有意思,我们说不光库存时间减少,而
且库存质量要有所改进,我们可以看到左下角的这张图,这就代表现在仓库里面
存在超过 30 天的 SKU,从原来的 4%降到 1.4%,我们知道对于食品来说,新
鲜度非常重要,食品货架期是 12 个月,生产然后到分配中心然后再到分销商的
仓库再到零售就三个月了,所以减少库存量非常重要。右下角的这个图是超过
40 天的 SKU,它也大幅度地下降,因此库存时间在减少,质量在改进,要想实
现这一点,我们确实要做好人的工作,我们公司我们有专门的人士,他们的工作
是培养我们的分销商,给他们的员工提供培训。第三,我们还需要加强分销商分
析数据的能力,首先他们要有解读报告的能力。同时,如果我们想要抓住三、四
线城市的机会,我们要让我们的分销商和我们一起庆祝成功,让我们的激励机制
涉及到他们。
项目预计完成时间是三年,现在已经一年半了,主要是针对华北地区。目前和阿
里巴巴还有其他的电商在做一个工作,就是要增加我们的销售生产力,我们要想
进入三、四线城市,可能没办法靠总部推动,阿里巴巴现在给我们提供一个 RTM
B2B 的平台,在他们平台上的消费者,还有电商他们的销售都非常透明,我们非
常幸运地参与了这一项目,今后它将会极大地推动我们的生产力,而且它的平台
能够使我们更好地进入三、四线,而不会有太大的负担。如果有大量的销售人员
铺进上面,那么这确实是需要很大的队伍,而且还需要有人去帮助这些小店,帮
助他们做一些商品的摆放等。我们三、四线城市也在推动一些自助的销售,电子
商务确实能够发挥它平台的力量,帮助我们改进销售的生产力。
最后要讲五点:
第一,三、四线城市今后不光会为我们贡献市场,同时也会影响市场份额,三、
四线城市是一个必争的市场。
第二,我们在 90 年代那种扩张方式不行了,你现在没办法在三、四线城市铺那
么多的销售人员,尤其是现在的情况,各个公司都在压缩开支的情况。
第三,你的分销商也是你的客户,你的公司要为他们服务,要保证你和分销商无
缝连接。
第四,营销必须要学会怎样覆盖到三、四线城市,预算有限但不能稀释一、二线
品牌的营销力度。
最后,电子商务在加速,我们必须利用电子商务技术和移动媒体,加强我们自己
的生产力,更好地覆盖到商超和消费者。
关于 FBIF
第四届食品饮料创新论坛(FBIF2017)于 4月19日-21日在上海元一希尔顿酒店顺利召开。
FBIF 2017 以“全球力量,领变未来”为主题,聚焦全球经济承压之下,食品行业如何突围
困境。论坛共三天,包含 CEO 全体大会及和研发创新 A(饮料、乳品)、研发创新 B(功能
性食品、休闲食品)营销创新和创新包装四个分论坛,2017 标志大赏和"新生代”饮料创新
设计大赛也同期举行。共 1400 位左右食品业界人士出席论坛。
联系 FBIF
Isabella Hsu 贝拉
Head of Content 研发总监
T:+86 21 57670513
M:+86 18217049505(微信)
E:isabella.hsu@simbaevents.cn
Mote Chan 莫特
Conference Director 会议总监
T: + 86 21 62280566
M: +86 15601845100(微信)
E: mote.chan@simbaevents.cn

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