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2050趨勢巨流
第一章
人口紅利衰退拖累經濟成長
報 告 人 : 吳 孟 倫
產 業 創 新 與 科 技 管 理
目前人口成長的速度越來越快
• 人類花 25 億年,達到 10 億人口
• 1927 年,全球人口破 20 億
• 1960 年,全球人口破 30 億
• 1987 年,全球人口破 50 億
• 1999 年 10 月 12 日,全球人口破 60 億
• 2011 年 10 月 31 日,全球人口破 70 億
• 2050 年,世界人口將超過 90 億
人口上升與下降快的地區
• 下降快的地區
亞洲區域
–原本占
2
3
人口 (2000)
–未來只略高於
1
2
人口
• 上升快的地區:
非洲撒哈拉沙漠以南
– 原本人數和歐洲相當
– 未來會是歐洲的三倍 (2050)
– 2010~2050 全球人口增加 23 億
• 非洲貢獻一半的增加量
人口成長與年齡成長
• 全世界 65 歲以上人口
–2010 年不到 8% ,年齡中位數為 29 歲
–2050 年為 16% 以上,年齡中位數為 38 歲
• 窮國與富國之預期壽命與家庭人數將匯流
–原本窮國預期壽命 37 歲 (1950) ,一個家庭六胎以上
–所有國家都朝向生兩胎,預期壽命 70 歲邁進
–均由高出生率高死亡率,邁向低出生率低死亡率
• 已開發國家預期壽命將達 100 歲
人口與社會
• 孔德:「人口即命運」
• 馬爾薩斯:人口持續增長,地球承載力可能不足?
– 人口衝突
• 假設人口越多可能越多衝突,但事實上人口數與戰爭死亡人數呈反比
– 碳排放增加
• 碳排放由美國和澳洲貢獻較多,此兩國並非人口成長快速之區域
非洲人口成長最快,但碳排放增加不多
– 糧食問題
• 但目前技術使得糧食實際上綽綽有餘,到 2050 時,仍能足夠供養
• 平均年齡和家庭人數相對變化,比人口絕對數量的影響更大
生育率下降
• 生育率:人口自我繁殖的數字。
– 生育率在 2.1 時,正好是增長減慢,穩定下來的數字
在此生育率下,人口會在遲滯不前中下降
• 1970 年,全世界總生育率 4.45
• 2010 年,全世界總生育率 2.45
• 2050 年,全世界總生育率將低於 2.1 (非洲以外)
人口統計紅利
• 發生在生育率下降,死亡率仍高,但青壯年人口很多的時代
– 若生育率居高不下,仍不能帶來人口紅利,例如非洲
• 有了紅利,經濟才可能成長;
但能夠善用紅利,才能對經濟有所貢獻
– 只有在將日益成長的勞動力,投入生產用途,才有經濟成長
– 1980 年代,拉丁美洲和東亞有類似的人口比例
• 東亞享有經濟奇蹟
• 拉丁美洲歷經失落的一代
• 歷經人口紅利之後
– 原本人數最多的青壯年人變成老年人,由下一代較少的青壯年人供養
人口統計三類國家
• 第一類:人口統計持續改善的受益者
– 印度、撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲、中東、北非
– 人口持續增加,扶養比將降低
• 第二類:扶養比溫和惡化
– 美國、拉丁美洲、東南亞
– 美國能夠免於人口惡化,一部分靠移民
• 第三類:扶養比惡化
– 歐洲、日本、中國
– 西歐東歐相差不多
– 日本年齡中位數將達 52.3 歲,是人類所知最老社會
– 中國乃由於一胎化政策和男女比例失調
人口減少的可能因素
• 各國仿效西方模式
– 家庭所得、人數、教育,以及中產階級形成方式,
都仿造西方先進國家
– 成為小家庭,高收入的模式
• 個人自由主義興起,對於傳統觀念的抗拒
– 離婚、單親家庭的增加
– 適婚年齡女性選擇不婚不生
小結
• 影響未來世界的不是人口增加,而是人口年齡比例改變
• 因為年齡比例帶來的人口紅利,仍需配合適當的政策才有經濟發展
• 人口比例惡化的國家
– 目前均未有明朗的改善政策
– 通常是已開發國家,擁有廣大財富,仍有時間迴旋
• 因為人口比例的變化
– 人口數目的發展會回到 17 、 18 世紀,趨於穩定
– 家庭傳統和世代間的均勢衝突,將會升高
– 不只影響經濟,也可能影響政治和社會

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人口紅利衰退拖累經濟成長