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1. 31/10/2015 ãä ãÚÇáã ÇáÊÍæá æÇáÊÞÏã Ýí ÇáãÛÑÈ:
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‫ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ. ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻵﻓﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﺒﺪ ﷲ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻳﻨﺔ‬
‫ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ­ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ‬
٬‫ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ٬ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‬
‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍء‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﻨﺘﻲ ﻏﺮﺑ‬ً‫ﻻ‬‫ ﻳﺤﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﻤﺎ‬ً‫ﺎ‬ّ‫ﻴ‬‫ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺸﺨﺺ ﻭﺳﻄ‬
.‫. ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﺻﻠﺔ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺟﻨﻮﺑ‬
3000) ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻐﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﺴﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﻨﺘﻲ ﻭ005 ﻛﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ( ﻭﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻠﻴﺔ ­ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺴﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻟﻸﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪ‬
‫1 ـ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﻖ‬
‫ 1 ـ 1. ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﻤﺘﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ 004 ﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ﻳﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﻲ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﺟﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧ‬
‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻄﻲ‬ ٬‫ﻭﻋﺮﺓ‬ ‫ ﻭﺑﺎﻧﺤﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬‫ﻡ‬ 500‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﻁﻨﻲ. ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﺘﻞ ﻣﻤﺘﺪﺓ )ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ٬ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻀﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ٬ ﻭﺍﻷﻁﻠﺲ‬% 21 ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ‬
٬‫ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺰﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻟﻰ‬ (‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻁﻠﺲ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻁﻠﺲ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
.(2003
(‫ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﻨﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻬﻮﻝ ﺳﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺩﻛﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻬﻀﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﺋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﻀﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ٬(‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻮﺯ‬ ‫)ﺗﺎﺩﻻ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻁﻠﺲ‬ ٬ً‫ﻻ‬‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺠﺒﺎﻝ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻓ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﺘﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ‬ .(‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻀﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺣﺎﻣﻨﺔ‬
‫. ﻭﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻧﻔﺘﺎﺣﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﺔ؛‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫٬ ﻭﺍﻷﻁﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﺟﻨﻮﺑ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺷﺮﻗ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺃﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
.‫ﻟﻠﺮﻱ‬
‫ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ. ﻓﻲ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻭﻫﻀﺎﺑ‬ً‫ﻻ‬‫ ﻭﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ ﺳﻬﻮ‬
ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻳﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﻭﺗﺘﻀﺎءﻝ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ٬ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺃﺻ‬

2. 31/10/2015 ãä ãÚÇáã ÇáÊÍæá æÇáÊÞÏã Ýí ÇáãÛÑÈ:
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‫ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ. ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﻘﻲ ﻻ ﺑﺄﺱ ﺑﻬﺎ٬ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﺮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺔ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ٬ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻤﺘﺪ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬
‫ﺻﻠﺔ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﻳﺔ. ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ٬ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﻁﺔ ﻭﺷﺪﺓ ﻋﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﻭﻧﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺭﺍﺿﻲ. ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ٬ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺟﻠﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ٬ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ. ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺁﻓﺔ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺮ ﺗﻬﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﻣﺶ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ‬
‫1 ـ 2. ﻭﻓﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮﻳﺔ‬
:‫ ﺗﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻏﺰﻳﺮﺓ٬ ﺗﻨﺰﻝ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻋﺮﺍﻑ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ـ ﻓﺎﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳ‬
ً‫ﺍ‬‫ ﻣﻤﺘﺪ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ؛ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﺍﺩ ﻣﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻬﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻀﺎﺏ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻁﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻁﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻢ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬
‫ـ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
٬‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ٬ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﺱ ﻭﺳﺒﻮ ﻭﺑﻮﺭﻗﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﻭﺗﺎﻧﺴﻴﻔﺖ ﻭﺳﻮﺱ‬
.(‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ )ﺩﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺮﺍء‬
٬‫ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‬ً‫ﺍ‬‫ـ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ٬ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﺲ٬ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻁﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ٬‫ﻭﻛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﺮﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻳﺰ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬
‫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺎﺕ٬ ﻳﺤﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻬﺎﺭ ﺳﺮﻳﻌ‬
.‫ﻣﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰﺋﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﺘﻔﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬% 14 ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ .‫ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻈﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ٬‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻬﺎﻁﻠﺔ‬
16‫٬ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ 12 ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ٬ ﻭ‬3‫03 ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺡ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ. ﻭﻟﻠﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻆ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻡ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻓﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻁﻠﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻫﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ .‫ﺍﻷﻧﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﺒﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻨﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻁﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺷﺎﺕ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ‬

3. 31/10/2015 ãä ãÚÇáã ÇáÊÍæá æÇáÊÞÏã Ýí ÇáãÛÑÈ:
data:text/html;charset=utf­8,%3Cp%20class%3D%22MsoNormal%22%20align%3D%22center%22%20dir%3D%22RTL%22%20style%3D%22color%3... 3/18
‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻤﺘﺪﺓ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺪﻭﺩ ﻛﺒﺮﻯ. ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﻗﺪ ﺷﻴﺪ ﻣﺎ‬
‫٬ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺳﻘﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ٬ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻦ ﻋﻨﻪ‬ً‫ﺍ‬‫ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﻳﻔﻮﻕ 59 ﺳﺪ‬
‫ّﺎﺕ. ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺗﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺳﺪ ﻣﻐﺮﺑﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺳﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨ‬
.3‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﺭﻏﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻔﻮﻕ ﺳﻌﺘﻪ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﻩ 3,4 ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻡ‬
‫1 ـ 3. ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬
.‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻣﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻐﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ ﻳﺘﻠﺨﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﺳﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻼﺳﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﺶ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ٬ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﻲ٬ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺣﺰﺍﻣﻴﻦ ﺟﺒﻠﻴﻴﻦ٬ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ‬
.(1984 ٬‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻷﻁﺎﻟﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ )ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﻁﻨﻲ‬
‫ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ٬ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﻲ٬ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺮ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ ﻟﻸﺭﺍﺿﻲ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ﻭﺍﺳﻌ‬ً‫ﻻ‬‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪ. ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻳﺘﺮﻙ٬ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ٬ ﻣﺠﺎ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﺴﻄﺔ٬ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﻨﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ‬
‫ ﻓﺎﻟﺮﻳﻒ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺗﻀﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﺟﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ٬ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ. ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻱ ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ. ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺒﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﻱء‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻁﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﻡﻓﻲ‬ 4165) ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻁﻠﺲ‬ .‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﺎﺭﻳﺴﻬﺎ‬ ٬‫ﻣﻤﺘﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ‬ .(‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻁﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻡ‬ 3331‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﻜﺴﺎﺭﺍﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ‬ .‫ﻭﻋﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍﻣﺶ‬
‫ ﻭﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﻱء ﻭﻋﻨﻒ ﺗﻌﻤﻖ‬ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ٬ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻝ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺻ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬
:‫ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﻨﺘﻲ٬ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ‬
‫٬ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺸﺒﻴﺐ ﺗﻀﺎﺭﻳﺴﻬﺎ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ـ ﺗﻀﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﺑﺎﺭﺯﺓ٬ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ٬ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻓﻮﻋﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻖ )ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﻀﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ(؛‬
‫ـ ﺗﻀﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﻫﻀﺎﺏ ﺑﻨﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺭﺗﻴﺒﺔ )ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﻀﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﻁ(؛‬
‫ﻭﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻬﻀﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻮﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ ﻣﻤﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ـ‬
٬‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻠﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻁﻠﺴﻴﺔ‬ ­ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ‬ ً‫ﻻ‬‫ﺳﻬﻮ‬
.‫ﻭﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺃﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ٬ ﻭﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺷﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‬

4. 31/10/2015 ãä ãÚÇáã ÇáÊÍæá æÇáÊÞÏã Ýí ÇáãÛÑÈ:
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‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﺭﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺨﺬ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻁﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻕ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺎﺕ‬ ٬‫ﻣﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻬﺪﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧ‬ ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ .ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺭﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻬﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﺎ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﻫﻀﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻁﻠﺲ‬ ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ‬
.‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﺏ٬ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻴﻮﺳﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍء٬ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺻﻴﻒ ﻗﺪﻳﻢ‬
‫ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﻉ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻲ ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺇﻻ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ. ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺃﺕ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ‬ً‫ﺍ‬ّ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺑﻜﻠﺲ ﺳﻤﻴﻚ ﻳﻐﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻸﻁﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﺗﺘﺒﻌﻪ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﺟ‬
ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ﻋﺎﻣ‬ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﺴﺖ ﺗﺘﻮﺳﻄﻬﺎ ﺩﻛﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺗﺰﻳﺖ. ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻴ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ ﻭﺗﻤﻨﺢ ﺗﻀﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺎﺭﺯﺓ ﻭﻣﻤﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺨﺘﻔﻲ‬ .(‫ﻭﺗﺎﻓﻼﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫)ﻣﻨﺎﻁﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺴﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻋﺔ‬ ­ ‫ﺗﻨﺪﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺮﺍء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‬
٬‫. ﻭﻫﻲ ﻫﻀﺎﺏ ﺭﺗﻴﺒﺔ ﺗﻤﺘﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺷﺎﺳﻌﺔ. ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﺣﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﺮ ﺷﺮﻗ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻧﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﺎﺭﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ٬‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺮﺯ‬
.‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺭﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫1 ـ 4. ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻁﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎء‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺗﻘﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ. ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ‬
.‫ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺒﻌ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻮﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺎﻳﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺨﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺍﺭﻋﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺗﻴﻖ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ‬
.‫ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻋﺮﻓﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺮﻁﺒﺔ ﻭﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﻁﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﺔ٬ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻟﻸﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺮﺍء‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﻘﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻜﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺒﺔ٬ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻁﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺤﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬ .‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺩﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻘﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬ .«‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺩﺯﻭﻝ‬»‫ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ ﺃﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﺑﻮﻳﺔ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ. ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ٬ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺠﺪ ﻣﺤﻠﻴ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﺲ٬ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺳﻤﻜ‬
.ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺑﺎﻝ٬ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺨﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‬
‫ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ٬ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ. ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻷﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻳﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ٬ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺑﻮﻧﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﻬﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺮﺍء‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ .‫ﻧﻮﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬

5. 31/10/2015 ãä ãÚÇáã ÇáÊÍæá æÇáÊÞÏã Ýí ÇáãÛÑÈ:
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.‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﻝ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺼﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﺎ ﻟﺤﺠﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ ﻭﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻱ٬ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻤﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺔ. ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻗﻢ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﻭﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺃﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻠﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﻓﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﺠﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﺼﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻧﻬﺎﺭ. ﺃﻣﺎ‬
.‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ٬ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺃﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺠﻮﺯﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻵﺧﺮ. ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ. ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺄﺗﻰ ﻓﻲ‬
.‫ﺍﻷﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺳﻔﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ‬
‫ ﻳﺸﻜﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﺮﻯ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ٬ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻧﻜﺸﺎﻑ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻁﻨﻴﺔ٬ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﻜﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺲ. ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺣﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻬﻮ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺰﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻠﻼﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺠﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻓﻊ‬
.‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺮ‬
‫1 ـ 5. ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﺨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ ﻭﺻﺤﺮﺍﻭﻱ٬ ﺗﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﺃﻣﻄﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺑﺮﺩ ﺷﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻗﻮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩﻩ‬ .(‫ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫)ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻀﺎﺭﻳﺴﻪ٬ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ. ﻓﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻕ 0002 ﻣﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍء‬ ‫ 52 ﻣﻢ ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﺘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﻁﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ. ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻓﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﺔ٬ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻣﻨﺎﺧﻲ٬ ﻣﻦ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻌﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬ ٬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻁﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻁﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭ‬
‫ ﻓﻲ‬2‫ ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﺩ٬ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ٬ ﻫﻮ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ: 000065 ﻛﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺮﻁﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺷﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻁﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﻤﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻭﺑﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺟﻔﺎﻑ ﺣﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ ﻣﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﻣﻪ٬ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﻌﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻠﻲ٬ ﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﻘﻰ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺾ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻣﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺃﻳﻀ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻨﻘﻴﺾ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺴﻨﻮﻱ‬
.‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺤﻮﻟﺔ٬ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻄﺒﻊ ﺑﺂﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻁﺒﺔ٬ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻠﻲ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺪﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﺇﻓﻼﺱ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺆﺩﻳ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺬ‬ ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﺒﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺘﺪﺉ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﻲ‬
‫٬ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﻘﻪ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺓ٬ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ﻓﺎﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺋﻘ‬

6. 31/10/2015 ãä ãÚÇáã ÇáÊÍæá æÇáÊÞÏã Ýí ÇáãÛÑÈ:
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‫٬ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﻘﻪ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺓ٬ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ﻓﺎﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺋﻘ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﻁﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺗﻔﺮﺯﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺒﺨﺮ٬ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻔﻔﺔ٬ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻮﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﺿﻌﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻁﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺷﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺰﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻴﺪ‬
.‫ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬
٬‫ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ٬ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻁ ﻭﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻣﻄﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺬ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻁﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ .‫ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ‬
.‫5791. ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺗﺴﻊ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺲ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺟﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﺰﻋﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ )ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬
‫0891­4891(. ﻭﻗﺪ ﺳﺠﻠﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻗﺴﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻟﻒ‬
‫٬ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻅﺎﻫﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺷﺎﺕ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳﻨﺔ. ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ٬ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺳ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ٬ ﻭﻧﻀﻮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﻥ٬ ﻭﻧﻘﺺ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺒﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻧﻬﺎﺭ. ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻳﻨﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺰﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺑﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺰﻭﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﺭﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍء‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻴ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻷﻁﻠﻨﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ً‫ﻻ‬‫ﺃﻭ‬ :‫ﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻤﺜﻠﻪ ﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﺲ. ﻭﻳﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ٬ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﺭﻳﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‬ ٬‫ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﻘﺤﻮﻟﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻘﻮﻯ ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﺇﻻ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ٬ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺯ ﺟﻴﻮﺏ ﺟﻔﺎﻑ‬
‫ﻣﻤﺘﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﺴﻴﺔ. ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ٬ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺟﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺨﺬ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ٬‫ﻣﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍء‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻁﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺳﻼﺳﻞ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻲ ﺻﺒﻐﺎﺕ ﻗﺤﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍء ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻲ٬ ﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﻛﺘﻞ ﺟﻮﻳﺔ ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺪﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ: ﻓﺎﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﺷﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ٬ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻉ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺑﺮﻭﺩﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺭﻁﻮﺑﺘﻬﺎ٬ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻋ‬
.‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺿﺪ ﺇﻋﺼﺎﺭﻱ٬ ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﻣﻀﻄﺮﺑﺔ ﻏﺮﺑﻴﺔ٬ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻏﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺷﺮﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻭﺗﺴﺠﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻧﺰﻋﺎﺕ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻁ٬ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺻﻘﻴﻊ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫)ﺻﻌﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺠﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﻛﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫)ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻠﻎ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ٬‫ﻣﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ (45° ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﺍﺭ‬
.(‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ‬
٬‫ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻤﻴﺲ٬ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻁﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ٬ ﻋﺪﺍ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ‬
.‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻲ‬
:‫ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬

7. 31/10/2015 ãä ãÚÇáã ÇáÊÍæá æÇáÊÞÏã Ýí ÇáãÛÑÈ:
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.‫ ـ ﻣﻨﺎﺥ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ ﺳﺎﺣﻠﻲ٬ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ. ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻨﺨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﺣﻞ‬
°13,5 ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺰﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ٬ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ‬
.(‫ )9,91° ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻳﺮﺓ ﻭ32° ﻓﻲ ﻁﻨﺠﺔ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻳﺮﺓ. ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻔﻴﺔ٬ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻨﻮﻋ‬
50 /40 ‫ﻭﺗﻬﺐ ﺭﻳﺎﺡ ﺑﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ )ﺭﻳﺢ ﺑﺤﺮﻱ ﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﻳﺘﻌﻤﻖ ﺃﺛﺮﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ‬ .(‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ‬ ‫ ﻣﻦ‬‫ﻛﻢ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﺶ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﻨﺘﻲ‬
‫. ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻒ ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ـ ﻣﻨﺎﺥ ﻗﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ٬ ﺑﺎﺭﺩ ﺷﺘﺎء ﻭﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺻﻴﻔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺼﻞ‬ ٬°27 ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ .‫ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺊ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬
­16 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻮﻕ 83­04°. ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺼﻴﻒ٬ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬
٬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ °18­16‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺘﺎء‬ °10 ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫02°؛‬
‫ ﻟﻠﺘﻀﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎء )4,0° ﻛﻞ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﺭﻳﺴﻲ. ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺗﺒﻌ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬
‫ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎﺕ‬ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﺘﺮ( ﻭﺃﻗﻮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻒ )7,0°(٬ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻱ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ‬
.‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬
٬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ﻭﺟﻔﺎﻓ‬ً‫ﻻ‬‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﺑﺎ. ﻓﺎﻟﺼﻴﻒ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻁﻮ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻮﻝ ﺑﻜﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺿﻮﺣ‬
‫ﺿﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﻔﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺨﻠﻠﻪ‬ ٬‫ﻣﺘﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻮ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎء‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺻﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺨﻠﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬
٬‫ﺇﻋﺼﺎﺭﻳﺔ. ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ. ﻓﺎﻟﻨﺰﻭﺡ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ‬
‫. ﻭﻳﻌﻢ‬% 100 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ٬ ﻭﻳﺼﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬% 25 ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ 51 ﺇﻟﻰ‬
(‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﺗﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﻁﻞ٬ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻄﺮ )ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﺄﺧﺮ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﻄﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻔﺎء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ‬ ‫)ﺣﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ(. ﺃﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻭﻋﻨﻔﻬﺎ٬ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ؛ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺮﻁﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻳﻮﻣ‬ 75 ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﻁﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻗﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺠﻬﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻮﺹ؛‬
.‫ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺠﻠﻪ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ 0001 ﻣﻢ‬ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﺟﺪ‬
‫ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻬﺎ٬ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ. ﻭﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬
٬‫ﺯ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻁﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻠﻴﺔ٬ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ 006 ﻣﻢ‬ِ‫ﺮ‬ْ‫ﻔ‬َ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻲ؛ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
300 ‫ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺟﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻤﺘﺪﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ )ﺗﺘﻌﺪﻯ 0001 ﻣﻢ( ﻭﺟﻴﻮﺑ‬ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻁﺒﺔ ﺟﺪ‬
.‫ﻭ006 ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬ ­ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺷﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬
:‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

8. 31/10/2015 ãä ãÚÇáã ÇáÊÍæá æÇáÊÞÏã Ýí ÇáãÛÑÈ:
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‫ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺭﻁﺒﺔ ﻭﺷﺒﻪ ﺭﻁﺒﺔ٬ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ 001. ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﻁﻖ‬‫ـ‬
.‫ﻭﺍﻷﻁﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﻁﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻁﻠﻨﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻠﻴﺔ‬ ٬‫ﺭﻁﺒﺔ‬
.‫ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﺄﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﻭﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫ـ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺟﺎﻓﺔ٬ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ 001 ﻭ061. ﻳﻐﻄﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ٬‫ﻣﺤﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻁﻠﻨﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻀﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻮﺡ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﺒﺎﻝ‬ ٬‫ﻓﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ‬
.‫ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻗﻤﻢ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ‬ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻁﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻭﺃﺧﻴﺮ‬
.ً‫ﺍ‬‫ـ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺟﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺻﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻳﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ 01 ﻭ21 ﺷﻬﺮ‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ‬ ‫ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻳﺔ. ﻭﻻ ﺗﺨﺮﺝ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ‬
10 ‫ﻳﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬ 30 ‫)ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺘﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻣﻢ‬ 1 ‫ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ (‫ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬
.‫ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻁﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻮﻝ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﺻﺒﻴﺒ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺎﻁﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻁﺐ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ‬ ‫ ﻭﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﺗﺎﻡ. ﻭﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻞ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺗﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ؛‬
‫ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺎﻻﻧﺠﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻁﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ. ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ‬
‫. ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺎﻟﺴﻴﻞ ﻫﻨﺎ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﺏ٬ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﺓ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﺻﻴﻔ‬
‫ ﻅﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﻁﻞ. ﻓﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ 05 ﻣﻢ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺳﻴﻞ٬ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺿﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ٬ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ٬ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻞ ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻓﺮﺷﺔ ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺳﻤﻜﻬﺎ ﺑﻀﻌﺔ ﺳﻨﺘﻤﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ‬
.‫ﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺣﻠﺔ٬ ﻭﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻮﺡ٬ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺪﻭﺵ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ‬
‫2 ـ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ: ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ‬
ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻧﺴﺒﻴ‬
‫ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﻲ ﺑﻘﺤﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ٬ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺨﺮﺝ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻠﻴﺔ. ﻓﻤﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ 17 ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺏ‬% 5,5 ‫ 2,9 ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ٬ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ‬ّ‫ﻻ‬‫(٬ ﻻ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺇ‬2‫)05801 ﻛﻢ‬

9. 31/10/2015 ãä ãÚÇáã ÇáÊÍæá æÇáÊÞÏã Ýí ÇáãÛÑÈ:
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٬‫ﺍﻟﻮﻁﻨﻲ. ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻄﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻳﻀﻢ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺑﺔ 5 ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ٬ ﻭ42 ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﺑﻴﺔ٬ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ 3 ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬
.(1996 ٬‫ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻔﺎء )ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﺔ٬ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬ 7,8 ‫ﺳﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ٬‫ﻟﻠﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ ﻭﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍﻣﺶ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌ‬ ٬1980
24 ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ 1977 ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬ 27 ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺮﺍﻋﻲ‬ .‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﺜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻁﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ. ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻼ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ٬ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺕ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍء‬
‫ ﻫﺎﻣﺸﻴﺔ٬ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻫﺸﺎﺷﺔ؛ ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﺳﻨﺔ 2991٬ ﺑﺮﺯﺕ ﻧﺰﻋﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ‬ٍ‫ﻣﻦ 5891 ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺍﺽ‬
.‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ٬ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ‬
‫ ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺑﺘﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ. ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻀﺮﺱ٬ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺗﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺎﺳﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﺭﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻬﻮﻝ ﻭﻫﻀﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﻨﺘﻲ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺳﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﻲ. ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﺫﻟﻚ٬ ﺗﺘﺠﺰﺃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻋﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ٬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﻨﺘﻲ٬ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﺘﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻧﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ٬ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮﺷﺔ‬
‫ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘﺪ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺪﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮ‬ ‫ﺭﻁﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ٬‫ﻏﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻁﻨﻴﺔ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻼﻟﺔ ﻭﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻲ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬
:‫ ﻭﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬% 30 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﻨﺘﻲ٬ ﺗﺘﺴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻮﻕ‬‫ـ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ؛‬
‫ـ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ٬ ﻻ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺳﻮﻯ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﻠﺚ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘﺪ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻔﻲ‬ .% 30 ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﺸﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ؛ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ٬ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺩﺍء ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﺔ٬ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻌﺔ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺎﺕ٬ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﺎﺕ‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﺔ: ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻼﺣﺔ ﺑﻮﺭﻳﺔ )ﻣﻄﺮﻳﺔ( ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ‬

10. 31/10/2015 ãä ãÚÇáã ÇáÊÍæá æÇáÊÞÏã Ýí ÇáãÛÑÈ:
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٬‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻄﻮﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﺠﺎﻟﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻼﺣﺔ ﻣﺴﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﺒﺮﻯ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ٬ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬
.(‫ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ )ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﺔ٬ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻁﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻌﺔ‬ ٬‫ﻛﺒﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ 9 ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻲ‬ ‫ ﻭﻳﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻁﻨﻲ )ﺗﺎﺩﻟﺔ٬ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺯ٬ ﺳﻮﺱ٬ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ٬ ﻟﻜﻮﺱ٬ ﺩﻛﺎﻟﺔ٬ ﻣﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ(. ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬ ٬‫ﺻﻐﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺯﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍء‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻗﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‬
.‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺭ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺤﻮﺍﻟﻲ 6,1 ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ٬ 3,1 ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻳﺔ٬ ﻓﺘﻘ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫـ‬ 510000‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫـ‬ 850000) ‫ﺩﺍﺋﻢ‬ ّ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﻁﺎﺭ‬
­ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺳﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻠﻲ‬ ّ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻟﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫـ‬ 300000‫ﻭ‬ (‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻻﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ‬ ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﻭﻧﻈﺮ‬ ٬‫ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫٬ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻐﺮﺍﻓﻲ. ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺘﻀﺎءﻝ‬ً‫ﺎ‬ّ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻧﺴﺒ‬
.2020 ‫ﻣﻦ 43 ﻫـ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ 52 ﻫـ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺳﻨﺔ‬
٬‫ ﻟﻠﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ 003 ﻣﻢ٬ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﻅﺮﻓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ. ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻲ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ٬ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺷﺒﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺩﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﻴﺔ. ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ‬% 45 ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ٬ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﺤﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬% 10 ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﺳﻮﻯ‬
.‫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﻴﺔ‬% 75 ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ّ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻬﻢ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ٬ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻬﺎ؛‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺘﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻁﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺷﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻬﺎ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻮﻁﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﺟﻞ‬
‫ ﺑﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺗﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﺃﺳﺎﺳ‬ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﻭﻛﺜﻴﺮ‬
.‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ‬ً‫ﺍ‬‫ ﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ )8 ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ( ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺟﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻳﺎﻑ. ﺃﻣﺎ‬% 82‫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ‬% 35 ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ٬ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺟﺪ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ٬ ﻭﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﻄﺎﻋ‬
‫ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﺩ )ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﻛﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻒ(. ﺇﻻ‬
.(2002 ٬‫ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ٬ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﻮﺍﺋﻖ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻮﺍﺋﻖ ﺑﻨﻴﻮﻳﺔ )ﺗﺮﻭﺍﻥ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ‬‫ﱡ‬‫ﺴﺘﻐﻞ‬ُ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻻ‬
(‫ ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﺗﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﻮﺭ ﻣﻼﺋﻢ )ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻬﺎﻁﻞ ﻳﻔﻮﻕ 004 ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻢ‬ .‫ﻋﺮﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ٬‫ﺻﺪﻓﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻮﺭ‬ (‫ﻣﻢ‬ 400­300) ‫ﻣﻼﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻮﺭ‬

11. 31/10/2015 ãä ãÚÇáã ÇáÊÍæá æÇáÊÞÏã Ýí ÇáãÛÑÈ:
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‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺋﻢ ﺳﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﻲ )ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ­ ﺳﺎﻳﺲ( ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻀﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﻗﺪﻡ ﺟﺒﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻁﻠﺲ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ ﻭﺍﻷﻁﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﺍﻷﻁﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﺠﻮﺍﺭ ﻭﺟﺪﺓ. ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺋﻢ٬ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺒﺘﺪﺉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﻳﻐﻄﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻓﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻐﻄﻲ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺷﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻀﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
.‫ﻭﺳﻮﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻟﻸﻁﻠﺲ ﻭﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍء‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬
ٍ‫ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ. ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ٬ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ٬ ﺃﺭﺍﺽ‬
‫ﺗﻈﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺻﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ٬‫ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰﺃﺓ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ٍ‫ﺃﺭﺍﺽ‬ ٬‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ٬‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻮﺟﻬ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬
‫ ﻓﺄﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺹ٬ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻋﻴﺪ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻐﻠﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ٬‫)ﻣﻜﻨﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ .‫ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻧﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻁﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ُﻮﺍ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺗﺠ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺸﺠﻊ‬ (‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫)ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺘﺪﺧﻞ‬ (‫ﺳﻘﻲ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ ﺑﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﻪ‬ً‫ﺍ‬‫ ﻭﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﺃﺻﻴﻞ. ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻔﻲ ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻣﻬﺎ‬ ٬‫ﻗﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬
٬‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻫﺎ‬ ٬‫ﺃﺻﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺸﺎﻫﺪ‬ ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ .‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻋﻲ‬
‫٬ ﺿﻴﻌﺔﻣﻌﺰﻭﻟﺔ( ﻭﻛﺬﺍ‬«‫ﺩﺷﺮ‬» ‫ﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﺃﻭ‬ ٬‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺍﺭ‬ ٬‫ﺻﺤﺮﺍﻭﻱ‬ ‫)ﻗﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬
.‫ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬
.‫ ﺗﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﺮﻯ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﻨﺘﻲ ﻭﻫﻀﺎﺑﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﻳﺴﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﻋﺎﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﻴﺔ. ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ٬ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻋﻲ٬ ﻣﻊ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻟﻸﺷﺠﺎﺭ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻲ ﻟﻸﺭﺍﺿﻲ. ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﻴ‬
٬‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺸﻴﺮ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
٬‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻣﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ. ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻠﺖ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺰﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ )ﻗﻄﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻔﻴﺔ٬ ﻣﺰﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ(. ﻭﺗﺘﻌﻤﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺙ٬ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻅﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﺋﻘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺻﻌﺒ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺳﻄ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ‬ ‫ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬

12. 31/10/2015 ãä ãÚÇáã ÇáÊÍæá æÇáÊÞÏã Ýí ÇáãÛÑÈ:
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‫ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻅﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﺋﻘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺻﻌﺒ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺳﻄ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ‬ ‫ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬
ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺃﻭﺳﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻬﻮﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ً‫ﻯ‬‫ﻣﻨﺄ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺻﻼﺕ‬ ‫ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ‬‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ٬ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻭﺗﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻗﺘﻼﻉ‬
‫ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ. ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ٬ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺮﺍﺛ‬
‫ﺭﻁﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺒﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻋﻮﻳﺔ‬ ­ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻫﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬
.‫ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺣﻠﺔ‬ً‫ﻻ‬‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻭﺟﺒﺎ‬
300 ‫ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻓﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻢ ﻭﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﻓﺼﻠﻲ ﻭﺑﻴﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ. ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺪﺓ٬ ﻻ ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺇﻻ‬
.‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ٬ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﺻﻌﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ٬‫ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﻚ‬ ‫ ﻭﻻ‬
‫ﻛﺜﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ‬
‫ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ٬ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺮ ﻳﻬﺪﺩ ﻫﻮﺍﻣﺶ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ٬ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺣﺎﻟﻴ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ .‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﻭﺗﺪﺑﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﺣﺎﺕ‬
.‫)ﺗﺎﻓﻼﻟﺖ٬ ﺩﺭﻋﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ‬
‫ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﺭﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ )ﺣﺒﻮﺏ ﻭﻗﻄﺎﻥ ﻭﺯﺭﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﻭﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬ .‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﻄﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻤﺴﺔ‬ ٬‫ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬ 6,5 ‫ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬ (‫ﻭﺧﻀﺮﻭﺍﺕ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﻳﺔ٬ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻬﻢ 000007 ﻫـ٬ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﻣﺨﺼﺺ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺎﺗﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬% 50 ‫ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ 5,42 ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﺭﻫﻢ٬ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ ﻣﻦ‬% 47 ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬ .‫ﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ‬% 10 ‫ﺳﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﻳﻐﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬ .38% ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﻭﺍﺕ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﻮﺝ‬
ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ. ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻻ ﻳﻐﻄﻲ ﺇﻻ ﻗﺴﻄ‬% 45 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ٬ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺑـ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ‬% 20‫ﻭ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫25 ﻓﻲ‬%‫ﻭ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ﻣﻦ‬% 60) ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺟﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
.‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮﻩ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ(٬ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﺋﻀ‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺇﻟﻰ 06 ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻗﻨﻄﺎﺭ‬ً‫ﺍ‬‫ ﻭﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺪﻝ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻟﺴﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﻨﺘﻲ ﻭﻫﻀﺎﺑﻪ. ﻭﻳﻤﺜﻞ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ٬ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ‬% 45 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘﺪ‬ ٬‫ﻫـ‬ 400000 ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬ .‫ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬

13. 31/10/2015 ãä ãÚÇáã ÇáÊÍæá æÇáÊÞÏã Ýí ÇáãÛÑÈ:
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1,8 ‫ ﻣﻨﺬ 5891٬ ﻭﺑﻠﻎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﻪ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ﻭﺍﺿﺤ‬ً‫ﻻ‬‫ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ٬ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺗﻀﺎﺅ‬
.2000‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻗﻨﻄﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ 5991 ﻭ‬
‫ ﻭﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﻐﺮﻭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﻛﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻋﻜﺴﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ. ﻓﻨﺴﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ. ﻭﺗﻤﺘﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺗﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫000025 ﻫـ٬ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﺞ 00084 ﻁﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ٬ ﻭ000021 ﻁﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺒﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮﻥ. ﻭﺗﻤﺘﺪ‬
‫3,1 ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺗﻔﻊ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ٬‫ﻫـ‬ 75000 ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﻣﺾ‬
.‫ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ‬ً‫ﺎ‬ّ‫ﻣ‬‫ ﻫﺎ‬ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﻁﻦ٬ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‬
‫ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ )ﺧﻀﺮ٬ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺘﻴﺔ(٬ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻬﻢ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﻛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻁﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ 000052 ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﻭﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ 4 ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻁﻦ٬ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺜﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻬﺎ؛‬
.‫000042 ﻁﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﺓ. ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺄﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫. ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻜﻨﻨﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﻴﺎﺕ )1 ﺟﺮﺍﺭ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻈﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺿﻌ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻮﺍﻟﻲ 032 ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ٬ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ 1 ﺟﺮﺍﺭ ﻟـ 54 ﻫـ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ(. ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﻟﻪ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬
.(‫63 ﻛﻴﻠﻮ/ ﻗﻨﻄﺎﺭ )ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ 46 ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻭ49 ﻓﻲ ﺇﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ‬
(‫ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬% 32 ‫ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﻲ )62 ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﻲ؛‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ ﻣﻦ‬% 20‫ﻭ‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ. ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﻴﻊ‬% 5 ‫ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ٬ ﻭﻧﻤﻮﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺲ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻢ٬ ﻭ5 ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﻷﺑﻘﺎﺭ٬ 51 ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ (2,5) ‫ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻈﺮﻭﻑ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺒﻌ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‬ ٬‫ﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻋﺰ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ )ﻭ ﺡ ﻙ( ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ 5,6 ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻴﻊ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻜﺘﺎﺭ٬ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ .‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻁﻠﻨﺘﻲ؛ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ ﻭﺳﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ. ﻭﺗﺘﺸﺨﺺ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺑﻘﺎﺭ )ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ٬ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ(٬ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﺒﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻁﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻋﺰ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻐﻠﺐ‬ ٬(‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻁﻠﺲ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻏﻨﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻁﻠﻨﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻀﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻬﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺎﻥ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻋﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ٬ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻳﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻮﺹ. ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬

14. 31/10/2015 ãä ãÚÇáã ÇáÊÍæá æÇáÊÞÏã Ýí ÇáãÛÑÈ:
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‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ 17 ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ٬ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻋﻲ ­ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ )ﻏﺎﺑﺎﺕ٬ ﺳﻬﻮﺏ٬ ﻣﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻠﻴﺔ٬ ﺃﺭﺍﺽ‬% 88 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻔﻴﺔ ­ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬
.‫ﺻﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ(. ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ 42 ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬
٬(‫)ﻭ.ﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬ 5000‫0003 ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻋﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﻁﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ ﻭﻣﻦ‬
:‫ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ٬ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﻨﻮﻳ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻒ‬% 11 ‫ـ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺔ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ 5,5 ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ 1 ﺇﻟﻰ 3,1 ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻭ.ﻉ٬ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ؛‬% 30‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻴﻊ ﻭ‬
.‫ـ ﺳﻬﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻔﺎء ﺗﻐﻄﻲ 3 ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ٬ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ٬ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﺞ 682 ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﻉ؛‬
‫ـ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ 12 ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ٬ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻀﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ ﻣﻦ‬% 32 ‫ﻭﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍء‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻷﻁﻠﻨﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ 3 ﻣﻼﻳﻴﺮ ﻭ.ﻉ٬ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ. ﻭﻟﻠﺮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻼﻝ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬% 25
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻋﻲ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ٬ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ‬
.‫ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﺘﺪﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺗﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ‬
‫ ﻭﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻶﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ٬ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺪﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺎﻥ. ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻼﺕ٬ ﺗﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫٬ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ﻫﺎﻣ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻋﻮﻳﺔ. ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﻮﻱ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻌ‬
٬‫. ﻭﺗﻨﺰﻉ ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ً‫ﺎ‬ّ‫ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻧﻘﺮﺽ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻢ ﻛﻠ‬
٬‫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ. ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‬% 36 ‫ﻭﻟﻢ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺳﻮﻯ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺭ‬ (‫)ﺗﺒﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺎﺕ‬ (‫ﺫﺭﺓ‬ ٬‫)ﺷﻌﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺣﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻏﺬﺍء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻀﻼﺕ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬
.‫ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺭﻋﻲ ﺍﻷﻏﻨﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻅﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﻣﻊ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ٬ ﻷﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍء‬
‫ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺗﺨﺬﺕ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺬ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺖ‬ ٬‫ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬‫ ﻷﺟﻨﺎﺱ‬«ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﻬﺪ‬» ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻨﺎﺱ‬ .‫ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰﺓ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺎ‬ .‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻥ‬ ٬‫ﻭﺑﺠﻌﺪ‬ ٬‫ﻛﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻨﻲ‬ ٬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺮﺩﻱ‬ ٬‫ﺗﻤﺤﻀﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺲ‬ :‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ‬

15. 31/10/2015 ãä ãÚÇáã ÇáÊÍæá æÇáÊÞÏã Ýí ÇáãÛÑÈ:
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‫ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺎﺱ ­ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻥ ­ ﻫﻮ ﺟﻼﺩﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻜﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻼﻟﺔ. ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﺒﻨﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺳﻨﺔ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ ﺑﻴﻦ 0791 ﻭ2991. ﻭﻗﺪ ﺧﻠ‬% 75 ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﺤﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬
‫ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺮ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﻢ‬‫0891 ﻋﺪﺓ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﺤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻢ؛ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻫ‬
.‫ﺔ‬ّ‫ﻣ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء ﻋﺎ‬
‫. ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬% 50 ‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺑﻘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ ﻁﺎﻗﻢ‬
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺮﻛﺰ‬ ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻑ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ 1000 ‫)ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﺒﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻤﻮﺍﺯﺍﺓ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻮﺹ‬
630 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ( ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﻭﺩﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻮﺯ ­ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺍﻏﻨﺔ ﻭﺗﺎﺩﻟﺔ. ﻭﺗﻬﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ‬
.‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻟﺘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ‬ً‫ﺍ‬‫ ﻣﻄﺮﺩ‬ً‫ﺍ‬‫ ﻟﻘﺪ ﻋﺮﻑ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء ﻧﻤﻮ‬
‫ ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ. ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ(٬ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬% 8 ‫)ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻧﻤﻮ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬
.‫ﺑﺠﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ‬
‫3 ـ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﻕ‬
‫ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﺭﻋﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ٬ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
.(2001 ٬‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ. )ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﻁﻨﻲ ﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺏ‬
‫ ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻁﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ٬ ﻳﺴﺠﻞ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺷﺒﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻁﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﱠ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﺇ‬ ٬‫ﻛﺒﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺃﺯﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ٬‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺣﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍء‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ .ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ. ﻭﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻮﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ٬ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ‬ ‫٬ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬«‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬» ‫ ﻅﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬‫ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍء ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻵﺳﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻈﺔ٬ ﻛﺎﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬ً‫ﺍ‬‫ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ٬ ﻓﻴﻌﺮﻑ ﺗﻘﺪﻣ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻳﻠﻨﺪ ﻭﺃﻧﺪﻭﻧﺴﻴﺎ. ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻮﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ. ﻭﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺼ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﻴ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﺔ. ﻭﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻫﻲ: ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ‬

16. 31/10/2015 ãä ãÚÇáã ÇáÊÍæá æÇáÊÞÏã Ýí ÇáãÛÑÈ:
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‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻮﺝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫)ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻴﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ‬ ٬‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ‬% 80 ‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻞ(٬ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺩﻭﺩ؛ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ٬ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ‬
.ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺻﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﻴ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻘﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ٬‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ ﻭﻳﺤﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻤﻨﺘﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻔﺔ٬ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﺒﻲ ﻁﻠﺐ ﺯﺑﻨﺎء ﺟﺪﺩ٬ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻅﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ. ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ٬ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺟﺬﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ. ﻛﻤﺎ‬
ً‫ﻻ‬‫ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺗﺒﺎﺩ‬ٍ‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ ﻟﻘﺴﻂ ﻋﺎﻝ‬
‫ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء٬ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ. ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ٬ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩ ﺟﻬﺔ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿﻤﻨﻴ‬
‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍء ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﺒﻴﺐ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫ ﻭﺗﻄﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ٬ ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﺔ‬
:‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺘﻴﻦ‬
‫ـ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﺒﻮﺏ٬ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺣﺒﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻁﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫)ﻣﻜﻨﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ( ﻭﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻼﺣﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ؟‬
‫ـ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ٬ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻀﺮ ﻭﻓﻮﺍﻛﻪ٬ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻄﺮﺃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ٬ ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
.(‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻐﺬﺍء )ﻣﻨﺘﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺑﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻼﻟﺔ٬ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ﻫﺬﺍ٬ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻳﺤﺘﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﻣﻮﻗﻌ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﻳﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺓ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺣﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ .‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪ‬ ٬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ٬ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ. ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ٬ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ٬ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬‫ﻫﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﺰء‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ّﺎﺕ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨ‬ ‫ّﺎﺕ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺔ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺤﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﺶ‬ ٬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ ﻣﻊ‬ «‫ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ‬» ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ ﻟﻬﺆﻻء‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ ﻣﺨﺮﺟ‬ً‫ﺍ‬‫ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺮﺓ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ. ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺮﺓ ﻻ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﺑﺪ‬ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﻭﺗﺄﺯﻡ٬ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻁﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻮﺽ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺪﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻐﺎﺩﺭﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻱ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻆ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ‬ .‫ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬

17. 31/10/2015 ãä ãÚÇáã ÇáÊÍæá æÇáÊÞÏã Ýí ÇáãÛÑÈ:
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.‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻞ ﻟﺘﻼﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺜﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ٬ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺭﺻﻴﻦ ﻭﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻳﺒﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﺬ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎﻡ‬ .‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬ ٬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺩﻭﻟﻴ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺤﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮﻭﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺣﺎﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺘﻪ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻞ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻀﻮﻉ ﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻳﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺸﻞ٬ ﺇﺫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ‬
٬‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻧﻘﺮﺍﺽ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ٬ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻘﻀﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺍﺭﻋﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﻌﻰ‬ ٬‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻮﺽ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﻭﺣﻴﺪ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺨﺮﺟ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺤﺘﻢ‬ ٬‫ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺍﺭﻋﻮﻥ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ )ﺧﻀﺮ ﻭﻓﻮﺍﻛﻪ(. ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻅﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻩ‬
‫ ﻭﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﺁﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﻬﺪ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ٬ ﻭﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ٬ ﻭﺇﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ. ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
.‫ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺗﻤﺔ‬
‫ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺣﺮﺯﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﺳﺐ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ: ﻣﻜﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻫﺪﻓ‬ ٬‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺬ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺘﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ؛ ﻭﻣﻜﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ؛ ﻭﻣﻜﺴﺐ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻷﻭﻓﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ. ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺻﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﻨﺬ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ٬ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﻘﻂ‬% 20 ­ 18 ‫03 ﺳﻨﺔ. ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ ﻛﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ. ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻘﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ‬% 12 ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ ﻣﻦ‬44%) ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬
.(‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬

18. 31/10/2015 ãä ãÚÇáã ÇáÊÍæá æÇáÊÞÏã Ýí ÇáãÛÑÈ:
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٬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ‬ .‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ‬٬‫ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﷲ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻥ‬ ٬‫ﺗﺮﻭﺍﻥ‬
.2002 ٬‫ﻻﺭﻭﺯ٬ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺰ‬
‫ﺟﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ‬ ‫ ﺃﻁﻠﺲ‬ ٬‫ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﷲ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ٬‫ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﺹ‬
.2003 ٬‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻚ٬ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺰ‬
.‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﻁﻨﻲ )4891(٬ ﺃﻁﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
.1996 ٬‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﺔ٬ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬
.2002 ٬‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﺔ٬ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﻁﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﻱ‬
.2001 ٬‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﻁﻨﻲ٬ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﻁﻨﻲ ﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺏ‬
‫ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬