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ȫɂɏɜɉɄɗɄ
ȧɂ ɚɁɏȽ ɒɄɋ ȜɏɖȽɜȽ ȪɉɓɊɎɜȽ ɈȽɇ ɖɘɏɇɈɛ ȽɏɊɍɁɇɟɒɄɒȽ ɐɒɍɋ ɋɍɊɟ ȢɉɂɜȽɑǡ
Ʉ ȠɔɍɏɂɜȽ ȜɏɖȽɇɍɒɛɒɘɋ ȢɉɂɜȽɑ ɚɖɂɇ ɘɑ ȫɂɏɇɔɂɏɂɇȽɈɛ ȧɍɋəɁȽ ɒɍɓ ȯȫȫȪȜ
ȋȯɎɍɓɏɀɂɜɍ ȫɍɉɇɒɇɐɊɍɠ ɈȽɇ ȜɅɉɄɒɇɐɊɍɠȌ ɒɄɋ ɂɓɅɠɋɄ ɒɄɑ ɔɏɍɋɒɜɁȽɑǡ
ȽɋəɊɂɐȽ ɐɂ əɉɉɍɓɑ ɐɄɊȽɋɒɇɈɍɠɑɖɣɏɍɓɑ ɈȽɇɊɍɓɐɂɜȽǡɁɓɍɂɈ ɒɘɋ ɁɂɈȽɍɈɒɣ
ɂɉɉɄɋɇɈɣɋ ɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋ Ɏɍɓ ɂɜɋȽɇ ɂɋɒȽɀɊɚɋȽ ɐɒɍɋ ȥȽɒəɉɍɀɍ ɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɣɋ ɈȽɇ
ɎɂɏɇȾȽɉɉɍɋɒɇɈɣɋȧɋɄɊɂɜɘɋɒɄɑȫȽɀɈɟɐɊɇȽɑȥɉɄɏɍɋɍɊɇəɑɒɄɑȋ‹–‡†
ƒ–‹‘• †—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡ …‹‡–‹Ƥ… ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ ”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ȍǡ ɒɘɋ ȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɣɋ
ȱɣɏɘɋɒɄɑȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑɈȽɇɒɍɓȨȽɍɠȠɎɇɈɍɓɏɜɍɓȜɎɟɉɉɘɋȽȝȽɐɐɣɋȰɇɀȽɉɂɜȽɑǤȭɂ
ȽɀȽɐɒɛɐɓɋɚɏɀɂɇȽɊɂɒɍɓɑɂɊɎɉɂɈɟɊɂɋɍɓɑɔɍɏɂɜɑɒɍɓɁɄɊɍɐɜɍɓɈȽɇɇɁɇɘɒɇɈɍɠ
ɒɍɊɚȽǡ ɈȽɒȽȾəɉɉɂɇ ɎɏɍɐɎəɅɂɇȽ ɍɉɇɐɒɇɈɛɑ ɈȽɇ ɁɇɂɎɇɐɒɄɊɍɋɇɈɛɑ ɁɇȽɖɂɜɏɇɐɄɑ
ɒɘɋɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋɂɓɅɠɋɄɑɒɄɑǤȩɂɎɂɏɋɣɋɒȽɑɎɍɉɉɚɑɁɓɐɈɍɉɜɂɑɈȽɇɎɏɍɈɉɛɐɂɇɑǡɄ
ȯɎɄɏɂɐɜȽɈȽɒȽɔɚɏɋɂɇɎɉɄɋɒɄɑɎɏɘɒɍɀɂɋɍɠɑȋɚɏɂɓɋȽǦȽɋȽɐɈȽɔɛǦɊɂɉɚɒɄȌɈȽɇ
ɁɂɓɒɂɏɍɀɂɋɍɠɑȋɐɓɋɒɛɏɄɐɄǦȽɎɍɈȽɒəɐɒȽɐɄǦɎɏɍɐɒȽɐɜȽǦȽɐɔəɉɂɇȽȌɔɏɍɋɒɜɁȽɑ
ɒɘɋɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋǡɋȽɅɂɏȽɎɂɠɂɇɈȽɇɒɇɑɒɏɇɒɍɀɂɋɂɜɑȽɋəɀɈɂɑɎɍɓȽɎɍɏɏɚɍɓɋȽɎɟ
ɒɄɐɖɚɐɄɒɍɓɑɊɂɒɍɓɑɂɎɇɐɈɚɎɒɂɑȋɓɎɄɏɂɐɜɂɑǦɎɏɍȾɍɉɛǦɂɋɄɊɚɏɘɐɄȌɈȽɇɒɄɋ
ɈɍɇɋɘɋɜȽɂɋɀɚɋɂɇǤ
ȭɒɍɎɋɂɠɊȽȽɓɒɟǡɐɒɍɎɏɣɒɍɊɚɏɍɑɒɄɑɂɇɐɛɀɄɐɄɑɀɜɋɂɒȽɇɐɓɋɍɎɒɇɈɛȽɋȽɔɍɏə
ɐɒȽɚɏɀȽȽɋȽɐɒɛɉɘɐɄɑɈȽɇȽɋəɁɂɇɌɄɑɎɍɓɐɓɋɒɂɉɚɐɒɄɈȽɋɒɄɋɒɂɉɂɓɒȽɜȽ͙͘ɂɒɜȽ
ɐɒɍɋȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟȱɣɏɍɒɄɑȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑǡɊɂɒɄɋȽɏɘɀɛɖɏɄɊȽɒɍɁɍɒɛɐɂɘɋɒɍɓ
ɎɏɍɀɏəɊɊȽɒɍɑȠȭȫȜȋȠɒȽɇɏɇɈɟȭɠɊɔɘɋɍɀɇȽɒɍȫɉȽɜɐɇɍȜɋəɎɒɓɌɄɑȌ͚͘͘͟Ǧ͚͙͛͘
ɈȽɅɣɑɈȽɇɖɍɏɄɀɇɣɋɇɁɇɘɒɇɈɣɋɔɍɏɚɘɋɈȽɇɇɁɏɓɊəɒɘɋɒȽɍɎɍɜȽɐɓɋɂɒɚɉɂɐȽɋ
ɐɒɄɋ ɐɄɊȽɋɒɇɈɛ ȽɋȽɋɚɘɐɄ ɒɍɓ ȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠ ɖɣɏɍɓ ɈȽɇ ɐɒɄɋ ɎɂɏȽɇɒɚɏɘ
ɘɏɜɊȽɋɐɄɒɄɑɇɁɚȽɑɀɇȽɒɄɋɁɄɊɇɍɓɏɀɜȽɂɋɟɑȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠɎəɏɈɍɓǤȭɒɍɁɂɠɒɂɏɍ
Ɋɚɏɍɑ ɎȽɏɍɓɐɇəɃɍɋɒȽɇ ɍɇ ɂɌɘɐɒɏɂɔɂɜɑ ɂɋɚɏɀɂɇɂɑ ɒɄɑ ȠɔɍɏɂɜȽɑ ȜɏɖȽɇɍɒɛɒɘɋ
ȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟɑȱɣɏɍɑȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑǣȢɎȽɏɍɠɐȽ
ɈȽɒəɐɒȽɐɄɚɎɂɇɒȽȽɎɟɒȽȽɋȽɐɒɄɉɘɒɇɈəɚɏɀȽɈȽɇ
ɒȽɚɏɀȽȽɋəɁɂɇɌɄɑǤȪɗɄɔɇȽɈɟɑɊɂɒȽɐɖɄɊȽɒɇɐɊɟɑ
ɒɄɑȠɔɍɏɂɜȽɑȜɏɖȽɇɍɒɛɒɘɋȢɉɂɜȽɑ
Archaeological Site of Olympia: The current situation after the restoration
and enhancement works. The digital transformation of the Ephorate of
Antiquities of Elis
ȠɏɘɔɜɉɄȥɟɉɇȽ
ůŰŮŸűŲŠūŤŬŦŤŴŮŰŤŨŠŠŰŵŠŨŮŲŦŲŷŬŦŪŤŨŠű
ekollia@culture.gr
ȥɘɋɐɒȽɋɒɜɋɍɑȜɋɒɘɋɟɎɍɓɉɍɑ
ŠŰŵŠŨŮŪŮŢŮűŤŴŮŰŤŨŠŠŰŵŠŨŮŲŦŲŷŬŦŪŤŨŠű
kantonopoulos@culture.gr
203
ȢɉɂɜȽɑ Ɏɍɓ ȽɌɇɍɎɍɇɍɠɋ ɒɄɋ ȽɉɉɄɉɂɎɇɁɏȽɐɒɇɈɛ ɁɓɋȽɒɟɒɄɒȽ ɒɄɑ ɗɄɔɇȽɈɛɑ
ɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɜȽɑɈȽɇɂɎɇɈɍɇɋɘɋɜȽɑɈȽɇɒȽɂɏɀȽɉɂɜȽɎɍɓɛɁɄɚɖɍɓɋɐɒɄɁɇəɅɂɐɛɒɍɓɑ
ɈȽɇ ɖɏɄɐɇɊɍɎɍɇɍɠɋ ɇɁɏɠɊȽɒȽǡ ɂɎɇɖɂɇɏɛɐɂɇɑ ɈȽɇ ɔɍɏɂɜɑǡ ɂɀɖɣɏɇɍɇ ɈȽɇ ɁɇɂɅɋɂɜɑ
ɀɇȽɒɄɋɂɎɜɒɂɓɌɄɒɍɓɚɏɀɍɓɒɍɓɑǡɟɎɘɑɂɜɋȽɇɄɗɄɔɇɍɎɍɜɄɐɄǡɒɍɁɇȽɁɇɈɒɓȽɈɟ
ɊəɏɈɂɒɇɋɀɈɈȽɇɒȽɊɚɐȽɈɍɇɋɘɋɇɈɛɑɁɇɈɒɠɘɐɄɑǤȪɇɈȽɇɋɍɒɟɊɂɑȽɓɒɚɑɊɚɅɍɁɍɇǡ
Ɏɉəɇ ɐɒɇɑ ɎȽɏȽɁɍɐɇȽɈɚɑǡ ɂɋɇɐɖɠɍɓɋ ɒɍ Ɂɇəɉɍɀɍ ɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋ ɈȽɇ ɈɍɇɋɘɋɜȽɑ ɈȽɇ
Ɉəɋɍɓɋ Ɏɇɍ ɐɒȽɅɂɏɟ ɒɍɋ ȾɄɊȽɒɇɐɊɟ ɀɇȽ ɒɄɋ ɂɎɜɒɂɓɌɄ ɈȽɇ ɂɊɎɚɁɘɐɄ ɒɍɓ
ɗɄɔɇȽɈɍɠɊɂɒȽɐɖɄɊȽɒɇɐɊɍɠɒɄɑȯɎɄɏɂɐɜȽɑǡɎɏɍɑɟɔɂɉɍɑɂɌɜɐɍɓɒɘɋɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋ
ɈȽɇɒɘɋɎɍɉɇɒɣɋǤ
Abstract
ƒ•‡†‹…‹‡–Ž›’‹ƒƒ†™‹–Šƒ–‡””‹–‘”‹ƒŽŒ—”‹•†‹…–‹‘™‹–Š‹–Š‡”‡ˆ‡…–—”‡
‘ˆŽ‹•ǡ–Š‡’Š‘”ƒ–‡‘ˆ–‹“—‹–‹‡•‘ˆ
Ž‹ƒǡƒ•ƒ‡‰‹‘ƒŽ‹–‘ˆ–Š‡‹‹•–”›‘ˆ—ŽǦ
–—”‡ƒ†’‘”–•‹•‹…Šƒ”‰‡ǡƒ‘‰‘–Š‡”‹’‘”–ƒ–•‹–‡•ƒ†—•‡—•ǡ‘ˆ–™‘‘ˆ
–Š‡‡‹‰Š–‡‡
”‡‡‘—‡–•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‹…Ž—†‡†‹–Š‡‹•–‘ˆ…—Ž–—”ƒŽƒ†‡˜‹Ǧ
”‘‡–ƒŽ‘—‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡‘”Ž†‡”‹–ƒ‰‡Ǣ–Š‡”…Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‹–‡•‘ˆ
Ž›’‹ƒƒ†–Š‡‡’Ž‡‘ˆ’‘ŽŽ‘’‹…—”‹—•Ǥ
‰‘‘†•›‡”‰›™‹–Š–Š‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†„‘†‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’—„Ž‹…ƒ†’”‹˜ƒ–‡•‡…–‘”ǡ–Š‡
’Š‘”ƒ–‡•–”‹˜‡•ˆ‘”Š‘Ž‹•–‹…ƒ†‹–‡”†‹•…‹’Ž‹ƒ”›ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‘—‡–•
‘ˆ ‹–• ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ ˜‡”…‘‹‰ ƒ› †‹ƥ…—Ž–‹‡• ƒ† …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ‹– ƒƒ‰‡†ǡ
ƒ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›ȋ”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǦ‡š…ƒ˜ƒ–‹‘Ǧ•–—†›Ȍƒ†•‡…‘†ƒ”›ȋ…‘Ǧ•‡”˜ƒǦ
–‹‘Ǧ”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǧ’”‘–‡…–‹‘Ǧ•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†‹‰Ȍ•—’’‘”–‘ˆ–Š‡‘—‡–•ǡ–‘…—”‡
–Š‡–‡”–‹ƒ”›‡‡†•ƒ”‹•‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘™‹–Š˜‹•‹–‘”•ȋ•‡”˜‹…‡•Ǧ’”‘‘–‹‘
Ǧ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ȍƒ†•‘…‹‡–›ƒ–Žƒ”‰‡Ǥ
–Ƥ”•–ǡƒ„”‹‡ˆ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡‹•ƒ†‡–‘–Š‡”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡Šƒ…‡‡–™‘”•–Šƒ–
–‘‘’Žƒ…‡‹–Š‡Žƒ•––‡›‡ƒ”•ƒ––Š‡Ž›’‹ƒ”…Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‹–‡ǡˆ—†‡†„›–Š‡
	’”‘‰”ƒ͚͘͘͟Ǧ͚͙͛͘ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•„›•’‘•‘”•Š‹’•‘ˆ’”‹˜ƒ–‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ƒ†
‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡ™Š‹…Š…‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘–Š‡”‡‡™ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”…Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ•‹–‡ƒ†–Š‡
ˆ—”–Š‡”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‡ƒˆ‘”–Š‡…”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒƒ”…Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ’ƒ”Ǥ
‡š–ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†–Š‡‘’‡ƒ…–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡
Ž‹ƒ’Š‘”ƒ–‡‘ˆ–‹“—‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–—–‹Ž‹œ‡
–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ…–‹˜‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ†‹‰‹–ƒŽ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡–‘‘Ž•
ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‹—•‡„›†‘‡•–‹…ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡ…‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ†ƒ‰‡…‹‡•ǡ
–‘ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡–Š‡‹”‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ•—…Šƒ•†‹‰‹–‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ‹–‡”‡–ƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ‡†‹ƒǤ
Š‡•‡‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡‡–Š‘†•ǡ‡š––‘–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘‡•ǡ•–”‡‰–Š‡–Š‡†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡
„‡–™‡‡‘—‡–•ƒ†•‘…‹‡–›ƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡‡–ƒ†
…‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡˆ‘”–Š‡„‡‡Ƥ–‘ˆ„‘–Š‘—‡–•
ƒ†…‹–‹œ‡•Ǥ
204
ȭɠɊɔɘɋȽɊɂɒɍɋȪɏɀȽɋɇɐɊɟɒɍɓȯȫȫȪȜǡȋȫǤȟǤ͘Ȁ͖͔͕͜ǦȰȠȥ͛ȀȜȀ͖͖Ǧ
͔͕Ǧ͖͔͕͜Ȍ Ʉ ȠɔɍɏɂɜȽ ȜɏɖȽɇɍɒɛɒɘɋ ȢɉɂɜȽɑ ȋȠɔǤ ȜǤ ȢɉɂɜȽɑȌ ɐɓɋɇɐɒə
ȫɂɏɇɔɂɏɂɇȽɈɛȯɎɄɏɂɐɜȽɒɍɓȯȫȫȪȜǡɓɎȽɀɟɊɂɋɄɐɒɄȞɂɋɇɈɛȟɇɂɠɅɓɋɐɄ
ȜɏɖȽɇɍɒɛɒɘɋ ɈȽɇ ȫɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɛɑ ȥɉɄɏɍɋɍɊɇəɑǤ ȧɂ ɚɁɏȽ ɒɄɋ ȜɏɖȽɜȽ
ȪɉɓɊɎɜȽ ɈȽɇ ɖɘɏɇɈɛ ȽɏɊɍɁɇɟɒɄɒȽ ɐɒɍɋ ɋɍɊɟ ȢɉɂɜȽɑǡ Ʉ ȯɎɄɏɂɐɜȽ
ɚɖɂɇɁɇɒɒɟɖȽɏȽɈɒɛɏȽǡɁɇɍɇɈɄɒɇɈɟɈȽɇɂɎɇɐɒɄɊɍɋɇɈɟǤȜɋəɊɂɐȽɐɒɍɓɑ
ɈȽɒȽɐɒȽɒɇɈɍɠɑ ɐɒɟɖɍɓɑ ɒɍɓ ɔɍɏɚȽ ɎɏɍȾəɉɉɍɓɋ Ʉ ɂɎɇɐɒɄɊɍɋɇɈɛ
ɚɏɂɓɋȽǡȽɎɍɈəɉɓɗɄǡɐɓɋɒɛɏɄɐɄɈȽɇȽɎɍɈȽɒəɐɒȽɐɄɒɘɋɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋɒɄɑ
ɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɛɑɈɉɄɏɍɋɍɊɇəɑɈȽɇɄɊɂɈəɅɂɎɏɟɐɔɍɏɍɈȽɇɂɎɇɐɒɄɊɍɋɇɈə
ɂɉɂɀɊɚɋɍ ɈȽɇ ɍɏɅɟ ɒɏɟɎɍ ɎɏɍɐɒȽɐɜȽ ȽɋəɁɂɇɌɄ ɈȽɇ ɎɏɍȾɍɉɛ ɒɍɓɑǤ
ȞɇȽ ɋȽ ɔɚɏɂɇ ɂɇɑ ɎɚɏȽɑ ɒɄɋ ȽɎɍɐɒɍɉɛ ɒɄɑǡ Ʉ ȯɎɄɏɂɐɜȽ ɎɏɍȾȽɜɋɂɇ
ɈəɅɂ ɖɏɟɋɍ ɐɒɄɋ ɂɈɎɟɋɄɐɄ Ɋɂɉɂɒɣɋǡ ɐɒɍɋ ɎɏɍɀɏȽɊɊȽɒɇɐɊɟǡ
ɐɒɄ ɁɇȽɖɂɜɏɇɐɄ ɈȽɇ ɂɈɒɚɉɂɐɄ ɍɎɍɇɍɓɁɛɎɍɒɂ ȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠ ɚɏɀɍɓ
ɐɓɋɒɛɏɄɐɄɑǡ ɂɎɇɐɈɂɓɛɑǡ ȽɎɍɈȽɒəɐɒȽɐɄɑǡ ȽɋȽɐɒɛɉɘɐɄɑǡ ȽɋəɁɂɇɌɄɑ
ɈȽɇ ɁɇȽɊɟɏɔɘɐɄɑ ɒɘɋ ɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋ ɈȽɇ ȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɣɋ ɖɣɏɘɋ ɒɄɑ
ȢɉɂɜȽɑǡ ɈȽɅɣɑ ɈȽɇ ɒɍɓ əɊɂɐɍɓ ɔɓɐɇɈɍɠ ɎɂɏɇȾəɉɉɍɋɒɟɑ ɒɍɓɑǤ
ȠɎɇɁɜɘɌɄɒɘɋɐɒɂɉɂɖɣɋɒɄɑȠɔɍɏɂɜȽɑȜɏɖȽɇɍɒɛɒɘɋɂɜɋȽɇɄȾɇɣɐɇɊɄ
ɈȽɇ ɇɐɟɏɏɍɎɄ ȽɋəɎɒɓɌɄ ɒɄɑȢɉɂɜȽɑ ɐɂ ȽɀȽɐɒɛ ɐɓɋɚɏɀɂɇȽ Ɋɂ ɟɉɍɓɑ
ɒɍɓɑ ɂɊɎɉɂɈɟɊɂɋɍɓɑ ɔɍɏɂɜɑ ɒɍɓ ɁɄɊɍɐɜɍɓ ɈȽɇ ɇɁɇɘɒɇɈɍɠ ɒɍɊɚȽǡ
ɁɂɁɍɊɚɋɍɓɟɒɇȽɏɖȽɇɟɒɄɒɂɑɈȽɇɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɚɑɓɎɍɁɍɊɚɑɐɓɋȽɋɒɣɋɒȽɇ
ɐɂɟɉɄɒɄɋɚɈɒȽɐɄɒɍɓɋɍɊɍɠǤȠɎɜɐɄɑǡɀɜɋɂɒȽɇɎɏɍɐɎəɅɂɇȽɍɉɇɐɒɇɈɛɑ
ɈȽɇɈȽɒəɒɍɁɓɋȽɒɟɋɁɇɂɎɇɐɒɄɊɍɋɇɈɛɑɁɇȽɖɂɜɏɇɐɄɑɒɘɋɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋɒɄɑ
ȢɉɂɜȽɑɊɂɒɄɋɒɛɏɄɐɄɒɘɋɁɇȽɁɇɈȽɐɇɣɋɎɍɓɂɎɇȾəɉɉɂɇɄȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɛ
ȨɍɊɍɅɂɐɜȽ ɈȽɇ ɍɇ ȟɇɂɅɋɂɜɑ ȭɓɊȾəɐɂɇɑ ɀɇȽ ɒɄɋ ȫɏɍɐɒȽɐɜȽ ɒɄɑ
ɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɛɑɈɉɄɏɍɋɍɊɇəɑǤȧɚɐȽɐɒɍɎɋɂɠɊȽȽɓɒɟǡɐɒɍɎɏɣɒɍɊɚɏɍɑ
ɒɄɑɂɇɐɛɀɄɐɄɑɀɜɋɂɒȽɇɐɓɋɍɎɒɇɈɛȽɋȽɔɍɏəɐɒȽɚɏɀȽȽɋȽɐɒɛɉɘɐɄɑ
ɈȽɇ ȽɋəɁɂɇɌɄɑ Ɏɍɓ ɐɓɋɒɂɉɚɐɒɄɈȽɋ ɒɄɋ ɒɂɉɂɓɒȽɜȽ ͕͔ɂɒɜȽ ɐɒɍɋ
ȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟȱɣɏɍɒɄɑȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑǡɊɂɒɄɋȽɏɘɀɛɖɏɄɊȽɒɍɁɍɒɛɐɂɘɋ
ɒɍɓɎɏɍɀɏəɊɊȽɒɍɑȠȭȫȜɈȽɅɣɑɈȽɇɖɍɏɄɀɇɣɋɇɁɇɘɒɇɈɣɋɔɍɏɚɘɋɈȽɇ
ɇɁɏɓɊəɒɘɋǤ
ȳɐɒɟɐɍǡɄȠɔǤȜǤȢɉɂɜȽɑɚɖɍɋɒȽɑɈȽɇɒɄɋɂɓɅɠɋɄɒɄɑɔɏɍɋɒɜɁȽɑɁɓɍ
ɂɈɒɘɋ͕͜ɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋɒɄɑȠɉɉəɁɍɑɒɘɋȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɣɋɖɣɏɘɋ
ɒɄɑȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑɈȽɇɒɍɓȨȽɍɠɨɎɇɈɍɓɏɜɍɓȜɎɟɉɉɘɋȽȝȽɐɐɣɋȰɇɀȽɉɂɜȽɑ
ɈȽɇ əɉɉɘɋ ɐɄɊȽɋɒɇɈɣɋ ɖɣɏɘɋ ɈȽɇ Ɋɍɓɐɂɜɘɋǡ ȾȽɏɠɋɂɒȽɇ ɈȽɇ Ɋɂ ɒɍ
ɚɏɀɍɒɄɑɎɏɍɐɚɉɈɓɐɄɑɈȽɇɈɓɏɜɘɑɒɄɑɓɎɍɁɍɖɛɑɈȽɇɂɌɓɎɄɏɚɒɄɐɄɑ
Ɉɍɇɋɍɠ ɈȽɇ ɂɎɇɐɈɂɎɒɣɋǤ Ȣ ȯɎɄɏɂɐɜȽǡ ɂɜɋȽɇ ɂɎɇɔɍɏɒɇɐɊɚɋɄ Ɋɂ
ɒɄɋ ɁɇȽɖɂɜɏɇɐɄ ɒɘɋ ȽɏɖȽɇɍɒɛɒɘɋ ɊɇȽɑ ɎɂɏɇɔɂɏɂɇȽɈɛɑ ɂɋɟɒɄɒȽɑ
Ɏɍɓ ɐɓɋɍɉɇɈə ɈȽɒȽɒəɐɐɂɒȽɇ ȽɋəɊɂɐȽ ɐɒɍɓɑ Ɏɚɋɒɂ ɈɍɏɓɔȽɜɍɓɑ
ɎɏɍɍɏɇɐɊɍɠɑɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɍɠǦȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠɒɍɓɏɇɐɊɍɠɒɄɑȠɉɉəɁɍɑǤ
205
Ȝɋ ɈȽɇ ɓɎɍɐɒɂɉɂɖɘɊɚɋɄǡ ɈȽɒȽɔɚɏɋɂɇ ɎɉɄɋ ɒɄɑ Ɏɏɘɒɍɀɂɋɍɠɑ
ȋɚɏɂɓɋȽ Ǧ ȽɋȽɐɈȽɔɛ Ǧ ɊɂɉɚɒɄȌ ɈȽɇ Ɂɂɓɒɂɏɍɀɂɋɍɠɑ ȋɐɓɋɒɛɏɄɐɄ Ǧ
ȽɎɍɈȽɒəɐɒȽɐɄǦɎɏɍɐɒȽɐɜȽǦȽɐɔəɉɂɇȽȌɔɏɍɋɒɜɁȽɑɒɘɋɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋɋȽ
ɅɂɏȽɎɂɠɂɇɈȽɇɒɇɑɒɏɇɒɍɀɂɋɂɜɑȽɋəɀɈɂɑɎɍɓȽɎɍɏɏɚɍɓɋȽɎɟɒɄɐɖɚɐɄ
ɒɍɓɑɊɂɒɍɓɑɂɎɇɐɈɚɎɒɂɑȋɓɎɄɏɂɐɜɂɑǦɎɏɍȾɍɉɛǦɂɋɄɊɚɏɘɐɄȌɈȽɇɒɄɋ
ɈɍɇɋɘɋɜȽ ɂɋ ɀɚɋɂɇǤ ȵɒɐɇ ɉɍɇɎɟɋǡ ɐɒɍ Ɂɂɠɒɂɏɍ Ɋɚɏɍɑ ɒɄɑ ɎȽɏɍɠɐȽɑ
ɂɏɀȽɐɜȽɑɎȽɏɍɓɐɇəɃɍɋɒȽɇɍɇɂɌɘɐɒɏɂɔɂɜɑɂɋɚɏɀɂɇɂɑɒɄɑȠɔǤȜǤȢɉɂɜȽɑ
Ɏɍɓ ȽɌɇɍɎɍɇɍɠɋ ɒɄɋ ȽɉɉɄɉɂɎɇɁɏȽɐɒɇɈɛ ɁɓɋȽɒɟɒɄɒȽ ɒɄɑ ɗɄɔɇȽɈɛɑ
ɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɜȽɑ ɈȽɇ ɂɎɇɈɍɇɋɘɋɜȽɑ ɈȽɇ ɒȽ ɂɏɀȽɉɂɜȽ Ɏɍɓ ɛɁɄ ɚɖɍɓɋ ɐɒɄ
ɁɇəɅɂɐɛɒɍɓɑɈȽɇɖɏɄɐɇɊɍɎɍɇɍɠɋɇɁɏɠɊȽɒȽǡɂɎɇɖɂɇɏɛɐɂɇɑɈȽɇɔɍɏɂɜɑǡ
ɂɀɖɣɏɇɍɇ ɈȽɇ ɁɇɂɅɋɂɜɑ ɀɇȽ ɒɄɋ ɂɎɜɒɂɓɌɄ ɒɍɓ ɚɏɀɍɓ ɒɍɓɑǡ ɟɎɘɑ ɂɜɋȽɇ
ɒɍ ɁɇȽɁɇɈɒɓȽɈɟ ɊəɏɈɂɒɇɋɀɈ ɈȽɇ ɒȽ ɊɚɐȽ ɈɍɇɋɘɋɇɈɛɑ ɁɇɈɒɠɘɐɄɑǤ
Ȫɇ ɈȽɇɋɍɒɟɊɂɑ Ƚɓɒɚɑ ɊɚɅɍɁɍɇǡ Ɏɉəɇ ɐɒɇɑ ɎȽɏȽɁɍɐɇȽɈɚɑǡ ɂɋɇɐɖɠɍɓɋ
ɒɍ Ɂɇəɉɍɀɍ ɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋ ɈȽɇ ɈɍɇɋɘɋɜȽɑ ɈȽɇ Ɉəɋɍɓɋ Ɏɇɍ ɐɒȽɅɂɏɟ
ɒɍɋ ȾɄɊȽɒɇɐɊɟ ɀɇȽ ɒɄɋ ɂɎɜɒɂɓɌɄ ɈȽɇ ɂɊɎɚɁɘɐɄ ɒɍɓ ɗɄɔɇȽɈɍɠ
ɊɂɒȽɐɖɄɊȽɒɇɐɊɍɠɒɄɑȯɎɄɏɂɐɜȽɑǡɎɏɍɑɟɔɂɉɍɑɂɌɜɐɍɓɒɘɋɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋ
ɈȽɇɒɘɋɒɘɋɎɍɉɇɒɣɋǤ
ȵɏɀȽȽɋȽɐɒɛɉɘɐɄɑɈȽɇȽɋəɁɂɇɌɄɑɐɒɍɋȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟȱɣɏɍɑ
ȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑ
ȭɒɄɋȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɓɉɍɎɍɇɛɅɄɈȽɋɚɎɂɇɒȽȽɎɟȽɀȽɐɒɛɐɓɋɂɏɀȽɐɜȽɒɄɑ
ȠɔǤȜǤȢɉɂɜȽɑɊɂɒɇɑȥɂɋɒɏɇɈɚɑȯɎɄɏɂɐɜɂɑɈȽɇȟɇɂɓɅɠɋɐɂɇɑɒɍɓȯȫȫȪȜǡ
ɒȽȽɈɟɉɍɓɅȽɚɏɀȽȠȭȫȜǡɂɋɒȽɀɊɚɋȽɐɒɍȠɎɇɖɂɇɏɄɐɇȽɈɟȫɏɟɀɏȽɊɊȽ
ǼȜɋɒȽɀɘɋɇɐɒɇɈɟɒɄɒȽɈȽɇȠɎɇɖɂɇɏɄɊȽɒɇɈɟɒɄɒȽǽǣ
206
ȜɎɍɈəɉɓɗɄ ɈȽɇ ȜɋəɁɂɇɌɄ ȞɓɊɋȽɐɜɍɓ Ǧ ȱɘɏɍɅɚɒɄɐɄ ɋɚȽɑ
ɂɇɐɟɁɍɓɒɍɓȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠɖɣɏɍɓȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑȋɂɇɈǤ͕Ǧ͘Ȍ
ȮɍɚɏɀɍǼȜɎɍɈəɉɓɗɄɈȽɇȜɋəɁɂɇɌɄȞɓɊɋȽɐɜɍɓǦȱɘɏɍɅɚɒɄɐɄɋɚȽɑ
ɂɇɐɟɁɍɓ ɒɍɓ ȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠ ɖɣɏɍɓ ȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑǽ ɎɂɏɇɉəɊȾȽɋɂ Ɂɠɍ
ɓɎɍɚɏɀȽǣȮɍɓɎɍɚɏɀɍǦɂɏɀɍɉȽȾɜȽɈȽɒəɒɍɍɎɍɜɍɎɏȽɀɊȽɒɍɎɍɇɛɅɄɈɂ
Ʉ ɈȽɒȽɐɈɂɓɛ ɂɇɐɟɁɍɓ ɐɂ ɋɚȽ ɅɚɐɄǡ ȽɋȽɒɍɉɇɈə ɒɄɑ ɎȽɉȽɇəɑ ɈȽɇ ɒɍ
ɓɎɍɚɏɀɍ ǼȜɎɍɈəɉɓɗɄ ɈȽɇ ȜɋəɁɂɇɌɄ ȞɓɊɋȽɐɜɍɓǽ ɐɒɍ ɎɉȽɜɐɇɍ ɒɍɓ
ɍɎɍɜɍɓǡ ɎɚɏȽ ȽɎɟ ɒɇɑ ȽɎȽɏȽɜɒɄɒɂɑ ɒɂɖɋɇɈɚɑ ɓɎɍɁɍɊɚɑ ɐɒɍ ɖɣɏɍǡ
ɁɇɂɋɂɏɀɛɅɄɈɂ Ʉ ȽɎɍɈəɉɓɗɄ ɈȽɇ ȽɋəɁɂɇɌɄ ɒɊɛɊȽɒɍɑ ɒɍɓ ȽɏɖȽɜɍɓ
ȞɓɊɋȽɐɜɍɓ ɒɄɑ ȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑǤ ȫɏɟɈɂɇɒȽɇ ɀɇȽ ɒɄɋ ɎɏɣɒɄ ɐɓɐɒɄɊȽɒɇɈɛ
ȽɋȽɐɈȽɔɇɈɛ ɚɏɂɓɋȽ Ɏɍɓ ɁɇɂɋɂɏɀɛɅɄɈɂ ȽɎɟ ɒɄɋ ȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɛ
ȯɎɄɏɂɐɜȽ ɂɋɒɟɑ ɒɍɓ ɍɏɀȽɋɘɊɚɋɍɓ ȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠ ɖɣɏɍɓ ɒɄɑ
ȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑǤȮɍɈɒɜɏɇɍɒɍɓȞɓɊɋȽɐɜɍɓɁɇȽɊɍɏɔɣɋɂɒȽɇɘɑɚɋȽɂɎɜɊɄɈɂɑ
ɍɇɈɍɁɟɊɄɊȽ Ɏɍɓ ȽɋȽɎɒɠɐɐɂɒȽɇ ɐɒɍɋ əɌɍɋȽ ȾɍɏɏəǦɋɟɒɍɓ ɈȽɇ
ȽɎɍɒɂɉɂɜɒȽɇȽɎɟɒɚɐɐɂɏɇɑɐɒɍɚɑǡɍɇɍɎɍɜɂɑɎɂɏɇȾəɉɉɍɓɋɈɂɋɒɏɇɈɟɈȽɇ
ɂɓɏɠɓɎȽɜɅɏɇɍǦȽɠɉɂɇɍɖɣɏɍǤȠɎɇɐɄɊȽɜɋɂɒȽɇɟɒɇɄɁɓɒɇɈɛɐɒɍəɚɖɂɇ
ɎȽɏȽɐɓɏɅɂɜ ȽɎɟ ɒɍɋ ɎɍɒȽɊɟ ȥɉȽɁɚɍǤ ȮȽ ɂɎɇɊɚɏɍɓɑ ɒɊɛɊȽɒȽ ɒɍɓ
ɈɒɇɏɜɍɓɍɇɈɍɁɍɊɍɠɋɒȽɇɐɒȽɁɇȽɈəǡɂɋɣɄȽɈɏɇȾɛɑɖɏɍɋɍɉɟɀɄɐɛɒɍɓɑ
ɎȽɏȽɊɚɋɂɇɂɋɊɚɏɂɇȽɐȽɔɛɑǤȭɒɍɎɉȽɜɐɇɍɒɍɓɓɎɍɚɏɀɍɓǡȽɋȽɐɈəɔɄɈɂ
ɚɈɒȽɐɄ͕Ǥ͖͚͗ɒǤɊǤɈȽɇɛɏɅɂɐɒɍɔɘɑɒɊɛɊȽɒɄɑȽɋȽɒɍɉɇɈɛɑɐɒɍəɑɒɍɓ
ȠɇɈǤ͙ǤȜɎɍɈəɉɓɗɄ
ɈȽɇȜɋəɁɂɇɌɄ
ȞɓɊɋȽɐɜɍɓǦ
ȱɘɏɍɅɚɒɄɐɄ

ɋɚȽɑɂɇɐɟɁɍɓɒɍɓ
ȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠ
ɖɣɏɍɓȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑǤ
ȫɄɀɛǣȜɏɖɂɜɍȠɔǤȜǤ
ȢɉɂɜȽɑǤ
207
ȞɓɊɋȽɐɜɍɓɊɛɈɍɓɑ͙͔ɊǤȋȾɍɏɂɜɘɑɒɍɓɛɁɄȽɋɂɐɈȽɊɊɚɋɍɓɒɊɛɊȽɒɍɑ
ɒɄɑ ȽɎɟ ɒɍȞɂɏɊȽɋɇɈɟ ȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟȤɋɐɒɇɒɍɠɒɍȌǤ ȠɎɜɐɄɑǡ ɛɏɅɂ ɐɒɍ
ɔɘɑɊɂɀəɉɍɒɊɛɊȽɒɍɓɈɂɋɒɏɇɈɍɠȽɠɉɂɇɍɓɖɣɏɍɓɈȽɇɒɚɉɍɑɒɊɛɊȽ
ɐɓɋɍɉɇɈɛɑɚɈɒȽɐɄɑ͖͗͜ɒǤɊǤȽɋȽɒɍɉɇɈəɒɍɓɈɒɇɏɜɍɓǡɟɎɍɓɂɋɒɍɎɜɐɒɄɈɂ
ɂɀɈȽɒəɐɒȽɐɄ ɓɐɒɂɏɍɏɘɊȽɝɈɣɋ ɖɏɟɋɘɋǤ ȜɎɟ ɒɄɋ ȽɋȽɒɍɉɇɈɛ ɐɒɍə
ȽɎɍɈȽɉɠɔɅɄɈɂ Ʉ ɐɓɋɚɖɂɇȽ ɒɍɓ ɂɌɘɒɂɏɇɈɍɠ ɒɍɜɖɍɓ ɒɍɓ Ɉɒɇɏɜɍɓǡ
ɒɘɋɐɂɇɏɣɋȾəɐɂɘɋɒɘɋɈɇɟɋɘɋɒɟɐɍɒɄɑɂɐɘɒɂɏɇɈɛɑɟɐɍɈȽɇɒɄɑ
ɂɌɘɒɂɏɇɈɛɑɈɇɍɋɍɐɒɍɇɖɜȽɑɈȽɅɣɑɈȽɇɒɍɉɜɅɇɋɍȽɓɉəɈɇɐɓɀɈɚɋɒɏɘɐɄɑ
ɈȽɇ ȽɎɍɏɏɍɛɑ ɒɘɋ ɓɁəɒɘɋ ɈȽɒə ɊɛɈɍɑ ɒɄɑ ɁɓɒɇɈɛɑ Ɏɉɂɓɏəɑ ɒɄɑ
ɐɒɍəɑǡɂɋɣɈȽɒəɖɣɏȽɋȾɏɚɅɄɈȽɋɎɂɐɊɚɋɍɇɐɎɟɋɁɓɉɍɇɒɘɋɈɇɟɋɘɋǤ
ȜɋȽɒɍɉɇɈə ɒɍɓ ȞɓɊɋȽɐɜɍɓ ɂɏɂɓɋɛɅɄɈɂ ɃɣɋɄ Ɏɍɓ ɂɈɒɂɜɋɂɒȽɇ ɈȽɒə
ɊɛɈɍɑɒɄɑȽɋȽɒɍɉɇɈɛɑɎȽɏɂɇəɑɒɍɓɂɌɘɒɂɏɇɈɍɠɒɍɜɖɍɓɒɍɓɊɋɄɊɂɜɍɓ
ɈȽɇɄɍɎɍɜȽɍɏɜɃɂɒȽɇȽɎɟɎȽɏəɉɉɄɉɍɎɏɍɑȽɓɒɟɋɒɍɜɖɍɊɂɒȽɀɂɋɚɐɒɂɏɄɑ
ɎɂɏɇɟɁɍɓǤ ȜɎɍɈȽɉɠɔɅɄɈȽɋ ɈȽɒəɉɍɇɎȽ ɓɐɒɂɏɍɏɘɊȽɝɈɛɑ ɂɎɍɖɛɑǣ
ɊɇɈɏɍɜ ɈɉɜȾȽɋɍɇǡ ɔɏɚȽɒȽ ɈȽɇ ɒɊɛɊȽɒȽ ɁȽɎɚɁɍɓ ȽɎɟ ɎȽɒɄɊɚɋɍ
ɖɣɊȽǤȠɎɜɐɄɑǡɄɁɇɂɏɂɠɋɄɐɄɒɄɑɅɚɐɄɑɎɍɓɂɜɖɂɎɏɍɀɏȽɊɊȽɒɇɐɒɂɜɄ
ɈȽɒȽɐɈɂɓɛ ɒɄɑ ɁɂɌȽɊɂɋɛɑ ɒɍɓ ɐɓɐɒɛɊȽɒɍɑ ȽɎɍɐɒɏəɀɀɇɐɄɑ ɚɔɂɏɂ
ɐɒɍ ɔɘɑ ȽɎɍɅɚɒɄ Ɋɂ ȽɌɇɟɉɍɀȽ ɖəɉɈɇɋȽ ȽɋɒɇɈɂɜɊɂɋȽǤȢ ȽɋȽɐɈȽɔɛ
ȽɎɚɁɘɐɂɎɍɉɓəɏɇɅɊȽɂɓɏɛɊȽɒȽǡɈɓɏɜɘɑɈɂɏȽɊɇɈɛǡȽɉɉəɈȽɇɎɉɛɅɍɑ
ɖəɉɈɇɋɘɋɋɍɊɇɐɊəɒɘɋǤ
ȠɇɈǤ͚ǤȜɎɍɈəɉɓɗɄ
ɈȽɇȜɋəɁɂɇɌɄ
ȞɓɊɋȽɐɜɍɓǦ
ȱɘɏɍɅɚɒɄɐɄ
ɋɚȽɑɂɇɐɟɁɍɓɒɍɓ
ȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠ
ɖɣɏɍɓȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑǤ
ȫɄɀɛǣȜɏɖɂɜɍȠɔǤȜǤ
ȢɉɂɜȽɑǤ
208
ȫɏɍɐɒȽɐɜȽ ɈȽɇ ȜɋəɁɂɇɌɄ Ȥɂɏɍɠ ȟɛɊɄɒɏȽɑ ȱȽɊɠɋɄɑ ɈȽɇ ɒɍɓ
ȜɋȽɉɛɊɊȽɒɍɑɒɘɋȣɄɐȽɓɏɣɋɒɍɓȥɏɍɋɜɍɓȦɟɔɍɓɐɒɄɋȜɏɖȽɜȽ
ȪɉɓɊɎɜȽȋɂɇɈǤ͙ǡ͚Ȍ
ȭɒɍ ɎɉȽɜɐɇɍ ɒɍɓ ɚɏɀɍɓ Ɏɍɓ ɚɔɂɏɂ ɒɍɋ ɒɜɒɉɍ ǼȫɏɍɐɒȽɐɜȽ
ɈȽɇ ȜɋəɁɂɇɌɄ Ȥɂɏɍɠ ȟɛɊɄɒɏȽɑ ȱȽɊɠɋɄɑ ɈȽɇ ɒɍɓ ȜɋȽɉɛɊɊȽɒɍɑ
ɒɘɋ ȣɄɐȽɓɏɣɋ ɒɍɓ ȥɏɍɋɜɍɓ Ȧɟɔɍɓ ɐɒɄɋ ȜɏɖȽɜȽ ȪɉɓɊɎɜȽǽ
ɎɏȽɀɊȽɒɍɎɍɇɛɅɄɈɂ Ʉ ɈȽɒȽɐɈɂɓɛ ɒɍɜɖɍɓ ȽɋɒɇɐɒɛɏɇɌɄɑ ɈȽɇ Ʉ
ȽɋəɁɂɇɌɄ ɒɍɓ ɇɂɏɍɠ ɒɄɑ ȟɛɊɄɒɏȽɑ ȱȽɊɠɋɄɑ ɐɒɍ ȽɋȽɒɍɉɇɈɟ əɈɏɍ
ɒɍɓȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠȱɣɏɍɓɒɄɑȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑǡɎɉɄɐɜɍɋɒɄɑɈɠɏɇȽɑɎɠɉɄɑ
ɒɘɋ ɂɀɈȽɒȽɐɒəɐɂɘɋ ɒɄɑȟɇɂɅɋɍɠɑ ȪɉɓɊɎɇȽɈɛɑ ȜɈȽɁɄɊɜȽɑǤ ȠɎɜɐɄɑǡ
ɁɇɂɋɂɏɀɛɅɄɈɂ ɐɓɊɎɉɄɏɘɊȽɒɇɈɛ ȽɋȽɐɈȽɔɇɈɛ ɁɇɂɏɂɠɋɄɐɄ ɒɍɓȤɂɏɍɠ
ɒɄɑȟɛɊɄɒɏȽɑȱȽɊɠɋɄɑɎɍɓɚɔɂɏɂɐɒɍɔɘɑɈɓɏɜɘɑɈɇɋɄɒəɂɓɏɛɊȽɒȽ
ɈȽɇ ɈəɎɍɇȽ ȽɏɖɇɒɂɈɒɍɋɇɈə ɊɚɉɄǤ ȭɂ əɉɉɍ ɓɎɍɚɏɀɍ ɒɍɓ Ƚɋɘɒɚɏɘ
Ɉɠɏɇɍɓ ɚɏɀɍɓ ɓɉɍɎɍɇɛɅɄɈɂ Ʉ ɐɒȽɅɂɏɍɎɍɜɄɐɄ ɒɍɓ ɎɏȽɋɍɠɑ ɒɍɓ
ȽɋȽɉɛɊɊȽɒɍɑ ɒɘɋ ɅɄɐȽɓɏɣɋ ɒɍɓ ȥɏɍɋɜɍɓ ɉɟɔɍɓ ȽɎɟ ɒɇɑ ɘɅɛɐɂɇɑ
ɒɘɋ ɀȽɇɣɋ Ɋɂ ɒɄɋ ɈȽɒȽɐɈɂɓɛ ɐɓɐɒɍɇɖɜȽɑ ɎȽɐɐəɉɘɋǤ ȥȽɒə ɒɇɑ
ɂɈɐɈȽɔɇɈɚɑɂɏɀȽɐɜɂɑɐɒɄɋɈɉɇɒɠɒɍɓȥɏɍɋɜɍɓɉɟɔɍɓȽɋȽɐɈəɔɄɈȽɋ
ɈȽɒəɉɍɇɎȽ ɐɄɊȽɋɒɇɈə ɀɇȽ ɒɄɋ ɒɍɎɍɀɏȽɔɜȽ ɒɍɓ ɇɂɏɍɠǣ Ɉɒɇɐɒɛ
ɈȽɒȽɐɈɂɓɛȽɎɟɈɂɏȽɊɜɁɂɑɈȽɇɐɓɋɁɂɒɇɈɟɈɍɋɜȽɊȽǡɄɍɎɍɜȽɂɁɏəɃɂɒȽɇ
ȠɇɈǤ͛ǤȜɋȽɐɈȽɔɛ
ȜǤɒɍɓȞɓɊɋȽɐɜɍɓǤ
ȫɄɀɛǣȜɏɖɂɜɍȠɔǤȜǤ
ȢɉɂɜȽɑǤ
209
ȠɇɈǤ͜ǤȜɋȽɐɈȽɔɛ
ȜǤɒɍɓȞɓɊɋȽɐɜɍɓǤ
ȫɄɀɛǣȜɏɖɂɜɍȠɔǤȜǤ
ȢɉɂɜȽɑǤ
ɎəɋɘɐɂɎɉəɈɂɑȽɎɟȽɐȾɂɐɒɍɉɇɅɇɈɟɎɚɒɏɘɊȽɈȽɇɜɐɘɑɐɖɂɒɜɃɂɒȽɇɊɂ
ɒɄɋɐɓɋɚɖɂɇȽɒɍɓȾɟɏɂɇɍɓɈɉəɁɍɓɒɍɓȽɀɘɀɍɠɎɍɓɒɏɍɔɍɁɍɒɍɠɐɂɊɂ
ɋɂɏɟɒɍȨɓɊɔȽɜɍǡɚɏɀɍɒɍɓȢɏɣɁɄɒɍɓȜɒɒɇɈɍɠɎɍɓɖɏɍɋɍɉɍɀɂɜɒȽɇɒɍ
͕͚͔ɊǤȱǤȟɓɒɇɈəɒɄɑȽɋȽɐɈəɔɄɈɂɐɓɐɒəɁȽɊɂɒȽɀɂɋɚɐɒɂɏɘɋɒəɔɘɋǡ
ɎɇɅȽɋɣɑɒɄɑɓɐɒɂɏɍɏɏɘɊȽɝɈɛɑɂɎɍɖɛɑǣɒɏɂɇɑɈɇȾɘɒɇɟɐɖɄɊɍɇɈȽɇɚɋȽɑ
ɈɂɏȽɊɍɐɈɂɎɛɑǤ
210
ȜɋȽɐɒɛɉɘɐɄ ɒɍɓ ɈɜɍɋȽ ɒɍɓ ȽɋȽɅɄɊȽɒɇɈɍɠ ɊɋɄɊɂɜɍɓ ɒɍɓ
ȫɒɍɉɂɊȽɜɍɓȝʅɈȽɇɒɄɑȜɏɐɇɋɟɄɑȋɂɇɈǤ͛Ȍ
ȠɎɜɐɄɑǡ ɐɒɍɋ ȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟ ɖɣɏɍ ɒɄɑ ȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑ ɒɍ ɚɒɍɑ ͖͔͕͛
ɍɉɍɈɉɄɏɣɅɄɈɂ Ʉ ȽɋȽɐɒɛɉɘɐɄ ɒɍɓ ɈɜɍɋȽ ɒɍɓ ȽɋȽɅɄɊȽɒɇɈɍɠ
ɊɋɄɊɂɜɍɓɒɍɓȫɒɍɉɂɊȽɜɍɓȝʅɈȽɇɒɄɑȜɏɐɇɋɟɄɑɁɓɒɇɈəɒɍɓȭɒȽɁɜɍɓǡ
ɊɎɏɍɐɒə ȽɎɟ ɒɄ ȭɒɍə ɒɄɑȢɖɍɠɑ ȽɎɟ ɒɍȞɂɏɊȽɋɇɈɟ ȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟ
Ȥɋɐɒɇɒɍɠɒɍ Ɋɂ ɖɏɄɊȽɒɍɁɟɒɄɐɄ ɒɍɓȤɁɏɠɊȽɒɍɑ ‡‰—Žƒ ‡•–ƒŽ‘œœ‹ǡ Ɋɂ
ȠɇɈǤ͝ǤȫɏɍɐɒȽɐɜȽ
ɈȽɇȜɋəɁɂɇɌɄ
ȤɂɏɍɠȟɛɊɄɒɏȽɑ
ȱȽɊɠɋɄɑɈȽɇɒɍɓ
ȜɋȽɉɛɊɊȽɒɍɑɒɘɋ
ȣɄɐȽɓɏɣɋɒɍɓ
ȥɏɍɋɜɍɓȦɟɔɍɓ
ɐɒɄɋȜɏɖȽɜȽ
ȪɉɓɊɎɜȽȫɄɀɛǣ
ȜɏɖɂɜɍȠɔǤȜǤ
ȢɉɂɜȽɑǤ
ȠɇɈǤ͞ǤȫɏɍɐɒȽɐɜȽ
ɈȽɇȜɋəɁɂɇɌɄ
ȤɂɏɍɠȟɛɊɄɒɏȽɑ
ȱȽɊɠɋɄɑɈȽɇɒɍɓ
ȜɋȽɉɛɊɊȽɒɍɑɒɘɋ
ȣɄɐȽɓɏɣɋɒɍɓ
ȥɏɍɋɜɍɓȦɟɔɍɓ
ɐɒɄɋȜɏɖȽɜȽ
ȪɉɓɊɎɜȽȫɄɀɛǣ
ȜɏɖɂɜɍȠɔǤȜǤ
ȢɉɂɜȽɑǤ
211
ɒɄɋ ɂɎɍɎɒɂɜȽ ɒɍɓ ȯɎɍɓɏɀɂɜɍɓ ȫɍɉɇɒɇɐɊɍɠ ɁɇȽ ɒɄɑ ȠɔɍɏɂɜȽɑ ɊȽɑǤ
ȭɠɊɔɘɋȽɊɂɒɄɋɂɎɇɀɏȽɔɛɐɒɄȾəɐɄɒɍɓȾɟɏɂɇɍɓɈɜɍɋȽǡɒɍɊɋɄɊɂɜɍǡ
Ɏɍɓ ɎɂɏɇɉəɊȾȽɋɂ Ɂɠɍ Ɉɜɍɋɂɑǡ ȽɋȽɒɚɅɄɈɂ ɀɠɏɘ ɐɒɍ ͖͔͛ ɎǤȱǤ ȽɎɟ
ɒɍɋ ɋȽɠȽɏɖɍ ȥȽɉɉɇɈɏəɒɄ Ɏɏɍɑ ɒɇɊɛɋ ɒɍɓ ȾȽɐɇɉɇə ɒɄɑ ȜɇɀɠɎɒɍɓ
ȫɒɍɉɂɊȽɜɍɓ ȝǯ ȰɇɉəɁɂɉɔɍɓ ɈȽɇ ɒɄɑ ɐɓɃɠɀɍɓ ɈȽɇ ȽɁɂɉɔɛɑ ɒɍɓ
ȜɏɐɇɋɟɄɑǤ Ȯɍ ȽɋȽɅɄɊȽɒɇɈɟ Ƚɓɒɟ ɊɋɄɊɂɜɍ ɛɒȽɋ ɒɍ ɊɂɀȽɉɠɒɂɏɍ ɈȽɇ
ɒɍɎɇɍɂɋɒɓɎɘɐɇȽɈɟɐɒɍȤɂɏɟɊɂɎɉəɒɍɑ͖͔ɊǤɈȽɇɁɠɍȽɋɂɌəɏɒɄɒɍɓɑ
ɈɜɍɋɂɑɐɒȽəɈɏȽɒɍɓǡɂɋɣɒɍɠɗɍɑɒɍɓɑɚɔɒȽɋɂɒȽ͜ǡ͙͔ɊǤȠɋɒəɐɐɂɒȽɇ
ɁɂɐɒɍɋɐɎəɋɇɍɒɠɎɍɒɘɋɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋɊɂɁɠɍɈɜɍɋɂɑǡɎɍɓȽɎɍɒɂɉɍɠɐȽɋ
ɒɇɑȾəɐɂɇɑɀɇȽɒȽȽɀəɉɊȽɒȽɒɘɋȽɋȽɅɂɒɣɋɈȽɇȽɋɂɀɚɏɅɄɈɂɒɍɋ͗ɍȽɇǤ
ɎǤȱǤȮɍɊɋɄɊɂɜɍȽɓɒɟɐɂɈȽɜɏɇȽɅɚɐɄɐɒɄɁɇȽɁɏɍɊɛȽɎɟɒɍȨȽɟɒɍɓ
ȟɜȽɎɏɍɑɒɍȭɒəɁɇɍǡɁɂɋɛɒȽɋɂɠɈɍɉȽȽɋȽɀɋɘɏɜɐɇɊɍɐɒɍɋɊɄɂɇɁɇɈɟ
ɂɎɇɐɈɚɎɒɄɎɏɇɋɒɄɋɂɎɚɊȾȽɐɄȽɓɒɛǤȢɒɊɄɊȽɒɇɈɛȽɎɍɈȽɒəɐɒȽɐɛɒɍɓ
ȽɎɍɒɂɉɂɜɒɍɒɚɒȽɏɒɍȽɋȽɐɒɄɉɘɒɇɈɟɚɏɀɍɒȽɒɂɉɂɓɒȽɜȽ͖͔ɖɏɟɋɇȽɎɍɓ
ɓɉɍɎɍɇɂɜɒȽɇȽɎɟɒɍȞɂɏɊȽɋɇɈɟȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟȤɋɐɒɇɒɍɠɒɍǤ
ȮȽ ȽɋȽɐɒɄɉɘɒɇɈə Ƚɓɒə ɚɏɀȽǡ ɒȽ ɍɎɍɜȽ ɍɋɍɊȽɐɒɇɈəǡ ɎɉɄɋ ɒɍɓ
ɈɜɍɋȽɒɍɓɊɋɄɊɂɜɍɓɒɘɋȫɒɍɉɂɊȽɜɘɋǡɂɜɋȽɇɄɒɊɄɊȽɒɇɈɛȽɋȽɐɒɛɉɘɐɄ
ɒɍɓ ȰɇɉɇɎɎɂɜɍɓǡ Ʉ ȽɋȽɐɒɛɉɘɐɄ ɒɍɓ ȾɍɏɂɇɍɁɓɒɇɈɍɠ ɀɘɋɇȽɜɍɓ ɈɜɍɋȽ
ɈȽɇ ɒɍɓ ɍɎɇɐɅɟɁɍɊɍɓ ɒɍɓ ɋȽɍɠ ɒɍɓ ȟɇɟɑǡ ɚɖɍɓɋ ɊɂɒȽȾəɉɂɇ ɏɇɃɇɈə
ɒɄɋɂɇɈɟɋȽɒɍɓȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠɖɣɏɍɓǡɈȽɅɣɑɎɚɏȽȽɎɟɒɄɊɂɀəɉɄ
ȠɇɈǤ͟ǤȜɋȽɐɒɛɉɘɐɄ
ɒɍɓɈɜɍɋȽɒɍɓ
ȽɋȽɅɄɊȽɒɇɈɍɠ
ɊɋɄɊɂɜɍɓɒɍɓ
ȫɒɍɉɂɊȽɜɍɓȝʅ
ɈȽɇɒɄɑȜɏɐɇɋɟɄɑ
ȫɄɀɛǣȜɏɖɂɜɍȠɔǤȜǤ
ȢɉɂɜȽɑǤ
212
ɂɎɇɐɒɄɊɍɋɇɈɛɐɄɊȽɐɜȽɒɍɓɑǡȾɍɄɅɍɠɋɐɄɊȽɋɒɇɈəɒɍɓɑɎɍɉɓəɏɇɅɊɍɓɑ
ɂɎɇɐɈɚɎɒɂɑ ɋȽ ɈȽɒȽɋɍɛɐɍɓɋɒɍ ɊɚɀɂɅɍɑɈȽɇ ɒɄɋ ɇɐɒɍɏɇɈɛ ɐɄɊȽɐɜȽ
ɒɘɋɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋǡȽɉɉəɈȽɇɂɋɊɚɏɂɇɋȽȽɋɒɇɉɄɔɅɍɠɋɒɄɋȽɏɖɇɈɛɊɍɏɔɛ
ɒɍɓ ɉȽɊɎɏɍɠ Ƚɓɒɍɠ ɎȽɋɂɉɉɛɋɇɍɓ ɇɂɏɍɠǡ Ɏɍɓ ɂɜɋȽɇ ɂɋɒȽɀɊɚɋɍ ɐɒɍɋ
ȥȽɒəɉɍɀɍɒɘɋȧɋɄɊɂɜɘɋɒɄɑȫȽɀɈɟɐɊɇȽɑȫɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɛɑȥɉɄɏɍɋɍɊɇəɑ
ɒɄɑɊɂɂɎɇɐɈɂɗɇɊɟɒɄɒȽɎɍɓɓɎɂɏȾȽɜɋɂɇɒȽ͚͔͔Ǥ͔͔͔əɒɍɊȽ
ȽɋəɚɒɍɑǤ
ȞɂɋɇɈɟɒɂɏȽǡɍɇɂɋɒɓɎɘɐɇȽɈɚɑȽɓɒɚɑȽɋȽɐɒɄɉɣɐɂɇɑǡɐɂɐɓɋɁɓȽɐɊɟ
ɊɂɒȽɚɏɀȽɎɍɓɓɉɍɎɍɇɛɅɄɈȽɋȽɎɟɒɍȯȫȫȪȜɒȽɒɂɉɂɓɒȽɜȽɖɏɟɋɇȽ
ɐɒɍɎɉȽɜɐɇɍɒɍɓȠȭȫȜɁɄɉǤɄȽɋȽɐɈȽɔɛɒɍɓȾɟɏɂɇɍɓɒɊɛɊȽɒɍɑɒɍɓ
ȞɓɊɋȽɐɜɍɓ ɈȽɇ Ʉ ɈȽɒȽɐɈɂɓɛ ɒɄɑ ɋɚȽɑ ɂɇɐɟɁɍɓ ɒɍɓ ȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠ
ɖɣɏɍɓǡ ɒɍ ɚɏɀɍ ȽɋɒɇɐɒɛɏɇɌɄɑ ɒɍɓ ɎɏȽɋɍɠɑ ɒɍɓ ȽɋȽɉɛɊɊȽɒɍɑ ɒɘɋ
ȣɄɐȽɓɏɣɋ ɈȽɇ Ʉ ȽɋəɁɂɇɌɄ ɒɍɓ ɇɂɏɍɠ ɒɄɑ ȟɛɊɄɒɏȽɑ ȱȽɊɠɋɄɑ ɐɒɍ
ȽɋȽɒɍɉɇɈɟ əɈɏɍ ɒɍɓǡ ɚɖɍɓɋ Ⱦɂɉɒɇɣɐɂɇ ɒɄɋ ɐɓɋɍɉɇɈɛ ɂɊɎɂɇɏɜȽ Ɏɍɓ
Ɏɏɍɐɔɚɏɂɇ ɍ ȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟɑ ɖɣɏɍɑ ɐɒɍɋ ɂɎɇɐɈɚɎɒɄ ɈȽɇ ɚɖɍɓɋ
ȽɋȽȾȽɅɊɜɐɂɇɒȽɂɎɜɎɂɁȽɎɏɍɐɒȽɐɜȽɑɒɘɋɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋǤ
ȪɗɄɔɇȽɈɟɑɊɂɒȽɐɖɄɊȽɒɇɐɊɟɑɒɄɑȠɔǤȜǤȢɉɂɜȽɑ¹
ȩɂɎɂɏɋɣɋɒȽɑɒɄɋȽɏɖɇɈɛǡɊəɉɉɍɋɂɎɇɔɓɉȽɈɒɇɈɛɐɒəɐɄȽɎɚɋȽɋɒɇ
ɐɒɄ ɖɏɛɐɄ ɒɄɑ ɐɠɀɖɏɍɋɄɑ ɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɜȽɑǡ ɍɇ ɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɍɜ ɍɏɀȽɋɇɐɊɍɜ
ɈȽɇɍɇȯɎɄɏɂɐɜɂɑɒɍɓȯɎɍɓɏɀɂɜɍɓȫɍɉɇɒɇɐɊɍɠɐɓɊɎɂɏɇɉȽɊȾȽɋɍɊɚɋɄɑ
ɈȽɇɒɄɑȠɔǤȜǤȢɉɂɜȽɑɂɋɒəɐɐɍɓɋɟɉɍɈȽɇɎɂɏɇɐɐɟɒɂɏɍɒɇɑɗɄɔɇȽɈɚɑ
ɈȽɇ ɁɇȽɁɇɈɒɓȽɈɚɑ ɂɔȽɏɊɍɀɚɑ ɐɒɄ ɉɂɇɒɍɓɏɀɜȽ ɒɍɓɑǤ ȝɏɇɐɈɟɊȽɐɒɂ
ɐɂɊɇȽɋɚȽɂɎɍɖɛǡɄɍɎɍɜȽɁɇɂɅɋɣɑȽɋȽɀɋɘɏɜɃɂɒȽɇɈȽɇȽɎɍɈȽɉɂɜɒȽɇ
ɘɑ Ǽ͘Ʉ ȝɇɍɊɄɖȽɋɇɈɛ ȠɎȽɋəɐɒȽɐɄǽ ɛ
†—•–”› ͘Ǥ͔ǡ ȾɇɣɋɍɋɒȽɑ ɐɒɄɋ
ɈȽɅɄɊɂɏɇɋɟɒɄɒəɊȽɑɒɄɋɎɏɘɒɍɔȽɋɛɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɇɈɛɂɌɚɉɇɌɄɄɍɎɍɜȽ
ɁɄɊɇɍɓɏɀɂɜ ɐɓɋɂɖɣɑ ɋɚȽ ɁɂɁɍɊɚɋȽ Ɋɂ ɐɄɊȽɋɒɇɈɚɑ ɂɎɇɎɒɣɐɂɇɑ
ɒɟɐɍɐɂȽɒɍɊɇɈɟɂɎɜɎɂɁɍǡɟɐɍɈȽɇɐɒɍɁɇɂɅɋɚɑɎɍɉɇɒɇɈɍɍɇɈɍɋɍɊɇɈɟ
ɎɂɏɇȾəɉɉɍɋǤȧɂɟɎɉɍɒɍɓɒɄɋɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɜȽɈȽɇɒɍɁɇȽɁɜɈɒɓɍɍɈəɅɂ
ɂɋɁɇȽɔɂɏɟɊɂɋɍɑǡ ɂɜɒɂ ɎɏɟɈɂɇɒȽɇ ɀɇȽ ɒɍɋ ɂɇɁɇɈɟ ɂɎɇɐɒɛɊɍɋȽǡ ɒɍɋ
ȽɏɊɟɁɇɍɉɂɇɒɍɓɏɀɟɛɓɎəɉɉɄɉɍǡɒɍɋɂɈɎȽɇɁɂɓɒɇɈɟɛɔɍɇɒɄɒɛɛɒɍɋ
͙ȪɟɏɍɑɗɄɔɇȽɈɟɑɊɂɒȽɐɖɄɊȽɒɇɐɊɟɑȋ†‹‰‹–ƒŽ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ȌɂɜɋȽɇɈȽɇɋɍɔȽɋɛɑɈȽɇɘɑɂɈɒɍɠɒɍɓ
ɁɂɋɚɖɂɇȽɈɟɊȽɂɎɇɈɏȽɒɛɐɂɇɚɋȽɑɌɂɈəɅȽɏɍɑɈȽɇɈɍɇɋəȽɎɍɁɂɈɒɟɑɍɏɇɐɊɟɑǤȠɖɂɇɁɄɉǤɒɄɋɚɋɋɍɇȽ
ɒɄɑɓɇɍɅɚɒɄɐɄɑɒɘɋȽɉɉȽɀɣɋɐɒɇɑɍɎɍɜɂɑɎɏɍȾȽɜɋɂɇɚɋȽɑɔɍɏɚȽɑǡɍɏɀȽɋɇɐɊɟɑɛɂɎɇɖɂɜɏɄɐɄɀɇȽ
ɋȽȽɌɇɍɎɍɇɛɐɂɇɒɇɑɁɓɋȽɒɟɒɄɒɂɑɎɍɓɎɏɍɐɔɚɏɍɓɋɒɍɁɇȽɁɜɈɒɓɍǡɒȽɗɄɔɇȽɈəɊɚɐȽɈȽɇɍɇɋɚɂɑ
ɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɜɂɑǤȠɜɋȽɇɊɇȽɐɓɋɂɖɛɑɁɇȽɁɇɈȽɐɜȽɎɍɓȽɎȽɇɒɂɜɂɈɎȽɜɁɂɓɐɄɈȽɇɓɎɍɁɍɊɚɑǤȭɠɊɔɘɋȽɊɂ
ɒɍɋɁɂɜɈɒɄ
ɒɄɑȠɓɏɘɎȽɝɈɛɑȠɎɇɒɏɍɎɛɑǡɍɇȾȽɐɇɈɚɑɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɜɂɑɗɄɔɇȽɈɍɠɊɂɒȽɐɖɄɊȽɒɇɐɊɍɠ
ɂɜɋȽɇ ɒȽ ȧɚɐȽ ɈɍɇɋɘɋɇɈɛɑ ɁɇɈɒɠɘɐɄɑ ȋ•‘…‹ƒŽ ‡†‹ƒȌǡ ɍɇ ȯɎɄɏɂɐɜɂɑ ɈɇɋɄɒɛɑ ɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɜȽɑǡ ɍɇ
Ȯɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɜɂɑ…Ž‘—†ǡɄȜɋəɉɓɐɄɁɂɁɍɊɚɋɘɋǡɒɍȟɇȽɁɜɈɒɓɍɒɘɋɎɏȽɀɊəɒɘɋȋ
–‡”‡–‘ˆŠ‹‰•ȌɄ
ȬɍɊɎɍɒɇɈɛɈȽɇȽɓɒɍɊȽɒɍɎɍɜɄɐɄǡɄȮɏɇɐɁɇəɐɒȽɒɄɂɈɒɠɎɘɐɄȋ͛’”‹–‹‰ȌǡɄȮɂɖɋɄɒɛɋɍɄɊɍɐɠɋɄ
ȋ”–‹Ƥ…‹ƒŽ
–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡…‡Ȃ
ȌɈȽɇɄȥɓȾɂɏɋɍȽɐɔəɉɂɇȽȋ…›„‡”•‡…—”‹–›ȌǤ
213
ɎɍɉɜɒɄǡɟɉɍɇɐɖɂɁɟɋɚɖɍɓɋɐɒɄɁɇəɅɂɐɛɒɍɓɑɊɇȽɎɉɚɍɋȽɋɂɌəɋɒɉɄɒɄ
ɀɈəɊȽ ɂɎɇɉɍɀɣɋ ɈȽɇ ɁɓɋȽɒɍɒɛɒɘɋ ɘɑ Ɏɏɍɑ ɒɄɋ ȽɋȽɃɛɒɄɐɄ ɈȽɇ
ɂɎɂɌɂɏɀȽɐɜȽ ɎɉɄɏɍɔɍɏɇɣɋ ɈəɅɂ ɂɜɁɍɓɑǡ ɂɋɣ ɂɌɜɐɍɓ ɐɄɊȽɋɒɇɈə
ɂɜɋȽɇɒȽɂɏɀȽɉɂɜȽɈȽɇɍɇɂɔȽɏɊɍɀɚɑɐɒɄɁɇȽɖɂɜɏɇɐɄɈȽɇɎɏɍȾɍɉɛɒɍɓ
ɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɍɠȽɎɍɅɚɊȽɒɍɑǤ
ȫɉɚɍɋǡ ɍɇ ɔɍɏɂɜɑ ɚɏɂɓɋȽɑǡ ɁɇȽɖɂɜɏɇɐɄɑ ɈȽɇ ɎɏɍȾɍɉɛɑ ɒɄɑ
ɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɛɑ ɈɉɄɏɍɋɍɊɇəɑ ɚɖɍɓɋ ȽɉɉəɌɂɇ ɒɍɋ ɒɏɟɎɍ ɉɂɇɒɍɓɏɀɜȽɑ
ɒɍɓɑ ɈȽɇ ɁɇȽɖɂɜɏɇɐɄɑ ɒɘɋ ɐɓɉɉɍɀɣɋ ɒɍɓɑ ɈȽɇ ɚɖɂɇ ȽɋȽȾȽɅɊɇɐɒɂɜ Ʉ
ɂɎɇɈɍɇɋɘɋɇȽɈɛɎɍɉɇɒɇɈɛɈȽɇɎɏȽɈɒɇɈɛɒɍɓɑɊɂɒɄɖɏɛɐɄɒɄɑɗɄɔɇȽɈɛɑ
ɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɜȽɑɈȽɇɒɘɋɊɚɐɘɋǤ
Ȯɍ ɚɏɀɍ ɒɍɓ ɂɊɎɉɍɓɒɇɐɊɍɠ ɒɘɋ ȲɄɔɇȽɈɣɋ ȭɓɉɉɍɀɣɋ ɒɘɋ
ȥɇɋɄɒɣɋȧɋɄɊɂɜɘɋɒɍɓȯȫȫȪȜ
ȮɍȯȫȫȪȜǡɈȽɒȽɋɍɣɋɒȽɑȽɎɟɉɓɒȽɒɇɑȽɋəɀɈɂɑɒɄɑɋɚȽɑɂɎɍɖɛɑ
ɈȽɇɒɍɀɂɀɍɋɟɑɟɒɇɄɗɄɔɇɍɎɍɜɄɐɄɒɄɑɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɛɑɈɉɄɏɍɋɍɊɇəɑǡ
ȽɋəɊɂɐȽɐɂəɉɉȽɍɔɚɉɄǡȽɎɍɒɂɉɂɜɒɍɈȽɒɂɌɍɖɛɋɊɚɐɍɁɇȽɔɠɉȽɌɄɑ
ɈȽɇ ȽɋəɁɂɇɌɛɑ ɒɄɑǡ ɌɂɈɜɋɄɐɂ Ɋɚɐɘ ɒɄɑ ȟɇɂɠɅɓɋɐɄɑ ȟɇȽɖɂɜɏɇɐɄɑ
ȠɅɋɇɈɍɠȜɏɖɂɜɍɓȧɋɄɊɂɜɘɋȋȟȟȠȜȧȌɒɍɋȧəɇɍɒɍɓ͖͔͕͖ɒɍɂɅɋɇɈɛɑ
ɂɊȾɚɉɂɇȽɑ ɚɏɀɍ ǼȠɊɎɉɍɓɒɇɐɊɟɑ ɒɘɋ ȲɄɔɇȽɈɣɋ ȭɓɉɉɍɀɣɋ ɒɘɋ
ȥɇɋɄɒɣɋȧɋɄɊɂɜɘɋɒɍɓȯȫȫȪȜɈȽɇȜɋəɎɒɓɌɄȨɚɍɓȫɉɄɏɍɔɍɏɇȽɈɍɠ
ȭɓɐɒɛɊȽɒɍɑ ɒɍɓ ȠɅɋɇɈɍɠ Ȝɏɖɂɜɍɓ ȧɋɄɊɂɜɘɋǽǤ Ȯɍ ɚɏɀɍ ȽɏɖɇɈə
ɖɏɄɊȽɒɍɁɍɒɛɅɄɈɂ ȽɎɟ ɒɍ ȠɎɇɖɂɇɏɄɐɇȽɈɟ ȫɏɟɀɏȽɊɊȽ ǼȲɄɔɇȽɈɛ
ȭɠɀɈɉɇɐɄ ͖͔͔͛Ǧ͖͔͕͗ǽ ɈȽɇ ɂɋ ɐɓɋɂɖɂɜȽ ȽɎɟ ɒɍ ɋɚɍ ɎɏɟɀɏȽɊɊȽ
ǼȜɋɒȽɀɘɋɇɐɒɇɈɟɒɄɒȽǡ ȠɎɇɖɂɇɏɄɊȽɒɇɈɟɒɄɒȽ ɈȽɇ ȥȽɇɋɍɒɍɊɜȽ ͖͔͕͘Ǧ
͖͔͖͔ǽɂɋɣɘɑɄɊɂɏɍɊɄɋɜȽɉɛɌɄɑɒɄɑȫɏəɌɄɑɍɏɜɐɒɄɈɂɄ͔͗Ǥ͔͝Ǥ͖͔͕͜Ǥ
ȩɂɎɂɏɋɣɋɒȽɑɎɉɛɅɍɑȽɋɒɇɌɍɍɒɛɒɘɋǡɈȽɒɍɏɅɣɅɄɈɂȽɎɟɒɄɋɄɀɂɐɜȽ
ɒɍɓ ȯȫȫȪȜ ɈȽɇ ɒɍ ɐɠɋɍɉɍ ɒɍɓ ɂɎɇɐɒɄɊɍɋɇɈɍɠ ɈȽɇ ɁɇɍɇɈɄɒɇɈɍɠ
ɎɏɍɐɘɎɇɈɍɠ ɋȽ ɈȽɒȽɀɏȽɔɍɠɋ Ɏɏɘɒɍɀɂɋɣɑ ɈȽɇ ɗɄɔɇɍɎɍɇɄɅɍɠɋ
Ɏəɋɘ ȽɎɟ ͖͔͘Ǥ͔͔͔ ɈɇɋɄɒə ɊɋɄɊɂɜȽ Ƚɋə ɒɄɋ ɂɎɇɈɏəɒɂɇȽǤ ȧȽɃɜ Ɋɂ
ɒɄ ɗɄɔɇɍɎɍɜɄɐɄ ɒɘɋ ɛɁɄ ɈȽɒȽɀɂɀɏȽɊɊɚɋɘɋ ɈɇɋɄɒɣɋ ɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋ
ȽɎɟȽɋəɁɍɖɂɑɂɒȽɇɏɂɜɂɑɍɇɗɄɔɇȽɈɚɑɈȽɒȽɀɏȽɔɚɑɘɑɒɇɑȽɏɖɚɑɒɍɓ
͖͔͕͜ǡɌɂɎɂɏɋɍɠɋɒɇɑ͚͔͔Ǥ͔͔͔ɊɋɄɊɂɜȽǤȭɓɊɊɂɒɚɖɍɋɒȽɑɐɒɍȽɋɘɒɚɏɘ
ɐɒɏȽɒɄɀɇɈɛɑ ɐɄɊȽɐɜȽɑ ɚɏɀɍǡ Ʉ ȠɔǤȜǤȢɉɂɜȽɑ ɈȽɒəɔɂɏɂ ɋȽ ɂɋɒəɌɂɇ
ɐɓɋɍɉɇɈə ͕͕͔͚͙ ɈɇɋɄɒə ɊɋɄɊɂɜȽǤ ȫɏɟɈɂɇɒȽɇ ɀɇȽ ȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈə
ɂɓɏɛɊȽɒȽɟɉɘɋɒɘɋɎɂɏɇɟɁɘɋȽɎɟɒɄɋȫɏɍɝɐɒɍɏɇɈɛɂɎɍɖɛɘɑɈȽɇ
ɒɄɋ ɜɁɏɓɐɄ ɒɍɓ ȠɉɉɄɋɇɈɍɠ Ɉɏəɒɍɓɑǡ ɎɏɍɂɏɖɟɊɂɋȽ ȽɎɟ Ɂɇəɔɍɏɂɑ
ɅɚɐɂɇɑɐɂɟɉɄɒɄɋɂɎɇɈɏəɒɂɇȽɒɄɑȫɂɏɇɔǤȠɋɟɒɄɒȽɑȢɉɂɜȽɑǤȜɋəɊɂɐȽɐɂ
ȽɓɒəȾɂȾȽɜɘɑɐɓɀɈȽɒȽɉɚɀɍɋɒȽɇɈȽɇɒȽɂɈɅɚɊȽɒȽɒɘɋȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɣɋ
ȧɍɓɐɂɜɘɋ ȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑǡ ȫɠɏɀɍɓ ȶɉɇɁȽɑǡ ɈȽɅɣɑ ɈȽɇ Ɋɚɏɍɑ ɒɘɋ
214
ɂɓɏɄɊəɒɘɋȽɎɟɒɇɑɎɏɍɅɛɈɂɑɒɍɓȧɍɓɐɂɜɍɓȥəɐɒɏɍɓȱɉɂɊɍɓɒɐɜɍɓ
ȋɈɓɏɜɘɑȣɄɐȽɓɏɍɜȨɍɊɇɐɊəɒɘɋȌǤ
ȝɛɊȽɒȽɈȽɇɂɋɚɏɀɂɇɂɑɎɏɍɑɒɍɋɗɄɔɇȽɈɟɊɂɒȽɐɖɄɊȽɒɇɐɊɟ
ȧɂɐɒɟɖɍɓɑɒɄɋəɊɂɐɄɈȽɇɂɠɈɍɉɄɂɋɄɊɚɏɘɐɄɀɇȽɒɇɑɂɌɂɉɜɌɂɇɑɐɒɍɋ
ɖɣɏɍɒɄɑȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɜȽɑǡɒɄɁɇɂɓɈɟɉɓɋɐɄɒɍɓɎɍɉɜɒɄɈȽɇɂɎɇɐɈɚɎɒɄ
ɈȽɅɣɑɈȽɇɒɄɁɇȽɔɠɉȽɌɄɈȽɇȽɋəɁɂɇɌɄɒɄɑɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɛɑɈɉɄɏɍɋɍɊɇəɑ
ɊɂɎȽɀɈɟɐɊɇȽɊəɉɇɐɒȽɁɇəɐɒȽɐɄǡɄȠɔǤȜǤȢɉɂɜȽɑɂɋɜɐɖɓɐɂɒɄɐɖɚɐɄ
ɈȽɇɎȽɏɍɓɐɜȽɒɄɑɐɒɍɁɇȽɁɜɈɒɓɍɈȽɇɐɒȽɊɚɐȽɈɍɇɋɘɋɇɈɛɑɁɇɈɒɠɘɐɄɑ
ɈəɋɍɋɒȽɑ ɐɒȽɅɂɏə ȾɛɊȽɒȽ Ɏɏɍɑ ɒɄɋ ɂɎɜɒɂɓɌɄ ɒɍɓ ɗɄɔɇȽɈɍɠ
ɊɂɒȽɐɖɄɊȽɒɇɐɊɍɠɒɄɑǤ
ȠɐɒɇəɃɍɋɒȽɑ ɐɒɍɋ ɈɍɏɓɔȽɜɍ ɀɇȽ ɒɄɋ ɖɣɏȽ ɊȽɑ ɒɍɓɏɇɐɒɇɈɟ
ɎɏɍɍɏɇɐɊɟɒɄɑȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑǡɚɎɂɇɒȽȽɎɟɚɋȽɁɇəɐɒɄɊȽɂɌɍɇɈɂɜɘɐɄɑɊɂ
ɒɇɑ ɚɋɋɍɇɂɑ ɈȽɇ ɊɂɅɟɁɍɓɑ ɒɍɓ ɄɉɂɈɒɏɍɋɇɈɍɠ ƒ”‡–‹‰ Ʉ ȯɎɄɏɂɐɜȽ
ɎɏɍɖɣɏɄɐɂ ɐɒɄɋ ȽɌɇɍɎɍɜɄɐɄ ɒɘɋ Ɋɂɀəɉɘɋ ɁɓɋȽɒɍɒɛɒɘɋ ɒɍɓɑ
ɓɎɂɏɒɘɋɖɣɏɘɋɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɊɍɠɎɍɓɁɇȽɖɂɇɏɜɃɂɒȽɇǤȭɒɍɂɎɜɈɂɋɒɏɍɒɍɓ
ɂɋɁɇȽɔɚɏɍɋɒɍɑ ȾɏɚɅɄɈȽɋ ɒȽ ɁɇȽɁɇɈɒɓȽɈə ɂɏɀȽɉɂɜȽ ɈȽɇ ɂɔȽɏɊɍɀɚɑ
ɒɄɑ ɂɒȽɇɏɂɜȽɑ 
‘‘‰Ž‡ Ƚɉɉə ɈȽɇ ɒȽ ɊɚɐȽ ɈɍɇɋɘɋɇɈɛɑ ɁɇɈɒɠɘɐɄɑǡ
ɇɁɇȽɇɒɚɏɘɑ ɂɎɇȾɍɄɅɄɒɇɈə ɟɎɘɑ ɁɇȽɎɇɐɒɣɅɄɈɂ ɐɒɍ ɈȽɅɄɊɂɏɇɋɟ
ɚɏɀɍ ɒɄɑ ɍɉɍɈɉɄɏɘɊɚɋɄɑ ɁɇȽɖɂɜɏɇɐɄɑǡ ɉɂɇɒɍɓɏɀɜȽɑ ɈȽɇ Ɉɓɏɜɘɑ ɒɄɑ
ɎɏɍȾɍɉɛɑɖɣɏɘɋɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋɈȽɇɊɍɓɐɂɜɘɋǤ
ȮɍɗɄɔɇȽɈɟɊəɏɈɂɒɇɋɀɈɐɒɄɋɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɛɈɉɄɏɍɋɍɊɇə
ȹɎɘɑɐɓɊȾȽɜɋɂɇɈȽɇɐɒɍɓɑɎȽɏȽɁɍɐɇȽɈɍɠɑɔɍɏɂɜɑɒɍɓɂɎɇɖɂɇɏɂɇɋǡ
ɒɍɊəɏɈɂɒɇɋɀɈɎɂɏɇɉȽɊȾəɋɂɇɒɇɑɁɏəɐɂɇɑɈȽɇɂɋɚɏɀɂɇɂɑɎɍɓɂɎɇɒɏɚɎɂɇ
ɐɒɍɓɑ ɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɍɠɑ ɍɏɀȽɋɇɐɊɍɠɑ ɋȽ Ʌɚɐɍɓɋ ɐɓɀɈɂɈɏɇɊɚɋɍɓɑǡ
ɊɂɒɏɛɐɇɊɍɓɑɐɒɟɖɍɓɑɈȽɇɋȽɂɉɚɀɌɍɓɋɒɄɋȽɎɍɒɂɉɂɐɊȽɒɇɈɟɒɄɒəɒɍɓɑǡ
ɣɐɒɂɋȽɂɎɇɒɠɖɍɓɋɒɄɋȾɂɉɒɜɘɐɄɒɄɑɅɚɐɄɑɒɍɓɑɈȽɇɋȽɂɈɎɉɄɏɣɐɍɓɋ
ɒɄɋ ȽɎɍɐɒɍɉɛ ɒɍɓɑ Ɏɏɍɑ ɟɔɂɉɍɑ ɒɍɓ Ɉɍɇɋɍɠ ɒɍɓɑǡ ɖɘɏɜɑ Ƚɓɒɛ Ʉ
ɁɇȽɁɇɈȽɐɜȽɋȽɚɏɖɂɒȽɇɐɂɏɛɌɄɊɂɒɍɋɊɄɈɂɏɁɍɐɈɍɎɇɈɟɖȽɏȽɈɒɛɏȽ
ɒɍɓɑȋȧȽɓɏȽɀəɋɄ͖͔͕͛ǣ͚͛͛ȌǤ
ȭɓɊɎɉɄɏɘɊȽɒɇɈə ɐɒɍ ɎȽɏȽɁɍɐɇȽɈɟǡ ɒɍ ɗɄɔɇȽɈɟ ɊəɏɈɂɒɇɋɀɈǡ
ɒɍ ɍɎɍɜɍ ɐɓɋɂɖɣɑ ɈɂɏɁɜɃɂɇ ɚɁȽɔɍɑǡ ɂɎɇɁɇɣɈɂɇ ɋȽ ɂɋɇɐɖɠɐɂɇ ɒɄɋ
ɂɎɇɈɍɇɋɘɋɜȽ ɒɍɓ ɔɍɏɚȽ Ɋɂ ɒɍɓɑ Ɏɍɉɜɒɂɑ ɈȽɇ ɋȽ ɂɋɁɓɋȽɊɣɐɂɇ
ɒɄɋ ȽɎɛɖɄɐɄ ɒɍɓ ɂɒȽɇɏɇɈɍɠ ɍɋɟɊȽɒɍɑ ȋ„”ƒ†Ȍ ɂɜɒɂ Ƚɓɒɟ ɂɜɋȽɇ Ʉ
ɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɛ ɈɉɄɏɍɋɍɊɇə ɒɄɑ ȠɉɉəɁɍɑ ɂɋ ɐɓɋɟɉɘǡ ɒɍ ȯȫȫȪȜ Ɏɍɓ
ɒɄ ɁɇȽɖɂɇɏɜɃɂɒȽɇǡ Ʉ ȠɔǤȜǤȢɉɂɜȽɑ ɛ ɈəɎɍɇɍ ɐɓɀɈɂɈɏɇɊɚɋɍ Ɋɍɓɐɂɜɍǡ
ɖɣɏɍɑɛɊɋɄɊɂɜɍȽɏɊɍɁɇɟɒɄɒəɑɒɄɑǤȢɎȽɏɍɓɐɜȽɐɒɍɁɇȽɁɜɈɒɓɍɂɋɟɑ
215
ɔɍɏɚȽɈȽɇɊɚɐɘȽɓɒɍɠȋɛȽɓɒɟɋɍɊȽȌɒɘɋɊɍɓɐɂɜɘɋǡɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋɈȽɇ
ȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɣɋɖɣɏɘɋɒȽɍɎɍɜȽɁɇȽɖɂɇɏɜɃɂɒȽɇǡȽɎɍɒɂɉɂɜɈȽɒəɈəɎɍɇɍ
ɒɏɟɎɍɇɁɇɟɈɒɄɒɍɈȽɋəɉɇɂɎɇɈɍɇɋɘɋɜȽɑɎɍɓɂɎɇɒɏɚɎɂɇɐɒɄɋȯɎɄɏɂɐɜȽ
ɋȽȾɏɜɐɈɂɒȽɇȽɁɇəɈɍɎȽɈȽɇɐɂɎɏȽɀɊȽɒɇɈɟɖɏɟɋɍɐɂɂɎɇɈɍɇɋɘɋɜȽɊɂ
ɒɍɓɑɎɍɉɜɒɂɑǦɂɎɇɐɈɚɎɒɂɑǡɂɀɖɣɏɇɍɓɑɛȽɉɉɍɁȽɎɍɠɑǤ
ȭɠɊɔɘɋȽ Ɋɂ ɒɍɋ ɈǤ ȥəɏɍɉɍ ȫȽɎȽɁəǡ ȦɚɈɒɍɏȽ ȧəɏɈɂɒɇɋɀɈ
ɐɒɍ ȫȽɋɂɎɇɐɒɛɊɇɍ ɒɍɓ ȥɟȾɂɋɒɏɇǡ Ǽǥɒɍ ɗɄɔɇȽɈɟ ɊəɏɈɂɒɇɋɀɈ Ɂɂɋ
ɚɏɖɂɒȽɇ ɋȽ ȽɋɒɇɈȽɒȽɐɒɛɐɂɇ ɒɍ ɎȽɏȽɁɍɐɇȽɈɟ ɊəɏɈɂɒɇɋɀɈ ɟɎɘɑ ɒɍ
ɀɋɘɏɜɃɍɓɊɂǡȽɉɉəɚɏɖɂɒȽɇɘɑɐɓɊɎɉɄɏɘɊȽɒɇɈɟɂɏɀȽɉɂɜɍɂɋɜɐɖɓɐɛɑ
ɒɍɓǽ ȋȫȽɎȽɁəɑ ͖͔͕͚ȌǤ ȧɇȽ ɂɋɇȽɜȽ ɈȽɇ ɍɉɍɈɉɄɏɘɊɚɋɄ ɐɒɏȽɒɄɀɇɈɛ
ɗɄɔɇȽɈɍɠɊəɏɈɂɒɇɋɀɈɊɇȽɑɂɎɇɖɂɜɏɄɐɄɑɛɂɋɟɑɔɍɏɚȽɎɂɏɇɉȽɊȾəɋɂɇǣ
ȽȌȤɐɒɍɐɂɉɜɁȽ ȋ‡„•‹–‡Ȍǡ ȾȌȟɇȽɖɂɜɏɇɐɄ ȥɍɇɋɘɋɇɈɣɋȟɇɈɒɠɘɋ ȋ‘…‹ƒŽ
‡†‹ƒƒƒ‰‡‡–ȌǡɀȌȲɄɔɇȽɈɛȟɇȽɔɛɊɇɐɄȋ‹‰‹–ƒŽ†˜‡”–‹•‹‰ȌǡɁȌ
ȫɏɍɘɅɄɒɇɈəǦƒ‹Ž•ǡɂȌȲɄɔɇȽɈɚɑȟɄɊɟɐɇɂɑȭɖɚɐɂɇɑȋ‹‰‹–ƒŽ—„Ž‹…‡-
Žƒ–‹‘•ȌɓɎɍɐɒɄɏɜɃɂɇɍɈɍɑȫȽɎȽɁəɑǤ
ȝɂȾȽɜɘɑǡɄȠɔǤȜǤȢɉɂɜȽɑɛɒɍȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟȧɍɓɐɂɜɍȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑǡɁɂɋ
ɐɓɋɇɐɒɍɠɋɂɎɇɖɂɇɏɛɐɂɇɑɊɂɒɄɋɐɒɂɋɛɚɋɋɍɇȽǡɘɐɒɟɐɍɍɐɠɋɅɂɒɍɑɈȽɇ
ɐɠɀɖɏɍɋɍɑɏɟɉɍɑɒɍɓɑɎɂɏɇɉȽɊȾəɋɂɇɈȽɇɒɄɋɓɎɍɖɏɚɘɐɄɋȽɊɂɏɇɊɋɍɠɋ
ɀɇȽɒɄɋɎɏɍɐɚɉɈɓɐɄɂɎɇɐɈɂɎɒɣɋɈȽɇɒɄɋɇɈȽɋɍɎɍɇɄɒɇɈɛɈȽɇɂɠɈɍɉɄ
ɂɋɄɊɚɏɘɐɄ ɟɐɘɋ Ɏɍɉɇɒɣɋ ȽɋȽɃɄɒɍɠɋ ɐɖɂɒɇɈɚɑ ɎɉɄɏɍɔɍɏɜɂɑ ɟɎɘɑ
ɀɇȽɒɍɘɏəɏɇɍɉɂɇɒɍɓɏɀɜȽɑǡɒɇɑɒɇɊɚɑɒɘɋɂɇɐɇɒɄɏɜɘɋɈǤəǤȠɜɋȽɇɐȽɔɚɑ
Ɏɘɑ ɍɇ ɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɍɜ ɍɏɀȽɋɇɐɊɍɜ ɀɇȽ ɋȽ Ɏɂɒɠɖɍɓɋ ɐɒɄɋ ȽɎɍɐɒɍɉɛ
ɒɍɓɑ ɍɔɂɜɉɍɓɋ ɋȽ ɓɇɍɅɂɒɛɐɍɓɋ ɒɂɖɋɇɈɚɑ ɈȽɇ ɊɂɅɟɁɍɓɑ ɂɏɀȽɐɜȽɑ
ȽɎɟɒɄɋɂɎɇɐɒɛɊɄɒɘɋɍɇɈɍɋɍɊɇɈɣɋɈȽɇɒɄɑɁɇɍɜɈɄɐɄɑɂɎɇɖɂɇɏɛɐɂɘɋ
ȋȧȽɓɏȽɀəɋɄ͖͔͕͛ȌǤȪɇɓɎɂɠɅɓɋɍɇɒɘɋɊɍɓɐɂɜɘɋɍɔɂɜɉɍɓɋɋȽɎəɏɍɓɋ
ɐɒɏȽɒɄɀɇɈɚɑȽɎɍɔəɐɂɇɑɀɇȽɒɄȾɇɣɐɇɊɄȽɋəɎɒɓɌɛɒɍɓɑǡɊɂɏɇɊɋɣɋɒȽɑ
ɄɈəɅɂɓɎɄɏɂɐɜȽɋȽɂɜɋȽɇɂɉɈɓɐɒɇɈɛɈȽɇɋȽɈȽɉɠɎɒɂɇɒɑɎɏȽɀɊȽɒɇɈɚɑ
ȽɋəɀɈɂɑɒɘɋɂɎɇɐɈɂɎɒɣɋǤ
ȢɎɉȽɒɔɟɏɊȽ
‘‘‰Ž‡—•‹‡••
ȢɗɄɔɇȽɈɛɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɜȽɈȽɇɒɍɁɇȽɁɜɈɒɓɍɊɂɒɄɋɎɉȽɒɇəɁɇəɁɍɐɄɈȽɇ
ɐɓɋɂɖɣɑ ɁɇɂɓɏɓɋɟɊɂɋɄ ȽɎɛɖɄɐɄǡ ɊɎɍɏɍɠɋ ɋȽ ɐɓɋɂɇɐɔɚɏɍɓɋ ɎəɏȽ
Ɏɍɉɉə ɐɒɄɋ ɎȽɏȽɎəɋɘ ɎɏɍɐɎəɅɂɇȽǤ ȵɋȽ ɒɚɒɍɇɍ ɂɏɀȽɉɂɜɍ ɂɜɋȽɇ Ʉ
ɎɉȽɒɔɟɏɊȽ
‘‘‰Ž‡—•‹‡••ǡəɏɏɄɈɒȽɐɓɋɁɂɁɂɊɚɋɄɈȽɇȾȽɐɇɐɊɚɋɄ
ɐɒɄɋɎɍɉɠɀɋɘɐɒɛɂɔȽɏɊɍɀɛ
‘‘‰Ž‡ƒ’•ǤȝȽɐɇɈɟɎɏɣɒɍȾɛɊȽɀɇȽ
ɒɄɋȽɌɇɍɎɍɜɄɐɄɒɄɑɂɔȽɏɊɍɀɛɑɛɒȽɋɄɈȽɒȽɋɟɄɐɄɒɄɑɉɂɇɒɍɓɏɀɜȽɑ
ɒɘɋ ɖȽɏɒɣɋ ɒɄɑ 
‘‘‰Ž‡ ɈȽɇ Ɏɘɑ ɎɏɍɈɠɎɒɍɓɋ ɍɇ ɎɉɄɏɍɔɍɏɜɂɑ Ɏɍɓ
ɂɊɔȽɋɜɃɍɓɋɀɇȽɈəɎɍɇɍɐɄɊɂɜɍɂɋɁɇȽɔɚɏɍɋɒɍɑɀɇȽɒɍɍɎɍɜɍɅȽɈəɋɂɇ
ȽɋȽɃɛɒɄɐɄɚɋȽɑɖɏɛɐɒɄɑɐɒɍɁɇȽɁɜɈɒɓɍɊɚɐɘɒɄɑɀɋɘɐɒɛɑɊɄɖȽɋɛɑ
216
ɒɄɑ 
‘‘‰Ž‡ǡ ɟɎɘɑ ɀɇȽ ɎȽɏəɁɂɇɀɊȽ ɈəɎɍɇɍ ɊɋɄɊɂɜɍ ɛ ɊɍɓɐɂɜɍǤ
ȭɠɊɔɘɋȽɊɂɒɍɋɈɍȨɜɈɍȜɀɀɂɉɇɁəɈɄǡ‹‰‹–ƒŽƒ”‡–‹‰ǡǼǥǤɄ
‘‘-
‰Ž‡ɖɂɇɏɜɃɂɒȽɇ͗ǡ͙ɁɇɐɂɈȽɒɍɊɊɠɏɇȽȽɋȽɃɄɒɛɐɂɇɑɒɄɋɄɊɚɏȽǤȣɚɉɍɋɒȽɑ
ɋȽɎɏɍɐɁɣɐɂɇɎɍɇɟɒɄɒȽɈȽɇɐɓɋəɔɂɇȽǡɄɁɇəɐɄɊɄɊɄɖȽɋɛȽɋȽɃɛɒɄɐɄɑ
ɂɋɐɘɊəɒɘɐɂ Ɏɉɛɏɘɑ ȽɎɍɒɂɉɚɐɊȽɒȽ ȽɎɟ ɒɍɓɑ ȱəɏɒɂɑ ɊɚɐȽ ɐɒɄɋ
ɎɏɣɒɄ ɐɂɉɜɁȽ ɒɘɋ ɈɉȽɐɇɈɣɋ ɍɏɀȽɋɇɈɣɋ ȽɎɍɒɂɉɂɐɊəɒɘɋǤ ȫɉɚɍɋǡ
ɒɍ͔͗ΨɒɘɋȽɋȽɃɄɒɛɐɂɘɋɂɋɂɏɀɍɎɍɇɍɠɋȽɎɍɒɂɉɚɐɊȽɒȽɒɍɓ
‘‘‰Ž‡
ƒ’•ɈȽɇɄɒɍɎɍɅɂɐɜȽɒɍɓɖɏɛɐɒɄɎɍɓɈəɋɂɇɊɇȽȽɋȽɃɛɒɄɐɄɈȽɅɍɏɜɃɂɇ
ɒȽȽɎɍɒɂɉɚɐɊȽɒȽɎɍɓɅȽɁɂɇɟɐɍɎɍɒɚəɉɉɍɒɂǽȋȜɀɀɂɉɇɁəɈɄɑ͖͔͕͛ȌǤ
ȥəɋɍɋɒȽɑɒɄɋȽɎɉɛɁɇȽɎɜɐɒɘɐɄɟɒɇɐɛɊɂɏȽɍɓɎɍɗɛɔɇɍɑɂɎɇɐɈɚɎɒɄɑ
Ɏɍɓ Ʌɚɉɂɇ ɋȽ Ɏɏɍɐɂɀɀɜɐɂɇ ɈəɎɍɇɍ Ɋɍɓɐɂɜɍ ɛ ȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟ ɖɣɏɍ
ɅȽ ɃɄɒɛɐɂɇ ɎɉɍɛɀɄɐɄ ȽɎɟ ɒɍ ɚɌɓɎɋɍ ɈɇɋɄɒɟ ɒɄɉɚɔɘɋɟ ɒɍɓ
ɈȽɇ ɂɎɇɈɍɓɏɇɈə ɅȽ ȽɋȽɃɄɒɛɐɂɇ ɍɁɇɈɚɑ ɎɇɋȽɈɜɁɂɑ ɈȽɒɂɠɅɓɋɐɄɑǡ
ȽɔɇɂɏɣɅɄɈɂ ȽɏɈɂɒɟɑ ɖɏɟɋɍɑ ɎɏɍɈɂɇɊɚɋɍɓ ɋȽ ɂɋɄɊɂɏɘɅɍɠɋ Ɋɂ ɒɇɑ
ɍɏɅɚɑ ɈȽɇ ɂɎɇɈȽɇɏɍɎɍɇɄɊɚɋɂɑ ɎɉɄɏɍɔɍɏɜɂɑ Ʉ ɂɔȽɏɊɍɀɛ ɖȽɏɒɣɋ
ɒɄɑ
‘‘‰Ž‡ɈȽɇɂɋɐɓɋɂɖɂɜȽɀɇȽɋȽȽɎɍɈɒɄɅɂɜɍɎɉɛɏɄɑɚɉɂɀɖɍɑɒɘɋ
ɈȽɒȽɖɘɏɛɐɂɘɋȽɓɒɣɋɀɇȽɒȽȧɍɓɐɂɜȽǡȧɋɄɊɂɜȽɈȽɇȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠɑ
ȱɣɏɍɓɑɂɓɅɠɋɄɑɒɄɑȠɔɍɏɂɜȽɑǡɒɍɓɉəɖɇɐɒɍɋɒɍɓɑɎɉɚɍɋɐɄɊȽɋɒɇɈɍɠɑǤ
ȫɇɉɟɒɍɐɒɍɂɀɖɂɜɏɄɊȽȽɎɂɒɚɉɂɐɂɒɍȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟȧɍɓɐɂɜɍȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑ
ɀɇȽ ɒɍ ɍɎɍɜɍ Ʉ ȠɔɍɏɂɜȽ ɂɋɁɇȽɔɂɏɟɒȽɋ ɋȽ ɎȽɏɚɖɍɋɒȽɇ ɍɇ ɐɘɐɒɚɑ
ɎɉɄɏɍɔɍɏɜɂɑɐɂɟɐɍɓɑɈəɋɍɓɋɐɖɂɒɇɈɛȽɋȽɃɛɒɄɐɄɈȽɇɟɖɇɒɓɖȽɜɂɑɈȽɇ
ɂɋɎɍɉɉɍɜɑɉȽɋɅȽɐɊɚɋɂɑɎɉɄɏɍɔɍɏɜɂɑɎɍɓȽɋɚȾȽɃȽɋɍɇɖɏɛɐɒɂɑɒɄɑ
ɂɔȽɏɊɍɀɛɑǤȭɒɄɐɓɋɚɖɂɇȽǡɒɍɂɎɇɐɒɄɊɍɋɇɈɟɎɏɍɐɘɎɇɈɟɁɄɊɇɍɠɏɀɄɐɂ
ɂɈɒɍɓɊɄɟɋɒɍɑɋɚȽɐɄɊɂɜȽɂɋɁɇȽɔɚɏɍɋɒɍɑȋ
ǯ•Ǧ‘‹–•‘ˆ
–‡”‡•–Ȍ
ɐɒɍɓɑɖəɏɒɂɑɒɄɑ
‘‘‰Ž‡ɛɂɋɛɏɀɄɐɂɣɐɒɂɋȽȽɎɍɈɒɄɅɂɜɍɚɉɂɀɖɍɑ
ɓɔɇɐɒəɊɂɋɘɋȽɎɟɒɏɜɒɍɓɑɖɏɛɐɒɂɑɀɇȽɒȽɂɌɛɑɊɍɓɐɂɜȽǡɖɣɏɍɓɑɈȽɇ
ɊɋɄɊɂɜȽȽɏɊɍɁɇɟɒɄɒɍɑȠɔǤȜǤȢɉɂɜȽɑǣ
• ȜɏɖȽɜȽȜɈɏɟɎɍɉɄȫɉȽɒɇəɋȽɑ
• ȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟɑȱɣɏɍɑȠɎɇɒȽɉɜɍɓ
• ȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟɑȱɣɏɍɑȰɇɀȽɉɂɜȽɑ
• ȧɓɈɄɋȽɝɈɟȨɂɈɏɍɒȽɔɂɜɍȟəɔɋɄɑ
• ȨȽɟɑȜɅɄɋəɑɐɒɍȫɏȽɐɇɁəɈɇ
• ȨȽɟɑɒɄɑȜɅɄɋəɑȧȽɈɜɐɒɍɓɐɒɍȧəɃɇȭɈɇɉɉɍɓɋɒɜȽɑ
• ȫɍɋɒɇɈɟɈȽɐɒɏɍǦȜɏɖȽɜȽȰɂɇəǦȴɀɇɍɑȜɋɁɏɚȽɑ
• ȨȽɟɑȠɎɇɈɍɓɏɜɍɓȜɎɟɉɉɘɋȽ
• ȜɉɐɍɑȪɉɓɊɎɇȽɈɛɑȠɈɂɖɂɇɏɜȽɑ
• ȜɏɖȽɜȽȽɈɏɟɎɍɉɄȜɉɜɔɂɇɏȽɑ

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Ο Αρχαιολογικός Χώρος Ολυμπίας: Η παρούσα κατάσταση έπειτα από τα αναστηλωτικά έργα και τα έργα ανάδειξης. Ο ψηφιακός μετασχηματισμός της Εφ. Α. Ηλείας

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  • 2. 202 ȫɂɏɜɉɄɗɄ ȧɂ ɚɁɏȽ ɒɄɋ ȜɏɖȽɜȽ ȪɉɓɊɎɜȽ ɈȽɇ ɖɘɏɇɈɛ ȽɏɊɍɁɇɟɒɄɒȽ ɐɒɍɋ ɋɍɊɟ ȢɉɂɜȽɑǡ Ʉ ȠɔɍɏɂɜȽ ȜɏɖȽɇɍɒɛɒɘɋ ȢɉɂɜȽɑ ɚɖɂɇ ɘɑ ȫɂɏɇɔɂɏɂɇȽɈɛ ȧɍɋəɁȽ ɒɍɓ ȯȫȫȪȜ ȋȯɎɍɓɏɀɂɜɍ ȫɍɉɇɒɇɐɊɍɠ ɈȽɇ ȜɅɉɄɒɇɐɊɍɠȌ ɒɄɋ ɂɓɅɠɋɄ ɒɄɑ ɔɏɍɋɒɜɁȽɑǡ ȽɋəɊɂɐȽ ɐɂ əɉɉɍɓɑ ɐɄɊȽɋɒɇɈɍɠɑɖɣɏɍɓɑ ɈȽɇɊɍɓɐɂɜȽǡɁɓɍɂɈ ɒɘɋ ɁɂɈȽɍɈɒɣ ɂɉɉɄɋɇɈɣɋ ɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋ Ɏɍɓ ɂɜɋȽɇ ɂɋɒȽɀɊɚɋȽ ɐɒɍɋ ȥȽɒəɉɍɀɍ ɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɣɋ ɈȽɇ ɎɂɏɇȾȽɉɉɍɋɒɇɈɣɋȧɋɄɊɂɜɘɋɒɄɑȫȽɀɈɟɐɊɇȽɑȥɉɄɏɍɋɍɊɇəɑɒɄɑȋ‹–‡† ƒ–‹‘• †—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡ …‹‡–‹Ƥ… ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ ”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ȍǡ ɒɘɋ ȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɣɋ ȱɣɏɘɋɒɄɑȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑɈȽɇɒɍɓȨȽɍɠȠɎɇɈɍɓɏɜɍɓȜɎɟɉɉɘɋȽȝȽɐɐɣɋȰɇɀȽɉɂɜȽɑǤȭɂ ȽɀȽɐɒɛɐɓɋɚɏɀɂɇȽɊɂɒɍɓɑɂɊɎɉɂɈɟɊɂɋɍɓɑɔɍɏɂɜɑɒɍɓɁɄɊɍɐɜɍɓɈȽɇɇɁɇɘɒɇɈɍɠ ɒɍɊɚȽǡ ɈȽɒȽȾəɉɉɂɇ ɎɏɍɐɎəɅɂɇȽ ɍɉɇɐɒɇɈɛɑ ɈȽɇ ɁɇɂɎɇɐɒɄɊɍɋɇɈɛɑ ɁɇȽɖɂɜɏɇɐɄɑ ɒɘɋɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋɂɓɅɠɋɄɑɒɄɑǤȩɂɎɂɏɋɣɋɒȽɑɎɍɉɉɚɑɁɓɐɈɍɉɜɂɑɈȽɇɎɏɍɈɉɛɐɂɇɑǡɄ ȯɎɄɏɂɐɜȽɈȽɒȽɔɚɏɋɂɇɎɉɄɋɒɄɑɎɏɘɒɍɀɂɋɍɠɑȋɚɏɂɓɋȽǦȽɋȽɐɈȽɔɛǦɊɂɉɚɒɄȌɈȽɇ ɁɂɓɒɂɏɍɀɂɋɍɠɑȋɐɓɋɒɛɏɄɐɄǦȽɎɍɈȽɒəɐɒȽɐɄǦɎɏɍɐɒȽɐɜȽǦȽɐɔəɉɂɇȽȌɔɏɍɋɒɜɁȽɑ ɒɘɋɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋǡɋȽɅɂɏȽɎɂɠɂɇɈȽɇɒɇɑɒɏɇɒɍɀɂɋɂɜɑȽɋəɀɈɂɑɎɍɓȽɎɍɏɏɚɍɓɋȽɎɟ ɒɄɐɖɚɐɄɒɍɓɑɊɂɒɍɓɑɂɎɇɐɈɚɎɒɂɑȋɓɎɄɏɂɐɜɂɑǦɎɏɍȾɍɉɛǦɂɋɄɊɚɏɘɐɄȌɈȽɇɒɄɋ ɈɍɇɋɘɋɜȽɂɋɀɚɋɂɇǤ ȭɒɍɎɋɂɠɊȽȽɓɒɟǡɐɒɍɎɏɣɒɍɊɚɏɍɑɒɄɑɂɇɐɛɀɄɐɄɑɀɜɋɂɒȽɇɐɓɋɍɎɒɇɈɛȽɋȽɔɍɏə ɐɒȽɚɏɀȽȽɋȽɐɒɛɉɘɐɄɑɈȽɇȽɋəɁɂɇɌɄɑɎɍɓɐɓɋɒɂɉɚɐɒɄɈȽɋɒɄɋɒɂɉɂɓɒȽɜȽ͙͘ɂɒɜȽ ɐɒɍɋȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟȱɣɏɍɒɄɑȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑǡɊɂɒɄɋȽɏɘɀɛɖɏɄɊȽɒɍɁɍɒɛɐɂɘɋɒɍɓ ɎɏɍɀɏəɊɊȽɒɍɑȠȭȫȜȋȠɒȽɇɏɇɈɟȭɠɊɔɘɋɍɀɇȽɒɍȫɉȽɜɐɇɍȜɋəɎɒɓɌɄɑȌ͚͘͘͟Ǧ͚͙͛͘ ɈȽɅɣɑɈȽɇɖɍɏɄɀɇɣɋɇɁɇɘɒɇɈɣɋɔɍɏɚɘɋɈȽɇɇɁɏɓɊəɒɘɋɒȽɍɎɍɜȽɐɓɋɂɒɚɉɂɐȽɋ ɐɒɄɋ ɐɄɊȽɋɒɇɈɛ ȽɋȽɋɚɘɐɄ ɒɍɓ ȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠ ɖɣɏɍɓ ɈȽɇ ɐɒɄɋ ɎɂɏȽɇɒɚɏɘ ɘɏɜɊȽɋɐɄɒɄɑɇɁɚȽɑɀɇȽɒɄɋɁɄɊɇɍɓɏɀɜȽɂɋɟɑȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠɎəɏɈɍɓǤȭɒɍɁɂɠɒɂɏɍ Ɋɚɏɍɑ ɎȽɏɍɓɐɇəɃɍɋɒȽɇ ɍɇ ɂɌɘɐɒɏɂɔɂɜɑ ɂɋɚɏɀɂɇɂɑ ɒɄɑ ȠɔɍɏɂɜȽɑ ȜɏɖȽɇɍɒɛɒɘɋ ȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟɑȱɣɏɍɑȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑǣȢɎȽɏɍɠɐȽ ɈȽɒəɐɒȽɐɄɚɎɂɇɒȽȽɎɟɒȽȽɋȽɐɒɄɉɘɒɇɈəɚɏɀȽɈȽɇ ɒȽɚɏɀȽȽɋəɁɂɇɌɄɑǤȪɗɄɔɇȽɈɟɑɊɂɒȽɐɖɄɊȽɒɇɐɊɟɑ ɒɄɑȠɔɍɏɂɜȽɑȜɏɖȽɇɍɒɛɒɘɋȢɉɂɜȽɑ Archaeological Site of Olympia: The current situation after the restoration and enhancement works. The digital transformation of the Ephorate of Antiquities of Elis ȠɏɘɔɜɉɄȥɟɉɇȽ ůŰŮŸűŲŠūŤŬŦŤŴŮŰŤŨŠŠŰŵŠŨŮŲŦŲŷŬŦŪŤŨŠű ekollia@culture.gr ȥɘɋɐɒȽɋɒɜɋɍɑȜɋɒɘɋɟɎɍɓɉɍɑ ŠŰŵŠŨŮŪŮŢŮűŤŴŮŰŤŨŠŠŰŵŠŨŮŲŦŲŷŬŦŪŤŨŠű kantonopoulos@culture.gr
  • 3. 203 ȢɉɂɜȽɑ Ɏɍɓ ȽɌɇɍɎɍɇɍɠɋ ɒɄɋ ȽɉɉɄɉɂɎɇɁɏȽɐɒɇɈɛ ɁɓɋȽɒɟɒɄɒȽ ɒɄɑ ɗɄɔɇȽɈɛɑ ɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɜȽɑɈȽɇɂɎɇɈɍɇɋɘɋɜȽɑɈȽɇɒȽɂɏɀȽɉɂɜȽɎɍɓɛɁɄɚɖɍɓɋɐɒɄɁɇəɅɂɐɛɒɍɓɑ ɈȽɇ ɖɏɄɐɇɊɍɎɍɇɍɠɋ ɇɁɏɠɊȽɒȽǡ ɂɎɇɖɂɇɏɛɐɂɇɑ ɈȽɇ ɔɍɏɂɜɑǡ ɂɀɖɣɏɇɍɇ ɈȽɇ ɁɇɂɅɋɂɜɑ ɀɇȽɒɄɋɂɎɜɒɂɓɌɄɒɍɓɚɏɀɍɓɒɍɓɑǡɟɎɘɑɂɜɋȽɇɄɗɄɔɇɍɎɍɜɄɐɄǡɒɍɁɇȽɁɇɈɒɓȽɈɟ ɊəɏɈɂɒɇɋɀɈɈȽɇɒȽɊɚɐȽɈɍɇɋɘɋɇɈɛɑɁɇɈɒɠɘɐɄɑǤȪɇɈȽɇɋɍɒɟɊɂɑȽɓɒɚɑɊɚɅɍɁɍɇǡ Ɏɉəɇ ɐɒɇɑ ɎȽɏȽɁɍɐɇȽɈɚɑǡ ɂɋɇɐɖɠɍɓɋ ɒɍ Ɂɇəɉɍɀɍ ɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋ ɈȽɇ ɈɍɇɋɘɋɜȽɑ ɈȽɇ Ɉəɋɍɓɋ Ɏɇɍ ɐɒȽɅɂɏɟ ɒɍɋ ȾɄɊȽɒɇɐɊɟ ɀɇȽ ɒɄɋ ɂɎɜɒɂɓɌɄ ɈȽɇ ɂɊɎɚɁɘɐɄ ɒɍɓ ɗɄɔɇȽɈɍɠɊɂɒȽɐɖɄɊȽɒɇɐɊɍɠɒɄɑȯɎɄɏɂɐɜȽɑǡɎɏɍɑɟɔɂɉɍɑɂɌɜɐɍɓɒɘɋɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋ ɈȽɇɒɘɋɎɍɉɇɒɣɋǤ Abstract ƒ•‡†‹…‹‡–Ž›’‹ƒƒ†™‹–Šƒ–‡””‹–‘”‹ƒŽŒ—”‹•†‹…–‹‘™‹–Š‹–Š‡”‡ˆ‡…–—”‡ ‘ˆŽ‹•ǡ–Š‡’Š‘”ƒ–‡‘ˆ–‹“—‹–‹‡•‘ˆ
  • 5. ‰‘‘†•›‡”‰›™‹–Š–Š‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†„‘†‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’—„Ž‹…ƒ†’”‹˜ƒ–‡•‡…–‘”ǡ–Š‡ ’Š‘”ƒ–‡•–”‹˜‡•ˆ‘”Š‘Ž‹•–‹…ƒ†‹–‡”†‹•…‹’Ž‹ƒ”›ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‘—‡–• ‘ˆ ‹–• ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ ˜‡”…‘‹‰ ƒ› †‹ƥ…—Ž–‹‡• ƒ† …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ‹– ƒƒ‰‡†ǡ ƒ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›ȋ”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǦ‡š…ƒ˜ƒ–‹‘Ǧ•–—†›Ȍƒ†•‡…‘†ƒ”›ȋ…‘Ǧ•‡”˜ƒǦ –‹‘Ǧ”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǧ’”‘–‡…–‹‘Ǧ•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†‹‰Ȍ•—’’‘”–‘ˆ–Š‡‘—‡–•ǡ–‘…—”‡ –Š‡–‡”–‹ƒ”›‡‡†•ƒ”‹•‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘™‹–Š˜‹•‹–‘”•ȋ•‡”˜‹…‡•Ǧ’”‘‘–‹‘ Ǧ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ȍƒ†•‘…‹‡–›ƒ–Žƒ”‰‡Ǥ –Ƥ”•–ǡƒ„”‹‡ˆ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡‹•ƒ†‡–‘–Š‡”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡Šƒ…‡‡–™‘”•–Šƒ– –‘‘’Žƒ…‡‹–Š‡Žƒ•––‡›‡ƒ”•ƒ––Š‡Ž›’‹ƒ”…Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‹–‡ǡˆ—†‡†„›–Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ͚͘͘͟Ǧ͚͙͛͘ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•„›•’‘•‘”•Š‹’•‘ˆ’”‹˜ƒ–‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ƒ† ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡ™Š‹…Š…‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘–Š‡”‡‡™ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”…Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ•‹–‡ƒ†–Š‡ ˆ—”–Š‡”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‡ƒˆ‘”–Š‡…”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒƒ”…Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ’ƒ”Ǥ ‡š–ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†–Š‡‘’‡ƒ…–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡
  • 6. Ž‹ƒ’Š‘”ƒ–‡‘ˆ–‹“—‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–—–‹Ž‹œ‡ –Š‡‹–‡”ƒ…–‹˜‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ†‹‰‹–ƒŽ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡–‘‘Ž• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‹—•‡„›†‘‡•–‹…ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡ…‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ†ƒ‰‡…‹‡•ǡ –‘ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡–Š‡‹”‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ•—…Šƒ•†‹‰‹–‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ‹–‡”‡–ƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ‡†‹ƒǤ Š‡•‡‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡‡–Š‘†•ǡ‡š––‘–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘‡•ǡ•–”‡‰–Š‡–Š‡†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ „‡–™‡‡‘—‡–•ƒ†•‘…‹‡–›ƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡‡–ƒ† …‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡˆ‘”–Š‡„‡‡Ƥ–‘ˆ„‘–Š‘—‡–• ƒ†…‹–‹œ‡•Ǥ
  • 7. 204 ȭɠɊɔɘɋȽɊɂɒɍɋȪɏɀȽɋɇɐɊɟɒɍɓȯȫȫȪȜǡȋȫǤȟǤ͘Ȁ͖͔͕͜ǦȰȠȥ͛ȀȜȀ͖͖Ǧ ͔͕Ǧ͖͔͕͜Ȍ Ʉ ȠɔɍɏɂɜȽ ȜɏɖȽɇɍɒɛɒɘɋ ȢɉɂɜȽɑ ȋȠɔǤ ȜǤ ȢɉɂɜȽɑȌ ɐɓɋɇɐɒə ȫɂɏɇɔɂɏɂɇȽɈɛȯɎɄɏɂɐɜȽɒɍɓȯȫȫȪȜǡɓɎȽɀɟɊɂɋɄɐɒɄȞɂɋɇɈɛȟɇɂɠɅɓɋɐɄ ȜɏɖȽɇɍɒɛɒɘɋ ɈȽɇ ȫɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɛɑ ȥɉɄɏɍɋɍɊɇəɑǤ ȧɂ ɚɁɏȽ ɒɄɋ ȜɏɖȽɜȽ ȪɉɓɊɎɜȽ ɈȽɇ ɖɘɏɇɈɛ ȽɏɊɍɁɇɟɒɄɒȽ ɐɒɍɋ ɋɍɊɟ ȢɉɂɜȽɑǡ Ʉ ȯɎɄɏɂɐɜȽ ɚɖɂɇɁɇɒɒɟɖȽɏȽɈɒɛɏȽǡɁɇɍɇɈɄɒɇɈɟɈȽɇɂɎɇɐɒɄɊɍɋɇɈɟǤȜɋəɊɂɐȽɐɒɍɓɑ ɈȽɒȽɐɒȽɒɇɈɍɠɑ ɐɒɟɖɍɓɑ ɒɍɓ ɔɍɏɚȽ ɎɏɍȾəɉɉɍɓɋ Ʉ ɂɎɇɐɒɄɊɍɋɇɈɛ ɚɏɂɓɋȽǡȽɎɍɈəɉɓɗɄǡɐɓɋɒɛɏɄɐɄɈȽɇȽɎɍɈȽɒəɐɒȽɐɄɒɘɋɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋɒɄɑ ɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɛɑɈɉɄɏɍɋɍɊɇəɑɈȽɇɄɊɂɈəɅɂɎɏɟɐɔɍɏɍɈȽɇɂɎɇɐɒɄɊɍɋɇɈə ɂɉɂɀɊɚɋɍ ɈȽɇ ɍɏɅɟ ɒɏɟɎɍ ɎɏɍɐɒȽɐɜȽ ȽɋəɁɂɇɌɄ ɈȽɇ ɎɏɍȾɍɉɛ ɒɍɓɑǤ ȞɇȽ ɋȽ ɔɚɏɂɇ ɂɇɑ ɎɚɏȽɑ ɒɄɋ ȽɎɍɐɒɍɉɛ ɒɄɑǡ Ʉ ȯɎɄɏɂɐɜȽ ɎɏɍȾȽɜɋɂɇ ɈəɅɂ ɖɏɟɋɍ ɐɒɄɋ ɂɈɎɟɋɄɐɄ Ɋɂɉɂɒɣɋǡ ɐɒɍɋ ɎɏɍɀɏȽɊɊȽɒɇɐɊɟǡ ɐɒɄ ɁɇȽɖɂɜɏɇɐɄ ɈȽɇ ɂɈɒɚɉɂɐɄ ɍɎɍɇɍɓɁɛɎɍɒɂ ȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠ ɚɏɀɍɓ ɐɓɋɒɛɏɄɐɄɑǡ ɂɎɇɐɈɂɓɛɑǡ ȽɎɍɈȽɒəɐɒȽɐɄɑǡ ȽɋȽɐɒɛɉɘɐɄɑǡ ȽɋəɁɂɇɌɄɑ ɈȽɇ ɁɇȽɊɟɏɔɘɐɄɑ ɒɘɋ ɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋ ɈȽɇ ȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɣɋ ɖɣɏɘɋ ɒɄɑ ȢɉɂɜȽɑǡ ɈȽɅɣɑ ɈȽɇ ɒɍɓ əɊɂɐɍɓ ɔɓɐɇɈɍɠ ɎɂɏɇȾəɉɉɍɋɒɟɑ ɒɍɓɑǤ ȠɎɇɁɜɘɌɄɒɘɋɐɒɂɉɂɖɣɋɒɄɑȠɔɍɏɂɜȽɑȜɏɖȽɇɍɒɛɒɘɋɂɜɋȽɇɄȾɇɣɐɇɊɄ ɈȽɇ ɇɐɟɏɏɍɎɄ ȽɋəɎɒɓɌɄ ɒɄɑȢɉɂɜȽɑ ɐɂ ȽɀȽɐɒɛ ɐɓɋɚɏɀɂɇȽ Ɋɂ ɟɉɍɓɑ ɒɍɓɑ ɂɊɎɉɂɈɟɊɂɋɍɓɑ ɔɍɏɂɜɑ ɒɍɓ ɁɄɊɍɐɜɍɓ ɈȽɇ ɇɁɇɘɒɇɈɍɠ ɒɍɊɚȽǡ ɁɂɁɍɊɚɋɍɓɟɒɇȽɏɖȽɇɟɒɄɒɂɑɈȽɇɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɚɑɓɎɍɁɍɊɚɑɐɓɋȽɋɒɣɋɒȽɇ ɐɂɟɉɄɒɄɋɚɈɒȽɐɄɒɍɓɋɍɊɍɠǤȠɎɜɐɄɑǡɀɜɋɂɒȽɇɎɏɍɐɎəɅɂɇȽɍɉɇɐɒɇɈɛɑ ɈȽɇɈȽɒəɒɍɁɓɋȽɒɟɋɁɇɂɎɇɐɒɄɊɍɋɇɈɛɑɁɇȽɖɂɜɏɇɐɄɑɒɘɋɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋɒɄɑ ȢɉɂɜȽɑɊɂɒɄɋɒɛɏɄɐɄɒɘɋɁɇȽɁɇɈȽɐɇɣɋɎɍɓɂɎɇȾəɉɉɂɇɄȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɛ ȨɍɊɍɅɂɐɜȽ ɈȽɇ ɍɇ ȟɇɂɅɋɂɜɑ ȭɓɊȾəɐɂɇɑ ɀɇȽ ɒɄɋ ȫɏɍɐɒȽɐɜȽ ɒɄɑ ɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɛɑɈɉɄɏɍɋɍɊɇəɑǤȧɚɐȽɐɒɍɎɋɂɠɊȽȽɓɒɟǡɐɒɍɎɏɣɒɍɊɚɏɍɑ ɒɄɑɂɇɐɛɀɄɐɄɑɀɜɋɂɒȽɇɐɓɋɍɎɒɇɈɛȽɋȽɔɍɏəɐɒȽɚɏɀȽȽɋȽɐɒɛɉɘɐɄɑ ɈȽɇ ȽɋəɁɂɇɌɄɑ Ɏɍɓ ɐɓɋɒɂɉɚɐɒɄɈȽɋ ɒɄɋ ɒɂɉɂɓɒȽɜȽ ͕͔ɂɒɜȽ ɐɒɍɋ ȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟȱɣɏɍɒɄɑȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑǡɊɂɒɄɋȽɏɘɀɛɖɏɄɊȽɒɍɁɍɒɛɐɂɘɋ ɒɍɓɎɏɍɀɏəɊɊȽɒɍɑȠȭȫȜɈȽɅɣɑɈȽɇɖɍɏɄɀɇɣɋɇɁɇɘɒɇɈɣɋɔɍɏɚɘɋɈȽɇ ɇɁɏɓɊəɒɘɋǤ ȳɐɒɟɐɍǡɄȠɔǤȜǤȢɉɂɜȽɑɚɖɍɋɒȽɑɈȽɇɒɄɋɂɓɅɠɋɄɒɄɑɔɏɍɋɒɜɁȽɑɁɓɍ ɂɈɒɘɋ͕͜ɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋɒɄɑȠɉɉəɁɍɑɒɘɋȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɣɋɖɣɏɘɋ ɒɄɑȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑɈȽɇɒɍɓȨȽɍɠɨɎɇɈɍɓɏɜɍɓȜɎɟɉɉɘɋȽȝȽɐɐɣɋȰɇɀȽɉɂɜȽɑ ɈȽɇ əɉɉɘɋ ɐɄɊȽɋɒɇɈɣɋ ɖɣɏɘɋ ɈȽɇ Ɋɍɓɐɂɜɘɋǡ ȾȽɏɠɋɂɒȽɇ ɈȽɇ Ɋɂ ɒɍ ɚɏɀɍɒɄɑɎɏɍɐɚɉɈɓɐɄɑɈȽɇɈɓɏɜɘɑɒɄɑɓɎɍɁɍɖɛɑɈȽɇɂɌɓɎɄɏɚɒɄɐɄɑ Ɉɍɇɋɍɠ ɈȽɇ ɂɎɇɐɈɂɎɒɣɋǤ Ȣ ȯɎɄɏɂɐɜȽǡ ɂɜɋȽɇ ɂɎɇɔɍɏɒɇɐɊɚɋɄ Ɋɂ ɒɄɋ ɁɇȽɖɂɜɏɇɐɄ ɒɘɋ ȽɏɖȽɇɍɒɛɒɘɋ ɊɇȽɑ ɎɂɏɇɔɂɏɂɇȽɈɛɑ ɂɋɟɒɄɒȽɑ Ɏɍɓ ɐɓɋɍɉɇɈə ɈȽɒȽɒəɐɐɂɒȽɇ ȽɋəɊɂɐȽ ɐɒɍɓɑ Ɏɚɋɒɂ ɈɍɏɓɔȽɜɍɓɑ ɎɏɍɍɏɇɐɊɍɠɑɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɍɠǦȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠɒɍɓɏɇɐɊɍɠɒɄɑȠɉɉəɁɍɑǤ
  • 8. 205 Ȝɋ ɈȽɇ ɓɎɍɐɒɂɉɂɖɘɊɚɋɄǡ ɈȽɒȽɔɚɏɋɂɇ ɎɉɄɋ ɒɄɑ Ɏɏɘɒɍɀɂɋɍɠɑ ȋɚɏɂɓɋȽ Ǧ ȽɋȽɐɈȽɔɛ Ǧ ɊɂɉɚɒɄȌ ɈȽɇ Ɂɂɓɒɂɏɍɀɂɋɍɠɑ ȋɐɓɋɒɛɏɄɐɄ Ǧ ȽɎɍɈȽɒəɐɒȽɐɄǦɎɏɍɐɒȽɐɜȽǦȽɐɔəɉɂɇȽȌɔɏɍɋɒɜɁȽɑɒɘɋɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋɋȽ ɅɂɏȽɎɂɠɂɇɈȽɇɒɇɑɒɏɇɒɍɀɂɋɂɜɑȽɋəɀɈɂɑɎɍɓȽɎɍɏɏɚɍɓɋȽɎɟɒɄɐɖɚɐɄ ɒɍɓɑɊɂɒɍɓɑɂɎɇɐɈɚɎɒɂɑȋɓɎɄɏɂɐɜɂɑǦɎɏɍȾɍɉɛǦɂɋɄɊɚɏɘɐɄȌɈȽɇɒɄɋ ɈɍɇɋɘɋɜȽ ɂɋ ɀɚɋɂɇǤ ȵɒɐɇ ɉɍɇɎɟɋǡ ɐɒɍ Ɂɂɠɒɂɏɍ Ɋɚɏɍɑ ɒɄɑ ɎȽɏɍɠɐȽɑ ɂɏɀȽɐɜȽɑɎȽɏɍɓɐɇəɃɍɋɒȽɇɍɇɂɌɘɐɒɏɂɔɂɜɑɂɋɚɏɀɂɇɂɑɒɄɑȠɔǤȜǤȢɉɂɜȽɑ Ɏɍɓ ȽɌɇɍɎɍɇɍɠɋ ɒɄɋ ȽɉɉɄɉɂɎɇɁɏȽɐɒɇɈɛ ɁɓɋȽɒɟɒɄɒȽ ɒɄɑ ɗɄɔɇȽɈɛɑ ɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɜȽɑ ɈȽɇ ɂɎɇɈɍɇɋɘɋɜȽɑ ɈȽɇ ɒȽ ɂɏɀȽɉɂɜȽ Ɏɍɓ ɛɁɄ ɚɖɍɓɋ ɐɒɄ ɁɇəɅɂɐɛɒɍɓɑɈȽɇɖɏɄɐɇɊɍɎɍɇɍɠɋɇɁɏɠɊȽɒȽǡɂɎɇɖɂɇɏɛɐɂɇɑɈȽɇɔɍɏɂɜɑǡ ɂɀɖɣɏɇɍɇ ɈȽɇ ɁɇɂɅɋɂɜɑ ɀɇȽ ɒɄɋ ɂɎɜɒɂɓɌɄ ɒɍɓ ɚɏɀɍɓ ɒɍɓɑǡ ɟɎɘɑ ɂɜɋȽɇ ɒɍ ɁɇȽɁɇɈɒɓȽɈɟ ɊəɏɈɂɒɇɋɀɈ ɈȽɇ ɒȽ ɊɚɐȽ ɈɍɇɋɘɋɇɈɛɑ ɁɇɈɒɠɘɐɄɑǤ Ȫɇ ɈȽɇɋɍɒɟɊɂɑ Ƚɓɒɚɑ ɊɚɅɍɁɍɇǡ Ɏɉəɇ ɐɒɇɑ ɎȽɏȽɁɍɐɇȽɈɚɑǡ ɂɋɇɐɖɠɍɓɋ ɒɍ Ɂɇəɉɍɀɍ ɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋ ɈȽɇ ɈɍɇɋɘɋɜȽɑ ɈȽɇ Ɉəɋɍɓɋ Ɏɇɍ ɐɒȽɅɂɏɟ ɒɍɋ ȾɄɊȽɒɇɐɊɟ ɀɇȽ ɒɄɋ ɂɎɜɒɂɓɌɄ ɈȽɇ ɂɊɎɚɁɘɐɄ ɒɍɓ ɗɄɔɇȽɈɍɠ ɊɂɒȽɐɖɄɊȽɒɇɐɊɍɠɒɄɑȯɎɄɏɂɐɜȽɑǡɎɏɍɑɟɔɂɉɍɑɂɌɜɐɍɓɒɘɋɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋ ɈȽɇɒɘɋɒɘɋɎɍɉɇɒɣɋǤ ȵɏɀȽȽɋȽɐɒɛɉɘɐɄɑɈȽɇȽɋəɁɂɇɌɄɑɐɒɍɋȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟȱɣɏɍɑ ȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑ ȭɒɄɋȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɓɉɍɎɍɇɛɅɄɈȽɋɚɎɂɇɒȽȽɎɟȽɀȽɐɒɛɐɓɋɂɏɀȽɐɜȽɒɄɑ ȠɔǤȜǤȢɉɂɜȽɑɊɂɒɇɑȥɂɋɒɏɇɈɚɑȯɎɄɏɂɐɜɂɑɈȽɇȟɇɂɓɅɠɋɐɂɇɑɒɍɓȯȫȫȪȜǡ ɒȽȽɈɟɉɍɓɅȽɚɏɀȽȠȭȫȜǡɂɋɒȽɀɊɚɋȽɐɒɍȠɎɇɖɂɇɏɄɐɇȽɈɟȫɏɟɀɏȽɊɊȽ ǼȜɋɒȽɀɘɋɇɐɒɇɈɟɒɄɒȽɈȽɇȠɎɇɖɂɇɏɄɊȽɒɇɈɟɒɄɒȽǽǣ
  • 9. 206 ȜɎɍɈəɉɓɗɄ ɈȽɇ ȜɋəɁɂɇɌɄ ȞɓɊɋȽɐɜɍɓ Ǧ ȱɘɏɍɅɚɒɄɐɄ ɋɚȽɑ ɂɇɐɟɁɍɓɒɍɓȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠɖɣɏɍɓȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑȋɂɇɈǤ͕Ǧ͘Ȍ ȮɍɚɏɀɍǼȜɎɍɈəɉɓɗɄɈȽɇȜɋəɁɂɇɌɄȞɓɊɋȽɐɜɍɓǦȱɘɏɍɅɚɒɄɐɄɋɚȽɑ ɂɇɐɟɁɍɓ ɒɍɓ ȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠ ɖɣɏɍɓ ȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑǽ ɎɂɏɇɉəɊȾȽɋɂ Ɂɠɍ ɓɎɍɚɏɀȽǣȮɍɓɎɍɚɏɀɍǦɂɏɀɍɉȽȾɜȽɈȽɒəɒɍɍɎɍɜɍɎɏȽɀɊȽɒɍɎɍɇɛɅɄɈɂ Ʉ ɈȽɒȽɐɈɂɓɛ ɂɇɐɟɁɍɓ ɐɂ ɋɚȽ ɅɚɐɄǡ ȽɋȽɒɍɉɇɈə ɒɄɑ ɎȽɉȽɇəɑ ɈȽɇ ɒɍ ɓɎɍɚɏɀɍ ǼȜɎɍɈəɉɓɗɄ ɈȽɇ ȜɋəɁɂɇɌɄ ȞɓɊɋȽɐɜɍɓǽ ɐɒɍ ɎɉȽɜɐɇɍ ɒɍɓ ɍɎɍɜɍɓǡ ɎɚɏȽ ȽɎɟ ɒɇɑ ȽɎȽɏȽɜɒɄɒɂɑ ɒɂɖɋɇɈɚɑ ɓɎɍɁɍɊɚɑ ɐɒɍ ɖɣɏɍǡ ɁɇɂɋɂɏɀɛɅɄɈɂ Ʉ ȽɎɍɈəɉɓɗɄ ɈȽɇ ȽɋəɁɂɇɌɄ ɒɊɛɊȽɒɍɑ ɒɍɓ ȽɏɖȽɜɍɓ ȞɓɊɋȽɐɜɍɓ ɒɄɑ ȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑǤ ȫɏɟɈɂɇɒȽɇ ɀɇȽ ɒɄɋ ɎɏɣɒɄ ɐɓɐɒɄɊȽɒɇɈɛ ȽɋȽɐɈȽɔɇɈɛ ɚɏɂɓɋȽ Ɏɍɓ ɁɇɂɋɂɏɀɛɅɄɈɂ ȽɎɟ ɒɄɋ ȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɛ ȯɎɄɏɂɐɜȽ ɂɋɒɟɑ ɒɍɓ ɍɏɀȽɋɘɊɚɋɍɓ ȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠ ɖɣɏɍɓ ɒɄɑ ȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑǤȮɍɈɒɜɏɇɍɒɍɓȞɓɊɋȽɐɜɍɓɁɇȽɊɍɏɔɣɋɂɒȽɇɘɑɚɋȽɂɎɜɊɄɈɂɑ ɍɇɈɍɁɟɊɄɊȽ Ɏɍɓ ȽɋȽɎɒɠɐɐɂɒȽɇ ɐɒɍɋ əɌɍɋȽ ȾɍɏɏəǦɋɟɒɍɓ ɈȽɇ ȽɎɍɒɂɉɂɜɒȽɇȽɎɟɒɚɐɐɂɏɇɑɐɒɍɚɑǡɍɇɍɎɍɜɂɑɎɂɏɇȾəɉɉɍɓɋɈɂɋɒɏɇɈɟɈȽɇ ɂɓɏɠɓɎȽɜɅɏɇɍǦȽɠɉɂɇɍɖɣɏɍǤȠɎɇɐɄɊȽɜɋɂɒȽɇɟɒɇɄɁɓɒɇɈɛɐɒɍəɚɖɂɇ ɎȽɏȽɐɓɏɅɂɜ ȽɎɟ ɒɍɋ ɎɍɒȽɊɟ ȥɉȽɁɚɍǤ ȮȽ ɂɎɇɊɚɏɍɓɑ ɒɊɛɊȽɒȽ ɒɍɓ ɈɒɇɏɜɍɓɍɇɈɍɁɍɊɍɠɋɒȽɇɐɒȽɁɇȽɈəǡɂɋɣɄȽɈɏɇȾɛɑɖɏɍɋɍɉɟɀɄɐɛɒɍɓɑ ɎȽɏȽɊɚɋɂɇɂɋɊɚɏɂɇȽɐȽɔɛɑǤȭɒɍɎɉȽɜɐɇɍɒɍɓɓɎɍɚɏɀɍɓǡȽɋȽɐɈəɔɄɈɂ ɚɈɒȽɐɄ͕Ǥ͖͚͗ɒǤɊǤɈȽɇɛɏɅɂɐɒɍɔɘɑɒɊɛɊȽɒɄɑȽɋȽɒɍɉɇɈɛɑɐɒɍəɑɒɍɓ ȠɇɈǤ͙ǤȜɎɍɈəɉɓɗɄ ɈȽɇȜɋəɁɂɇɌɄ ȞɓɊɋȽɐɜɍɓǦ ȱɘɏɍɅɚɒɄɐɄ ɋɚȽɑɂɇɐɟɁɍɓɒɍɓ ȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠ ɖɣɏɍɓȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑǤ ȫɄɀɛǣȜɏɖɂɜɍȠɔǤȜǤ ȢɉɂɜȽɑǤ
  • 10. 207 ȞɓɊɋȽɐɜɍɓɊɛɈɍɓɑ͙͔ɊǤȋȾɍɏɂɜɘɑɒɍɓɛɁɄȽɋɂɐɈȽɊɊɚɋɍɓɒɊɛɊȽɒɍɑ ɒɄɑ ȽɎɟ ɒɍȞɂɏɊȽɋɇɈɟ ȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟȤɋɐɒɇɒɍɠɒɍȌǤ ȠɎɜɐɄɑǡ ɛɏɅɂ ɐɒɍ ɔɘɑɊɂɀəɉɍɒɊɛɊȽɒɍɓɈɂɋɒɏɇɈɍɠȽɠɉɂɇɍɓɖɣɏɍɓɈȽɇɒɚɉɍɑɒɊɛɊȽ ɐɓɋɍɉɇɈɛɑɚɈɒȽɐɄɑ͖͗͜ɒǤɊǤȽɋȽɒɍɉɇɈəɒɍɓɈɒɇɏɜɍɓǡɟɎɍɓɂɋɒɍɎɜɐɒɄɈɂ ɂɀɈȽɒəɐɒȽɐɄ ɓɐɒɂɏɍɏɘɊȽɝɈɣɋ ɖɏɟɋɘɋǤ ȜɎɟ ɒɄɋ ȽɋȽɒɍɉɇɈɛ ɐɒɍə ȽɎɍɈȽɉɠɔɅɄɈɂ Ʉ ɐɓɋɚɖɂɇȽ ɒɍɓ ɂɌɘɒɂɏɇɈɍɠ ɒɍɜɖɍɓ ɒɍɓ Ɉɒɇɏɜɍɓǡ ɒɘɋɐɂɇɏɣɋȾəɐɂɘɋɒɘɋɈɇɟɋɘɋɒɟɐɍɒɄɑɂɐɘɒɂɏɇɈɛɑɟɐɍɈȽɇɒɄɑ ɂɌɘɒɂɏɇɈɛɑɈɇɍɋɍɐɒɍɇɖɜȽɑɈȽɅɣɑɈȽɇɒɍɉɜɅɇɋɍȽɓɉəɈɇɐɓɀɈɚɋɒɏɘɐɄɑ ɈȽɇ ȽɎɍɏɏɍɛɑ ɒɘɋ ɓɁəɒɘɋ ɈȽɒə ɊɛɈɍɑ ɒɄɑ ɁɓɒɇɈɛɑ Ɏɉɂɓɏəɑ ɒɄɑ ɐɒɍəɑǡɂɋɣɈȽɒəɖɣɏȽɋȾɏɚɅɄɈȽɋɎɂɐɊɚɋɍɇɐɎɟɋɁɓɉɍɇɒɘɋɈɇɟɋɘɋǤ ȜɋȽɒɍɉɇɈə ɒɍɓ ȞɓɊɋȽɐɜɍɓ ɂɏɂɓɋɛɅɄɈɂ ɃɣɋɄ Ɏɍɓ ɂɈɒɂɜɋɂɒȽɇ ɈȽɒə ɊɛɈɍɑɒɄɑȽɋȽɒɍɉɇɈɛɑɎȽɏɂɇəɑɒɍɓɂɌɘɒɂɏɇɈɍɠɒɍɜɖɍɓɒɍɓɊɋɄɊɂɜɍɓ ɈȽɇɄɍɎɍɜȽɍɏɜɃɂɒȽɇȽɎɟɎȽɏəɉɉɄɉɍɎɏɍɑȽɓɒɟɋɒɍɜɖɍɊɂɒȽɀɂɋɚɐɒɂɏɄɑ ɎɂɏɇɟɁɍɓǤ ȜɎɍɈȽɉɠɔɅɄɈȽɋ ɈȽɒəɉɍɇɎȽ ɓɐɒɂɏɍɏɘɊȽɝɈɛɑ ɂɎɍɖɛɑǣ ɊɇɈɏɍɜ ɈɉɜȾȽɋɍɇǡ ɔɏɚȽɒȽ ɈȽɇ ɒɊɛɊȽɒȽ ɁȽɎɚɁɍɓ ȽɎɟ ɎȽɒɄɊɚɋɍ ɖɣɊȽǤȠɎɜɐɄɑǡɄɁɇɂɏɂɠɋɄɐɄɒɄɑɅɚɐɄɑɎɍɓɂɜɖɂɎɏɍɀɏȽɊɊȽɒɇɐɒɂɜɄ ɈȽɒȽɐɈɂɓɛ ɒɄɑ ɁɂɌȽɊɂɋɛɑ ɒɍɓ ɐɓɐɒɛɊȽɒɍɑ ȽɎɍɐɒɏəɀɀɇɐɄɑ ɚɔɂɏɂ ɐɒɍ ɔɘɑ ȽɎɍɅɚɒɄ Ɋɂ ȽɌɇɟɉɍɀȽ ɖəɉɈɇɋȽ ȽɋɒɇɈɂɜɊɂɋȽǤȢ ȽɋȽɐɈȽɔɛ ȽɎɚɁɘɐɂɎɍɉɓəɏɇɅɊȽɂɓɏɛɊȽɒȽǡɈɓɏɜɘɑɈɂɏȽɊɇɈɛǡȽɉɉəɈȽɇɎɉɛɅɍɑ ɖəɉɈɇɋɘɋɋɍɊɇɐɊəɒɘɋǤ ȠɇɈǤ͚ǤȜɎɍɈəɉɓɗɄ ɈȽɇȜɋəɁɂɇɌɄ ȞɓɊɋȽɐɜɍɓǦ ȱɘɏɍɅɚɒɄɐɄ ɋɚȽɑɂɇɐɟɁɍɓɒɍɓ ȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠ ɖɣɏɍɓȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑǤ ȫɄɀɛǣȜɏɖɂɜɍȠɔǤȜǤ ȢɉɂɜȽɑǤ
  • 11. 208 ȫɏɍɐɒȽɐɜȽ ɈȽɇ ȜɋəɁɂɇɌɄ Ȥɂɏɍɠ ȟɛɊɄɒɏȽɑ ȱȽɊɠɋɄɑ ɈȽɇ ɒɍɓ ȜɋȽɉɛɊɊȽɒɍɑɒɘɋȣɄɐȽɓɏɣɋɒɍɓȥɏɍɋɜɍɓȦɟɔɍɓɐɒɄɋȜɏɖȽɜȽ ȪɉɓɊɎɜȽȋɂɇɈǤ͙ǡ͚Ȍ ȭɒɍ ɎɉȽɜɐɇɍ ɒɍɓ ɚɏɀɍɓ Ɏɍɓ ɚɔɂɏɂ ɒɍɋ ɒɜɒɉɍ ǼȫɏɍɐɒȽɐɜȽ ɈȽɇ ȜɋəɁɂɇɌɄ Ȥɂɏɍɠ ȟɛɊɄɒɏȽɑ ȱȽɊɠɋɄɑ ɈȽɇ ɒɍɓ ȜɋȽɉɛɊɊȽɒɍɑ ɒɘɋ ȣɄɐȽɓɏɣɋ ɒɍɓ ȥɏɍɋɜɍɓ Ȧɟɔɍɓ ɐɒɄɋ ȜɏɖȽɜȽ ȪɉɓɊɎɜȽǽ ɎɏȽɀɊȽɒɍɎɍɇɛɅɄɈɂ Ʉ ɈȽɒȽɐɈɂɓɛ ɒɍɜɖɍɓ ȽɋɒɇɐɒɛɏɇɌɄɑ ɈȽɇ Ʉ ȽɋəɁɂɇɌɄ ɒɍɓ ɇɂɏɍɠ ɒɄɑ ȟɛɊɄɒɏȽɑ ȱȽɊɠɋɄɑ ɐɒɍ ȽɋȽɒɍɉɇɈɟ əɈɏɍ ɒɍɓȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠȱɣɏɍɓɒɄɑȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑǡɎɉɄɐɜɍɋɒɄɑɈɠɏɇȽɑɎɠɉɄɑ ɒɘɋ ɂɀɈȽɒȽɐɒəɐɂɘɋ ɒɄɑȟɇɂɅɋɍɠɑ ȪɉɓɊɎɇȽɈɛɑ ȜɈȽɁɄɊɜȽɑǤ ȠɎɜɐɄɑǡ ɁɇɂɋɂɏɀɛɅɄɈɂ ɐɓɊɎɉɄɏɘɊȽɒɇɈɛ ȽɋȽɐɈȽɔɇɈɛ ɁɇɂɏɂɠɋɄɐɄ ɒɍɓȤɂɏɍɠ ɒɄɑȟɛɊɄɒɏȽɑȱȽɊɠɋɄɑɎɍɓɚɔɂɏɂɐɒɍɔɘɑɈɓɏɜɘɑɈɇɋɄɒəɂɓɏɛɊȽɒȽ ɈȽɇ ɈəɎɍɇȽ ȽɏɖɇɒɂɈɒɍɋɇɈə ɊɚɉɄǤ ȭɂ əɉɉɍ ɓɎɍɚɏɀɍ ɒɍɓ Ƚɋɘɒɚɏɘ Ɉɠɏɇɍɓ ɚɏɀɍɓ ɓɉɍɎɍɇɛɅɄɈɂ Ʉ ɐɒȽɅɂɏɍɎɍɜɄɐɄ ɒɍɓ ɎɏȽɋɍɠɑ ɒɍɓ ȽɋȽɉɛɊɊȽɒɍɑ ɒɘɋ ɅɄɐȽɓɏɣɋ ɒɍɓ ȥɏɍɋɜɍɓ ɉɟɔɍɓ ȽɎɟ ɒɇɑ ɘɅɛɐɂɇɑ ɒɘɋ ɀȽɇɣɋ Ɋɂ ɒɄɋ ɈȽɒȽɐɈɂɓɛ ɐɓɐɒɍɇɖɜȽɑ ɎȽɐɐəɉɘɋǤ ȥȽɒə ɒɇɑ ɂɈɐɈȽɔɇɈɚɑɂɏɀȽɐɜɂɑɐɒɄɋɈɉɇɒɠɒɍɓȥɏɍɋɜɍɓɉɟɔɍɓȽɋȽɐɈəɔɄɈȽɋ ɈȽɒəɉɍɇɎȽ ɐɄɊȽɋɒɇɈə ɀɇȽ ɒɄɋ ɒɍɎɍɀɏȽɔɜȽ ɒɍɓ ɇɂɏɍɠǣ Ɉɒɇɐɒɛ ɈȽɒȽɐɈɂɓɛȽɎɟɈɂɏȽɊɜɁɂɑɈȽɇɐɓɋɁɂɒɇɈɟɈɍɋɜȽɊȽǡɄɍɎɍɜȽɂɁɏəɃɂɒȽɇ ȠɇɈǤ͛ǤȜɋȽɐɈȽɔɛ ȜǤɒɍɓȞɓɊɋȽɐɜɍɓǤ ȫɄɀɛǣȜɏɖɂɜɍȠɔǤȜǤ ȢɉɂɜȽɑǤ
  • 13. 210 ȜɋȽɐɒɛɉɘɐɄ ɒɍɓ ɈɜɍɋȽ ɒɍɓ ȽɋȽɅɄɊȽɒɇɈɍɠ ɊɋɄɊɂɜɍɓ ɒɍɓ ȫɒɍɉɂɊȽɜɍɓȝʅɈȽɇɒɄɑȜɏɐɇɋɟɄɑȋɂɇɈǤ͛Ȍ ȠɎɜɐɄɑǡ ɐɒɍɋ ȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟ ɖɣɏɍ ɒɄɑ ȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑ ɒɍ ɚɒɍɑ ͖͔͕͛ ɍɉɍɈɉɄɏɣɅɄɈɂ Ʉ ȽɋȽɐɒɛɉɘɐɄ ɒɍɓ ɈɜɍɋȽ ɒɍɓ ȽɋȽɅɄɊȽɒɇɈɍɠ ɊɋɄɊɂɜɍɓɒɍɓȫɒɍɉɂɊȽɜɍɓȝʅɈȽɇɒɄɑȜɏɐɇɋɟɄɑɁɓɒɇɈəɒɍɓȭɒȽɁɜɍɓǡ ɊɎɏɍɐɒə ȽɎɟ ɒɄ ȭɒɍə ɒɄɑȢɖɍɠɑ ȽɎɟ ɒɍȞɂɏɊȽɋɇɈɟ ȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟ Ȥɋɐɒɇɒɍɠɒɍ Ɋɂ ɖɏɄɊȽɒɍɁɟɒɄɐɄ ɒɍɓȤɁɏɠɊȽɒɍɑ ‡‰—Žƒ ‡•–ƒŽ‘œœ‹ǡ Ɋɂ ȠɇɈǤ͝ǤȫɏɍɐɒȽɐɜȽ ɈȽɇȜɋəɁɂɇɌɄ ȤɂɏɍɠȟɛɊɄɒɏȽɑ ȱȽɊɠɋɄɑɈȽɇɒɍɓ ȜɋȽɉɛɊɊȽɒɍɑɒɘɋ ȣɄɐȽɓɏɣɋɒɍɓ ȥɏɍɋɜɍɓȦɟɔɍɓ ɐɒɄɋȜɏɖȽɜȽ ȪɉɓɊɎɜȽȫɄɀɛǣ ȜɏɖɂɜɍȠɔǤȜǤ ȢɉɂɜȽɑǤ ȠɇɈǤ͞ǤȫɏɍɐɒȽɐɜȽ ɈȽɇȜɋəɁɂɇɌɄ ȤɂɏɍɠȟɛɊɄɒɏȽɑ ȱȽɊɠɋɄɑɈȽɇɒɍɓ ȜɋȽɉɛɊɊȽɒɍɑɒɘɋ ȣɄɐȽɓɏɣɋɒɍɓ ȥɏɍɋɜɍɓȦɟɔɍɓ ɐɒɄɋȜɏɖȽɜȽ ȪɉɓɊɎɜȽȫɄɀɛǣ ȜɏɖɂɜɍȠɔǤȜǤ ȢɉɂɜȽɑǤ
  • 14. 211 ɒɄɋ ɂɎɍɎɒɂɜȽ ɒɍɓ ȯɎɍɓɏɀɂɜɍɓ ȫɍɉɇɒɇɐɊɍɠ ɁɇȽ ɒɄɑ ȠɔɍɏɂɜȽɑ ɊȽɑǤ ȭɠɊɔɘɋȽɊɂɒɄɋɂɎɇɀɏȽɔɛɐɒɄȾəɐɄɒɍɓȾɟɏɂɇɍɓɈɜɍɋȽǡɒɍɊɋɄɊɂɜɍǡ Ɏɍɓ ɎɂɏɇɉəɊȾȽɋɂ Ɂɠɍ Ɉɜɍɋɂɑǡ ȽɋȽɒɚɅɄɈɂ ɀɠɏɘ ɐɒɍ ͖͔͛ ɎǤȱǤ ȽɎɟ ɒɍɋ ɋȽɠȽɏɖɍ ȥȽɉɉɇɈɏəɒɄ Ɏɏɍɑ ɒɇɊɛɋ ɒɍɓ ȾȽɐɇɉɇə ɒɄɑ ȜɇɀɠɎɒɍɓ ȫɒɍɉɂɊȽɜɍɓ ȝǯ ȰɇɉəɁɂɉɔɍɓ ɈȽɇ ɒɄɑ ɐɓɃɠɀɍɓ ɈȽɇ ȽɁɂɉɔɛɑ ɒɍɓ ȜɏɐɇɋɟɄɑǤ Ȯɍ ȽɋȽɅɄɊȽɒɇɈɟ Ƚɓɒɟ ɊɋɄɊɂɜɍ ɛɒȽɋ ɒɍ ɊɂɀȽɉɠɒɂɏɍ ɈȽɇ ɒɍɎɇɍɂɋɒɓɎɘɐɇȽɈɟɐɒɍȤɂɏɟɊɂɎɉəɒɍɑ͖͔ɊǤɈȽɇɁɠɍȽɋɂɌəɏɒɄɒɍɓɑ ɈɜɍɋɂɑɐɒȽəɈɏȽɒɍɓǡɂɋɣɒɍɠɗɍɑɒɍɓɑɚɔɒȽɋɂɒȽ͜ǡ͙͔ɊǤȠɋɒəɐɐɂɒȽɇ ɁɂɐɒɍɋɐɎəɋɇɍɒɠɎɍɒɘɋɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋɊɂɁɠɍɈɜɍɋɂɑǡɎɍɓȽɎɍɒɂɉɍɠɐȽɋ ɒɇɑȾəɐɂɇɑɀɇȽɒȽȽɀəɉɊȽɒȽɒɘɋȽɋȽɅɂɒɣɋɈȽɇȽɋɂɀɚɏɅɄɈɂɒɍɋ͗ɍȽɇǤ ɎǤȱǤȮɍɊɋɄɊɂɜɍȽɓɒɟɐɂɈȽɜɏɇȽɅɚɐɄɐɒɄɁɇȽɁɏɍɊɛȽɎɟɒɍȨȽɟɒɍɓ ȟɜȽɎɏɍɑɒɍȭɒəɁɇɍǡɁɂɋɛɒȽɋɂɠɈɍɉȽȽɋȽɀɋɘɏɜɐɇɊɍɐɒɍɋɊɄɂɇɁɇɈɟ ɂɎɇɐɈɚɎɒɄɎɏɇɋɒɄɋɂɎɚɊȾȽɐɄȽɓɒɛǤȢɒɊɄɊȽɒɇɈɛȽɎɍɈȽɒəɐɒȽɐɛɒɍɓ ȽɎɍɒɂɉɂɜɒɍɒɚɒȽɏɒɍȽɋȽɐɒɄɉɘɒɇɈɟɚɏɀɍɒȽɒɂɉɂɓɒȽɜȽ͖͔ɖɏɟɋɇȽɎɍɓ ɓɉɍɎɍɇɂɜɒȽɇȽɎɟɒɍȞɂɏɊȽɋɇɈɟȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟȤɋɐɒɇɒɍɠɒɍǤ ȮȽ ȽɋȽɐɒɄɉɘɒɇɈə Ƚɓɒə ɚɏɀȽǡ ɒȽ ɍɎɍɜȽ ɍɋɍɊȽɐɒɇɈəǡ ɎɉɄɋ ɒɍɓ ɈɜɍɋȽɒɍɓɊɋɄɊɂɜɍɓɒɘɋȫɒɍɉɂɊȽɜɘɋǡɂɜɋȽɇɄɒɊɄɊȽɒɇɈɛȽɋȽɐɒɛɉɘɐɄ ɒɍɓ ȰɇɉɇɎɎɂɜɍɓǡ Ʉ ȽɋȽɐɒɛɉɘɐɄ ɒɍɓ ȾɍɏɂɇɍɁɓɒɇɈɍɠ ɀɘɋɇȽɜɍɓ ɈɜɍɋȽ ɈȽɇ ɒɍɓ ɍɎɇɐɅɟɁɍɊɍɓ ɒɍɓ ɋȽɍɠ ɒɍɓ ȟɇɟɑǡ ɚɖɍɓɋ ɊɂɒȽȾəɉɂɇ ɏɇɃɇɈə ɒɄɋɂɇɈɟɋȽɒɍɓȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠɖɣɏɍɓǡɈȽɅɣɑɎɚɏȽȽɎɟɒɄɊɂɀəɉɄ ȠɇɈǤ͟ǤȜɋȽɐɒɛɉɘɐɄ ɒɍɓɈɜɍɋȽɒɍɓ ȽɋȽɅɄɊȽɒɇɈɍɠ ɊɋɄɊɂɜɍɓɒɍɓ ȫɒɍɉɂɊȽɜɍɓȝʅ ɈȽɇɒɄɑȜɏɐɇɋɟɄɑ ȫɄɀɛǣȜɏɖɂɜɍȠɔǤȜǤ ȢɉɂɜȽɑǤ
  • 15. 212 ɂɎɇɐɒɄɊɍɋɇɈɛɐɄɊȽɐɜȽɒɍɓɑǡȾɍɄɅɍɠɋɐɄɊȽɋɒɇɈəɒɍɓɑɎɍɉɓəɏɇɅɊɍɓɑ ɂɎɇɐɈɚɎɒɂɑ ɋȽ ɈȽɒȽɋɍɛɐɍɓɋɒɍ ɊɚɀɂɅɍɑɈȽɇ ɒɄɋ ɇɐɒɍɏɇɈɛ ɐɄɊȽɐɜȽ ɒɘɋɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋǡȽɉɉəɈȽɇɂɋɊɚɏɂɇɋȽȽɋɒɇɉɄɔɅɍɠɋɒɄɋȽɏɖɇɈɛɊɍɏɔɛ ɒɍɓ ɉȽɊɎɏɍɠ Ƚɓɒɍɠ ɎȽɋɂɉɉɛɋɇɍɓ ɇɂɏɍɠǡ Ɏɍɓ ɂɜɋȽɇ ɂɋɒȽɀɊɚɋɍ ɐɒɍɋ ȥȽɒəɉɍɀɍɒɘɋȧɋɄɊɂɜɘɋɒɄɑȫȽɀɈɟɐɊɇȽɑȫɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɛɑȥɉɄɏɍɋɍɊɇəɑ ɒɄɑɊɂɂɎɇɐɈɂɗɇɊɟɒɄɒȽɎɍɓɓɎɂɏȾȽɜɋɂɇɒȽ͚͔͔Ǥ͔͔͔əɒɍɊȽ ȽɋəɚɒɍɑǤ ȞɂɋɇɈɟɒɂɏȽǡɍɇɂɋɒɓɎɘɐɇȽɈɚɑȽɓɒɚɑȽɋȽɐɒɄɉɣɐɂɇɑǡɐɂɐɓɋɁɓȽɐɊɟ ɊɂɒȽɚɏɀȽɎɍɓɓɉɍɎɍɇɛɅɄɈȽɋȽɎɟɒɍȯȫȫȪȜɒȽɒɂɉɂɓɒȽɜȽɖɏɟɋɇȽ ɐɒɍɎɉȽɜɐɇɍɒɍɓȠȭȫȜɁɄɉǤɄȽɋȽɐɈȽɔɛɒɍɓȾɟɏɂɇɍɓɒɊɛɊȽɒɍɑɒɍɓ ȞɓɊɋȽɐɜɍɓ ɈȽɇ Ʉ ɈȽɒȽɐɈɂɓɛ ɒɄɑ ɋɚȽɑ ɂɇɐɟɁɍɓ ɒɍɓ ȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠ ɖɣɏɍɓǡ ɒɍ ɚɏɀɍ ȽɋɒɇɐɒɛɏɇɌɄɑ ɒɍɓ ɎɏȽɋɍɠɑ ɒɍɓ ȽɋȽɉɛɊɊȽɒɍɑ ɒɘɋ ȣɄɐȽɓɏɣɋ ɈȽɇ Ʉ ȽɋəɁɂɇɌɄ ɒɍɓ ɇɂɏɍɠ ɒɄɑ ȟɛɊɄɒɏȽɑ ȱȽɊɠɋɄɑ ɐɒɍ ȽɋȽɒɍɉɇɈɟ əɈɏɍ ɒɍɓǡ ɚɖɍɓɋ Ⱦɂɉɒɇɣɐɂɇ ɒɄɋ ɐɓɋɍɉɇɈɛ ɂɊɎɂɇɏɜȽ Ɏɍɓ Ɏɏɍɐɔɚɏɂɇ ɍ ȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟɑ ɖɣɏɍɑ ɐɒɍɋ ɂɎɇɐɈɚɎɒɄ ɈȽɇ ɚɖɍɓɋ ȽɋȽȾȽɅɊɜɐɂɇɒȽɂɎɜɎɂɁȽɎɏɍɐɒȽɐɜȽɑɒɘɋɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋǤ ȪɗɄɔɇȽɈɟɑɊɂɒȽɐɖɄɊȽɒɇɐɊɟɑɒɄɑȠɔǤȜǤȢɉɂɜȽɑ¹ ȩɂɎɂɏɋɣɋɒȽɑɒɄɋȽɏɖɇɈɛǡɊəɉɉɍɋɂɎɇɔɓɉȽɈɒɇɈɛɐɒəɐɄȽɎɚɋȽɋɒɇ ɐɒɄ ɖɏɛɐɄ ɒɄɑ ɐɠɀɖɏɍɋɄɑ ɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɜȽɑǡ ɍɇ ɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɍɜ ɍɏɀȽɋɇɐɊɍɜ ɈȽɇɍɇȯɎɄɏɂɐɜɂɑɒɍɓȯɎɍɓɏɀɂɜɍɓȫɍɉɇɒɇɐɊɍɠɐɓɊɎɂɏɇɉȽɊȾȽɋɍɊɚɋɄɑ ɈȽɇɒɄɑȠɔǤȜǤȢɉɂɜȽɑɂɋɒəɐɐɍɓɋɟɉɍɈȽɇɎɂɏɇɐɐɟɒɂɏɍɒɇɑɗɄɔɇȽɈɚɑ ɈȽɇ ɁɇȽɁɇɈɒɓȽɈɚɑ ɂɔȽɏɊɍɀɚɑ ɐɒɄ ɉɂɇɒɍɓɏɀɜȽ ɒɍɓɑǤ ȝɏɇɐɈɟɊȽɐɒɂ ɐɂɊɇȽɋɚȽɂɎɍɖɛǡɄɍɎɍɜȽɁɇɂɅɋɣɑȽɋȽɀɋɘɏɜɃɂɒȽɇɈȽɇȽɎɍɈȽɉɂɜɒȽɇ ɘɑ Ǽ͘Ʉ ȝɇɍɊɄɖȽɋɇɈɛ ȠɎȽɋəɐɒȽɐɄǽ ɛ
  • 16. †—•–”› ͘Ǥ͔ǡ ȾɇɣɋɍɋɒȽɑ ɐɒɄɋ ɈȽɅɄɊɂɏɇɋɟɒɄɒəɊȽɑɒɄɋɎɏɘɒɍɔȽɋɛɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɇɈɛɂɌɚɉɇɌɄɄɍɎɍɜȽ ɁɄɊɇɍɓɏɀɂɜ ɐɓɋɂɖɣɑ ɋɚȽ ɁɂɁɍɊɚɋȽ Ɋɂ ɐɄɊȽɋɒɇɈɚɑ ɂɎɇɎɒɣɐɂɇɑ ɒɟɐɍɐɂȽɒɍɊɇɈɟɂɎɜɎɂɁɍǡɟɐɍɈȽɇɐɒɍɁɇɂɅɋɚɑɎɍɉɇɒɇɈɍɍɇɈɍɋɍɊɇɈɟ ɎɂɏɇȾəɉɉɍɋǤȧɂɟɎɉɍɒɍɓɒɄɋɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɜȽɈȽɇɒɍɁɇȽɁɜɈɒɓɍɍɈəɅɂ ɂɋɁɇȽɔɂɏɟɊɂɋɍɑǡ ɂɜɒɂ ɎɏɟɈɂɇɒȽɇ ɀɇȽ ɒɍɋ ɂɇɁɇɈɟ ɂɎɇɐɒɛɊɍɋȽǡ ɒɍɋ ȽɏɊɟɁɇɍɉɂɇɒɍɓɏɀɟɛɓɎəɉɉɄɉɍǡɒɍɋɂɈɎȽɇɁɂɓɒɇɈɟɛɔɍɇɒɄɒɛɛɒɍɋ ͙ȪɟɏɍɑɗɄɔɇȽɈɟɑɊɂɒȽɐɖɄɊȽɒɇɐɊɟɑȋ†‹‰‹–ƒŽ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ȌɂɜɋȽɇɈȽɇɋɍɔȽɋɛɑɈȽɇɘɑɂɈɒɍɠɒɍɓ ɁɂɋɚɖɂɇȽɈɟɊȽɂɎɇɈɏȽɒɛɐɂɇɚɋȽɑɌɂɈəɅȽɏɍɑɈȽɇɈɍɇɋəȽɎɍɁɂɈɒɟɑɍɏɇɐɊɟɑǤȠɖɂɇɁɄɉǤɒɄɋɚɋɋɍɇȽ ɒɄɑɓɇɍɅɚɒɄɐɄɑɒɘɋȽɉɉȽɀɣɋɐɒɇɑɍɎɍɜɂɑɎɏɍȾȽɜɋɂɇɚɋȽɑɔɍɏɚȽɑǡɍɏɀȽɋɇɐɊɟɑɛɂɎɇɖɂɜɏɄɐɄɀɇȽ ɋȽȽɌɇɍɎɍɇɛɐɂɇɒɇɑɁɓɋȽɒɟɒɄɒɂɑɎɍɓɎɏɍɐɔɚɏɍɓɋɒɍɁɇȽɁɜɈɒɓɍǡɒȽɗɄɔɇȽɈəɊɚɐȽɈȽɇɍɇɋɚɂɑ ɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɜɂɑǤȠɜɋȽɇɊɇȽɐɓɋɂɖɛɑɁɇȽɁɇɈȽɐɜȽɎɍɓȽɎȽɇɒɂɜɂɈɎȽɜɁɂɓɐɄɈȽɇɓɎɍɁɍɊɚɑǤȭɠɊɔɘɋȽɊɂ ɒɍɋɁɂɜɈɒɄ
  • 17. ɒɄɑȠɓɏɘɎȽɝɈɛɑȠɎɇɒɏɍɎɛɑǡɍɇȾȽɐɇɈɚɑɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɜɂɑɗɄɔɇȽɈɍɠɊɂɒȽɐɖɄɊȽɒɇɐɊɍɠ ɂɜɋȽɇ ɒȽ ȧɚɐȽ ɈɍɇɋɘɋɇɈɛɑ ɁɇɈɒɠɘɐɄɑ ȋ•‘…‹ƒŽ ‡†‹ƒȌǡ ɍɇ ȯɎɄɏɂɐɜɂɑ ɈɇɋɄɒɛɑ ɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɜȽɑǡ ɍɇ Ȯɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɜɂɑ…Ž‘—†ǡɄȜɋəɉɓɐɄɁɂɁɍɊɚɋɘɋǡɒɍȟɇȽɁɜɈɒɓɍɒɘɋɎɏȽɀɊəɒɘɋȋ
  • 21. 213 ɎɍɉɜɒɄǡɟɉɍɇɐɖɂɁɟɋɚɖɍɓɋɐɒɄɁɇəɅɂɐɛɒɍɓɑɊɇȽɎɉɚɍɋȽɋɂɌəɋɒɉɄɒɄ ɀɈəɊȽ ɂɎɇɉɍɀɣɋ ɈȽɇ ɁɓɋȽɒɍɒɛɒɘɋ ɘɑ Ɏɏɍɑ ɒɄɋ ȽɋȽɃɛɒɄɐɄ ɈȽɇ ɂɎɂɌɂɏɀȽɐɜȽ ɎɉɄɏɍɔɍɏɇɣɋ ɈəɅɂ ɂɜɁɍɓɑǡ ɂɋɣ ɂɌɜɐɍɓ ɐɄɊȽɋɒɇɈə ɂɜɋȽɇɒȽɂɏɀȽɉɂɜȽɈȽɇɍɇɂɔȽɏɊɍɀɚɑɐɒɄɁɇȽɖɂɜɏɇɐɄɈȽɇɎɏɍȾɍɉɛɒɍɓ ɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɍɠȽɎɍɅɚɊȽɒɍɑǤ ȫɉɚɍɋǡ ɍɇ ɔɍɏɂɜɑ ɚɏɂɓɋȽɑǡ ɁɇȽɖɂɜɏɇɐɄɑ ɈȽɇ ɎɏɍȾɍɉɛɑ ɒɄɑ ɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɛɑ ɈɉɄɏɍɋɍɊɇəɑ ɚɖɍɓɋ ȽɉɉəɌɂɇ ɒɍɋ ɒɏɟɎɍ ɉɂɇɒɍɓɏɀɜȽɑ ɒɍɓɑ ɈȽɇ ɁɇȽɖɂɜɏɇɐɄɑ ɒɘɋ ɐɓɉɉɍɀɣɋ ɒɍɓɑ ɈȽɇ ɚɖɂɇ ȽɋȽȾȽɅɊɇɐɒɂɜ Ʉ ɂɎɇɈɍɇɋɘɋɇȽɈɛɎɍɉɇɒɇɈɛɈȽɇɎɏȽɈɒɇɈɛɒɍɓɑɊɂɒɄɖɏɛɐɄɒɄɑɗɄɔɇȽɈɛɑ ɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɜȽɑɈȽɇɒɘɋɊɚɐɘɋǤ Ȯɍ ɚɏɀɍ ɒɍɓ ɂɊɎɉɍɓɒɇɐɊɍɠ ɒɘɋ ȲɄɔɇȽɈɣɋ ȭɓɉɉɍɀɣɋ ɒɘɋ ȥɇɋɄɒɣɋȧɋɄɊɂɜɘɋɒɍɓȯȫȫȪȜ ȮɍȯȫȫȪȜǡɈȽɒȽɋɍɣɋɒȽɑȽɎɟɉɓɒȽɒɇɑȽɋəɀɈɂɑɒɄɑɋɚȽɑɂɎɍɖɛɑ ɈȽɇɒɍɀɂɀɍɋɟɑɟɒɇɄɗɄɔɇɍɎɍɜɄɐɄɒɄɑɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɛɑɈɉɄɏɍɋɍɊɇəɑǡ ȽɋəɊɂɐȽɐɂəɉɉȽɍɔɚɉɄǡȽɎɍɒɂɉɂɜɒɍɈȽɒɂɌɍɖɛɋɊɚɐɍɁɇȽɔɠɉȽɌɄɑ ɈȽɇ ȽɋəɁɂɇɌɛɑ ɒɄɑǡ ɌɂɈɜɋɄɐɂ Ɋɚɐɘ ɒɄɑ ȟɇɂɠɅɓɋɐɄɑ ȟɇȽɖɂɜɏɇɐɄɑ ȠɅɋɇɈɍɠȜɏɖɂɜɍɓȧɋɄɊɂɜɘɋȋȟȟȠȜȧȌɒɍɋȧəɇɍɒɍɓ͖͔͕͖ɒɍɂɅɋɇɈɛɑ ɂɊȾɚɉɂɇȽɑ ɚɏɀɍ ǼȠɊɎɉɍɓɒɇɐɊɟɑ ɒɘɋ ȲɄɔɇȽɈɣɋ ȭɓɉɉɍɀɣɋ ɒɘɋ ȥɇɋɄɒɣɋȧɋɄɊɂɜɘɋɒɍɓȯȫȫȪȜɈȽɇȜɋəɎɒɓɌɄȨɚɍɓȫɉɄɏɍɔɍɏɇȽɈɍɠ ȭɓɐɒɛɊȽɒɍɑ ɒɍɓ ȠɅɋɇɈɍɠ Ȝɏɖɂɜɍɓ ȧɋɄɊɂɜɘɋǽǤ Ȯɍ ɚɏɀɍ ȽɏɖɇɈə ɖɏɄɊȽɒɍɁɍɒɛɅɄɈɂ ȽɎɟ ɒɍ ȠɎɇɖɂɇɏɄɐɇȽɈɟ ȫɏɟɀɏȽɊɊȽ ǼȲɄɔɇȽɈɛ ȭɠɀɈɉɇɐɄ ͖͔͔͛Ǧ͖͔͕͗ǽ ɈȽɇ ɂɋ ɐɓɋɂɖɂɜȽ ȽɎɟ ɒɍ ɋɚɍ ɎɏɟɀɏȽɊɊȽ ǼȜɋɒȽɀɘɋɇɐɒɇɈɟɒɄɒȽǡ ȠɎɇɖɂɇɏɄɊȽɒɇɈɟɒɄɒȽ ɈȽɇ ȥȽɇɋɍɒɍɊɜȽ ͖͔͕͘Ǧ ͖͔͖͔ǽɂɋɣɘɑɄɊɂɏɍɊɄɋɜȽɉɛɌɄɑɒɄɑȫɏəɌɄɑɍɏɜɐɒɄɈɂɄ͔͗Ǥ͔͝Ǥ͖͔͕͜Ǥ ȩɂɎɂɏɋɣɋɒȽɑɎɉɛɅɍɑȽɋɒɇɌɍɍɒɛɒɘɋǡɈȽɒɍɏɅɣɅɄɈɂȽɎɟɒɄɋɄɀɂɐɜȽ ɒɍɓ ȯȫȫȪȜ ɈȽɇ ɒɍ ɐɠɋɍɉɍ ɒɍɓ ɂɎɇɐɒɄɊɍɋɇɈɍɠ ɈȽɇ ɁɇɍɇɈɄɒɇɈɍɠ ɎɏɍɐɘɎɇɈɍɠ ɋȽ ɈȽɒȽɀɏȽɔɍɠɋ Ɏɏɘɒɍɀɂɋɣɑ ɈȽɇ ɗɄɔɇɍɎɍɇɄɅɍɠɋ Ɏəɋɘ ȽɎɟ ͖͔͘Ǥ͔͔͔ ɈɇɋɄɒə ɊɋɄɊɂɜȽ Ƚɋə ɒɄɋ ɂɎɇɈɏəɒɂɇȽǤ ȧȽɃɜ Ɋɂ ɒɄ ɗɄɔɇɍɎɍɜɄɐɄ ɒɘɋ ɛɁɄ ɈȽɒȽɀɂɀɏȽɊɊɚɋɘɋ ɈɇɋɄɒɣɋ ɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋ ȽɎɟȽɋəɁɍɖɂɑɂɒȽɇɏɂɜɂɑɍɇɗɄɔɇȽɈɚɑɈȽɒȽɀɏȽɔɚɑɘɑɒɇɑȽɏɖɚɑɒɍɓ ͖͔͕͜ǡɌɂɎɂɏɋɍɠɋɒɇɑ͚͔͔Ǥ͔͔͔ɊɋɄɊɂɜȽǤȭɓɊɊɂɒɚɖɍɋɒȽɑɐɒɍȽɋɘɒɚɏɘ ɐɒɏȽɒɄɀɇɈɛɑ ɐɄɊȽɐɜȽɑ ɚɏɀɍǡ Ʉ ȠɔǤȜǤȢɉɂɜȽɑ ɈȽɒəɔɂɏɂ ɋȽ ɂɋɒəɌɂɇ ɐɓɋɍɉɇɈə ͕͕͔͚͙ ɈɇɋɄɒə ɊɋɄɊɂɜȽǤ ȫɏɟɈɂɇɒȽɇ ɀɇȽ ȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈə ɂɓɏɛɊȽɒȽɟɉɘɋɒɘɋɎɂɏɇɟɁɘɋȽɎɟɒɄɋȫɏɍɝɐɒɍɏɇɈɛɂɎɍɖɛɘɑɈȽɇ ɒɄɋ ɜɁɏɓɐɄ ɒɍɓ ȠɉɉɄɋɇɈɍɠ Ɉɏəɒɍɓɑǡ ɎɏɍɂɏɖɟɊɂɋȽ ȽɎɟ Ɂɇəɔɍɏɂɑ ɅɚɐɂɇɑɐɂɟɉɄɒɄɋɂɎɇɈɏəɒɂɇȽɒɄɑȫɂɏɇɔǤȠɋɟɒɄɒȽɑȢɉɂɜȽɑǤȜɋəɊɂɐȽɐɂ ȽɓɒəȾɂȾȽɜɘɑɐɓɀɈȽɒȽɉɚɀɍɋɒȽɇɈȽɇɒȽɂɈɅɚɊȽɒȽɒɘɋȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɣɋ ȧɍɓɐɂɜɘɋ ȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑǡ ȫɠɏɀɍɓ ȶɉɇɁȽɑǡ ɈȽɅɣɑ ɈȽɇ Ɋɚɏɍɑ ɒɘɋ
  • 22. 214 ɂɓɏɄɊəɒɘɋȽɎɟɒɇɑɎɏɍɅɛɈɂɑɒɍɓȧɍɓɐɂɜɍɓȥəɐɒɏɍɓȱɉɂɊɍɓɒɐɜɍɓ ȋɈɓɏɜɘɑȣɄɐȽɓɏɍɜȨɍɊɇɐɊəɒɘɋȌǤ ȝɛɊȽɒȽɈȽɇɂɋɚɏɀɂɇɂɑɎɏɍɑɒɍɋɗɄɔɇȽɈɟɊɂɒȽɐɖɄɊȽɒɇɐɊɟ ȧɂɐɒɟɖɍɓɑɒɄɋəɊɂɐɄɈȽɇɂɠɈɍɉɄɂɋɄɊɚɏɘɐɄɀɇȽɒɇɑɂɌɂɉɜɌɂɇɑɐɒɍɋ ɖɣɏɍɒɄɑȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɜȽɑǡɒɄɁɇɂɓɈɟɉɓɋɐɄɒɍɓɎɍɉɜɒɄɈȽɇɂɎɇɐɈɚɎɒɄ ɈȽɅɣɑɈȽɇɒɄɁɇȽɔɠɉȽɌɄɈȽɇȽɋəɁɂɇɌɄɒɄɑɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɛɑɈɉɄɏɍɋɍɊɇəɑ ɊɂɎȽɀɈɟɐɊɇȽɊəɉɇɐɒȽɁɇəɐɒȽɐɄǡɄȠɔǤȜǤȢɉɂɜȽɑɂɋɜɐɖɓɐɂɒɄɐɖɚɐɄ ɈȽɇɎȽɏɍɓɐɜȽɒɄɑɐɒɍɁɇȽɁɜɈɒɓɍɈȽɇɐɒȽɊɚɐȽɈɍɇɋɘɋɇɈɛɑɁɇɈɒɠɘɐɄɑ ɈəɋɍɋɒȽɑ ɐɒȽɅɂɏə ȾɛɊȽɒȽ Ɏɏɍɑ ɒɄɋ ɂɎɜɒɂɓɌɄ ɒɍɓ ɗɄɔɇȽɈɍɠ ɊɂɒȽɐɖɄɊȽɒɇɐɊɍɠɒɄɑǤ ȠɐɒɇəɃɍɋɒȽɑ ɐɒɍɋ ɈɍɏɓɔȽɜɍ ɀɇȽ ɒɄɋ ɖɣɏȽ ɊȽɑ ɒɍɓɏɇɐɒɇɈɟ ɎɏɍɍɏɇɐɊɟɒɄɑȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑǡɚɎɂɇɒȽȽɎɟɚɋȽɁɇəɐɒɄɊȽɂɌɍɇɈɂɜɘɐɄɑɊɂ ɒɇɑ ɚɋɋɍɇɂɑ ɈȽɇ ɊɂɅɟɁɍɓɑ ɒɍɓ ɄɉɂɈɒɏɍɋɇɈɍɠ ƒ”‡–‹‰ Ʉ ȯɎɄɏɂɐɜȽ ɎɏɍɖɣɏɄɐɂ ɐɒɄɋ ȽɌɇɍɎɍɜɄɐɄ ɒɘɋ Ɋɂɀəɉɘɋ ɁɓɋȽɒɍɒɛɒɘɋ ɒɍɓɑ ɓɎɂɏɒɘɋɖɣɏɘɋɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɊɍɠɎɍɓɁɇȽɖɂɇɏɜɃɂɒȽɇǤȭɒɍɂɎɜɈɂɋɒɏɍɒɍɓ ɂɋɁɇȽɔɚɏɍɋɒɍɑ ȾɏɚɅɄɈȽɋ ɒȽ ɁɇȽɁɇɈɒɓȽɈə ɂɏɀȽɉɂɜȽ ɈȽɇ ɂɔȽɏɊɍɀɚɑ ɒɄɑ ɂɒȽɇɏɂɜȽɑ ‘‘‰Ž‡ Ƚɉɉə ɈȽɇ ɒȽ ɊɚɐȽ ɈɍɇɋɘɋɇɈɛɑ ɁɇɈɒɠɘɐɄɑǡ ɇɁɇȽɇɒɚɏɘɑ ɂɎɇȾɍɄɅɄɒɇɈə ɟɎɘɑ ɁɇȽɎɇɐɒɣɅɄɈɂ ɐɒɍ ɈȽɅɄɊɂɏɇɋɟ ɚɏɀɍ ɒɄɑ ɍɉɍɈɉɄɏɘɊɚɋɄɑ ɁɇȽɖɂɜɏɇɐɄɑǡ ɉɂɇɒɍɓɏɀɜȽɑ ɈȽɇ Ɉɓɏɜɘɑ ɒɄɑ ɎɏɍȾɍɉɛɑɖɣɏɘɋɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋɈȽɇɊɍɓɐɂɜɘɋǤ ȮɍɗɄɔɇȽɈɟɊəɏɈɂɒɇɋɀɈɐɒɄɋɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɛɈɉɄɏɍɋɍɊɇə ȹɎɘɑɐɓɊȾȽɜɋɂɇɈȽɇɐɒɍɓɑɎȽɏȽɁɍɐɇȽɈɍɠɑɔɍɏɂɜɑɒɍɓɂɎɇɖɂɇɏɂɇɋǡ ɒɍɊəɏɈɂɒɇɋɀɈɎɂɏɇɉȽɊȾəɋɂɇɒɇɑɁɏəɐɂɇɑɈȽɇɂɋɚɏɀɂɇɂɑɎɍɓɂɎɇɒɏɚɎɂɇ ɐɒɍɓɑ ɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɍɠɑ ɍɏɀȽɋɇɐɊɍɠɑ ɋȽ Ʌɚɐɍɓɋ ɐɓɀɈɂɈɏɇɊɚɋɍɓɑǡ ɊɂɒɏɛɐɇɊɍɓɑɐɒɟɖɍɓɑɈȽɇɋȽɂɉɚɀɌɍɓɋɒɄɋȽɎɍɒɂɉɂɐɊȽɒɇɈɟɒɄɒəɒɍɓɑǡ ɣɐɒɂɋȽɂɎɇɒɠɖɍɓɋɒɄɋȾɂɉɒɜɘɐɄɒɄɑɅɚɐɄɑɒɍɓɑɈȽɇɋȽɂɈɎɉɄɏɣɐɍɓɋ ɒɄɋ ȽɎɍɐɒɍɉɛ ɒɍɓɑ Ɏɏɍɑ ɟɔɂɉɍɑ ɒɍɓ Ɉɍɇɋɍɠ ɒɍɓɑǡ ɖɘɏɜɑ Ƚɓɒɛ Ʉ ɁɇȽɁɇɈȽɐɜȽɋȽɚɏɖɂɒȽɇɐɂɏɛɌɄɊɂɒɍɋɊɄɈɂɏɁɍɐɈɍɎɇɈɟɖȽɏȽɈɒɛɏȽ ɒɍɓɑȋȧȽɓɏȽɀəɋɄ͖͔͕͛ǣ͚͛͛ȌǤ ȭɓɊɎɉɄɏɘɊȽɒɇɈə ɐɒɍ ɎȽɏȽɁɍɐɇȽɈɟǡ ɒɍ ɗɄɔɇȽɈɟ ɊəɏɈɂɒɇɋɀɈǡ ɒɍ ɍɎɍɜɍ ɐɓɋɂɖɣɑ ɈɂɏɁɜɃɂɇ ɚɁȽɔɍɑǡ ɂɎɇɁɇɣɈɂɇ ɋȽ ɂɋɇɐɖɠɐɂɇ ɒɄɋ ɂɎɇɈɍɇɋɘɋɜȽ ɒɍɓ ɔɍɏɚȽ Ɋɂ ɒɍɓɑ Ɏɍɉɜɒɂɑ ɈȽɇ ɋȽ ɂɋɁɓɋȽɊɣɐɂɇ ɒɄɋ ȽɎɛɖɄɐɄ ɒɍɓ ɂɒȽɇɏɇɈɍɠ ɍɋɟɊȽɒɍɑ ȋ„”ƒ†Ȍ ɂɜɒɂ Ƚɓɒɟ ɂɜɋȽɇ Ʉ ɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɛ ɈɉɄɏɍɋɍɊɇə ɒɄɑ ȠɉɉəɁɍɑ ɂɋ ɐɓɋɟɉɘǡ ɒɍ ȯȫȫȪȜ Ɏɍɓ ɒɄ ɁɇȽɖɂɇɏɜɃɂɒȽɇǡ Ʉ ȠɔǤȜǤȢɉɂɜȽɑ ɛ ɈəɎɍɇɍ ɐɓɀɈɂɈɏɇɊɚɋɍ Ɋɍɓɐɂɜɍǡ ɖɣɏɍɑɛɊɋɄɊɂɜɍȽɏɊɍɁɇɟɒɄɒəɑɒɄɑǤȢɎȽɏɍɓɐɜȽɐɒɍɁɇȽɁɜɈɒɓɍɂɋɟɑ
  • 23. 215 ɔɍɏɚȽɈȽɇɊɚɐɘȽɓɒɍɠȋɛȽɓɒɟɋɍɊȽȌɒɘɋɊɍɓɐɂɜɘɋǡɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋɈȽɇ ȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɣɋɖɣɏɘɋɒȽɍɎɍɜȽɁɇȽɖɂɇɏɜɃɂɒȽɇǡȽɎɍɒɂɉɂɜɈȽɒəɈəɎɍɇɍ ɒɏɟɎɍɇɁɇɟɈɒɄɒɍɈȽɋəɉɇɂɎɇɈɍɇɋɘɋɜȽɑɎɍɓɂɎɇɒɏɚɎɂɇɐɒɄɋȯɎɄɏɂɐɜȽ ɋȽȾɏɜɐɈɂɒȽɇȽɁɇəɈɍɎȽɈȽɇɐɂɎɏȽɀɊȽɒɇɈɟɖɏɟɋɍɐɂɂɎɇɈɍɇɋɘɋɜȽɊɂ ɒɍɓɑɎɍɉɜɒɂɑǦɂɎɇɐɈɚɎɒɂɑǡɂɀɖɣɏɇɍɓɑɛȽɉɉɍɁȽɎɍɠɑǤ ȭɠɊɔɘɋȽ Ɋɂ ɒɍɋ ɈǤ ȥəɏɍɉɍ ȫȽɎȽɁəǡ ȦɚɈɒɍɏȽ ȧəɏɈɂɒɇɋɀɈ ɐɒɍ ȫȽɋɂɎɇɐɒɛɊɇɍ ɒɍɓ ȥɟȾɂɋɒɏɇǡ Ǽǥɒɍ ɗɄɔɇȽɈɟ ɊəɏɈɂɒɇɋɀɈ Ɂɂɋ ɚɏɖɂɒȽɇ ɋȽ ȽɋɒɇɈȽɒȽɐɒɛɐɂɇ ɒɍ ɎȽɏȽɁɍɐɇȽɈɟ ɊəɏɈɂɒɇɋɀɈ ɟɎɘɑ ɒɍ ɀɋɘɏɜɃɍɓɊɂǡȽɉɉəɚɏɖɂɒȽɇɘɑɐɓɊɎɉɄɏɘɊȽɒɇɈɟɂɏɀȽɉɂɜɍɂɋɜɐɖɓɐɛɑ ɒɍɓǽ ȋȫȽɎȽɁəɑ ͖͔͕͚ȌǤ ȧɇȽ ɂɋɇȽɜȽ ɈȽɇ ɍɉɍɈɉɄɏɘɊɚɋɄ ɐɒɏȽɒɄɀɇɈɛ ɗɄɔɇȽɈɍɠɊəɏɈɂɒɇɋɀɈɊɇȽɑɂɎɇɖɂɜɏɄɐɄɑɛɂɋɟɑɔɍɏɚȽɎɂɏɇɉȽɊȾəɋɂɇǣ ȽȌȤɐɒɍɐɂɉɜɁȽ ȋ‡„•‹–‡Ȍǡ ȾȌȟɇȽɖɂɜɏɇɐɄ ȥɍɇɋɘɋɇɈɣɋȟɇɈɒɠɘɋ ȋ‘…‹ƒŽ ‡†‹ƒƒƒ‰‡‡–ȌǡɀȌȲɄɔɇȽɈɛȟɇȽɔɛɊɇɐɄȋ‹‰‹–ƒŽ†˜‡”–‹•‹‰ȌǡɁȌ ȫɏɍɘɅɄɒɇɈəǦƒ‹Ž•ǡɂȌȲɄɔɇȽɈɚɑȟɄɊɟɐɇɂɑȭɖɚɐɂɇɑȋ‹‰‹–ƒŽ—„Ž‹…‡- Žƒ–‹‘•ȌɓɎɍɐɒɄɏɜɃɂɇɍɈɍɑȫȽɎȽɁəɑǤ ȝɂȾȽɜɘɑǡɄȠɔǤȜǤȢɉɂɜȽɑɛɒɍȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟȧɍɓɐɂɜɍȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑǡɁɂɋ ɐɓɋɇɐɒɍɠɋɂɎɇɖɂɇɏɛɐɂɇɑɊɂɒɄɋɐɒɂɋɛɚɋɋɍɇȽǡɘɐɒɟɐɍɍɐɠɋɅɂɒɍɑɈȽɇ ɐɠɀɖɏɍɋɍɑɏɟɉɍɑɒɍɓɑɎɂɏɇɉȽɊȾəɋɂɇɈȽɇɒɄɋɓɎɍɖɏɚɘɐɄɋȽɊɂɏɇɊɋɍɠɋ ɀɇȽɒɄɋɎɏɍɐɚɉɈɓɐɄɂɎɇɐɈɂɎɒɣɋɈȽɇɒɄɋɇɈȽɋɍɎɍɇɄɒɇɈɛɈȽɇɂɠɈɍɉɄ ɂɋɄɊɚɏɘɐɄ ɟɐɘɋ Ɏɍɉɇɒɣɋ ȽɋȽɃɄɒɍɠɋ ɐɖɂɒɇɈɚɑ ɎɉɄɏɍɔɍɏɜɂɑ ɟɎɘɑ ɀɇȽɒɍɘɏəɏɇɍɉɂɇɒɍɓɏɀɜȽɑǡɒɇɑɒɇɊɚɑɒɘɋɂɇɐɇɒɄɏɜɘɋɈǤəǤȠɜɋȽɇɐȽɔɚɑ Ɏɘɑ ɍɇ ɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɍɜ ɍɏɀȽɋɇɐɊɍɜ ɀɇȽ ɋȽ Ɏɂɒɠɖɍɓɋ ɐɒɄɋ ȽɎɍɐɒɍɉɛ ɒɍɓɑ ɍɔɂɜɉɍɓɋ ɋȽ ɓɇɍɅɂɒɛɐɍɓɋ ɒɂɖɋɇɈɚɑ ɈȽɇ ɊɂɅɟɁɍɓɑ ɂɏɀȽɐɜȽɑ ȽɎɟɒɄɋɂɎɇɐɒɛɊɄɒɘɋɍɇɈɍɋɍɊɇɈɣɋɈȽɇɒɄɑɁɇɍɜɈɄɐɄɑɂɎɇɖɂɇɏɛɐɂɘɋ ȋȧȽɓɏȽɀəɋɄ͖͔͕͛ȌǤȪɇɓɎɂɠɅɓɋɍɇɒɘɋɊɍɓɐɂɜɘɋɍɔɂɜɉɍɓɋɋȽɎəɏɍɓɋ ɐɒɏȽɒɄɀɇɈɚɑȽɎɍɔəɐɂɇɑɀɇȽɒɄȾɇɣɐɇɊɄȽɋəɎɒɓɌɛɒɍɓɑǡɊɂɏɇɊɋɣɋɒȽɑ ɄɈəɅɂɓɎɄɏɂɐɜȽɋȽɂɜɋȽɇɂɉɈɓɐɒɇɈɛɈȽɇɋȽɈȽɉɠɎɒɂɇɒɑɎɏȽɀɊȽɒɇɈɚɑ ȽɋəɀɈɂɑɒɘɋɂɎɇɐɈɂɎɒɣɋǤ ȢɎɉȽɒɔɟɏɊȽ ‘‘‰Ž‡—•‹‡•• ȢɗɄɔɇȽɈɛɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɜȽɈȽɇɒɍɁɇȽɁɜɈɒɓɍɊɂɒɄɋɎɉȽɒɇəɁɇəɁɍɐɄɈȽɇ ɐɓɋɂɖɣɑ ɁɇɂɓɏɓɋɟɊɂɋɄ ȽɎɛɖɄɐɄǡ ɊɎɍɏɍɠɋ ɋȽ ɐɓɋɂɇɐɔɚɏɍɓɋ ɎəɏȽ Ɏɍɉɉə ɐɒɄɋ ɎȽɏȽɎəɋɘ ɎɏɍɐɎəɅɂɇȽǤ ȵɋȽ ɒɚɒɍɇɍ ɂɏɀȽɉɂɜɍ ɂɜɋȽɇ Ʉ ɎɉȽɒɔɟɏɊȽ ‘‘‰Ž‡—•‹‡••ǡəɏɏɄɈɒȽɐɓɋɁɂɁɂɊɚɋɄɈȽɇȾȽɐɇɐɊɚɋɄ ɐɒɄɋɎɍɉɠɀɋɘɐɒɛɂɔȽɏɊɍɀɛ ‘‘‰Ž‡ƒ’•ǤȝȽɐɇɈɟɎɏɣɒɍȾɛɊȽɀɇȽ ɒɄɋȽɌɇɍɎɍɜɄɐɄɒɄɑɂɔȽɏɊɍɀɛɑɛɒȽɋɄɈȽɒȽɋɟɄɐɄɒɄɑɉɂɇɒɍɓɏɀɜȽɑ ɒɘɋ ɖȽɏɒɣɋ ɒɄɑ ‘‘‰Ž‡ ɈȽɇ Ɏɘɑ ɎɏɍɈɠɎɒɍɓɋ ɍɇ ɎɉɄɏɍɔɍɏɜɂɑ Ɏɍɓ ɂɊɔȽɋɜɃɍɓɋɀɇȽɈəɎɍɇɍɐɄɊɂɜɍɂɋɁɇȽɔɚɏɍɋɒɍɑɀɇȽɒɍɍɎɍɜɍɅȽɈəɋɂɇ ȽɋȽɃɛɒɄɐɄɚɋȽɑɖɏɛɐɒɄɑɐɒɍɁɇȽɁɜɈɒɓɍɊɚɐɘɒɄɑɀɋɘɐɒɛɑɊɄɖȽɋɛɑ
  • 24. 216 ɒɄɑ ‘‘‰Ž‡ǡ ɟɎɘɑ ɀɇȽ ɎȽɏəɁɂɇɀɊȽ ɈəɎɍɇɍ ɊɋɄɊɂɜɍ ɛ ɊɍɓɐɂɜɍǤ ȭɠɊɔɘɋȽɊɂɒɍɋɈɍȨɜɈɍȜɀɀɂɉɇɁəɈɄǡ‹‰‹–ƒŽƒ”‡–‹‰ǡǼǥǤɄ ‘‘- ‰Ž‡ɖɂɇɏɜɃɂɒȽɇ͗ǡ͙ɁɇɐɂɈȽɒɍɊɊɠɏɇȽȽɋȽɃɄɒɛɐɂɇɑɒɄɋɄɊɚɏȽǤȣɚɉɍɋɒȽɑ ɋȽɎɏɍɐɁɣɐɂɇɎɍɇɟɒɄɒȽɈȽɇɐɓɋəɔɂɇȽǡɄɁɇəɐɄɊɄɊɄɖȽɋɛȽɋȽɃɛɒɄɐɄɑ ɂɋɐɘɊəɒɘɐɂ Ɏɉɛɏɘɑ ȽɎɍɒɂɉɚɐɊȽɒȽ ȽɎɟ ɒɍɓɑ ȱəɏɒɂɑ ɊɚɐȽ ɐɒɄɋ ɎɏɣɒɄ ɐɂɉɜɁȽ ɒɘɋ ɈɉȽɐɇɈɣɋ ɍɏɀȽɋɇɈɣɋ ȽɎɍɒɂɉɂɐɊəɒɘɋǤ ȫɉɚɍɋǡ ɒɍ͔͗ΨɒɘɋȽɋȽɃɄɒɛɐɂɘɋɂɋɂɏɀɍɎɍɇɍɠɋȽɎɍɒɂɉɚɐɊȽɒȽɒɍɓ ‘‘‰Ž‡ ƒ’•ɈȽɇɄɒɍɎɍɅɂɐɜȽɒɍɓɖɏɛɐɒɄɎɍɓɈəɋɂɇɊɇȽȽɋȽɃɛɒɄɐɄɈȽɅɍɏɜɃɂɇ ɒȽȽɎɍɒɂɉɚɐɊȽɒȽɎɍɓɅȽɁɂɇɟɐɍɎɍɒɚəɉɉɍɒɂǽȋȜɀɀɂɉɇɁəɈɄɑ͖͔͕͛ȌǤ ȥəɋɍɋɒȽɑɒɄɋȽɎɉɛɁɇȽɎɜɐɒɘɐɄɟɒɇɐɛɊɂɏȽɍɓɎɍɗɛɔɇɍɑɂɎɇɐɈɚɎɒɄɑ Ɏɍɓ Ʌɚɉɂɇ ɋȽ Ɏɏɍɐɂɀɀɜɐɂɇ ɈəɎɍɇɍ Ɋɍɓɐɂɜɍ ɛ ȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟ ɖɣɏɍ ɅȽ ɃɄɒɛɐɂɇ ɎɉɍɛɀɄɐɄ ȽɎɟ ɒɍ ɚɌɓɎɋɍ ɈɇɋɄɒɟ ɒɄɉɚɔɘɋɟ ɒɍɓ ɈȽɇ ɂɎɇɈɍɓɏɇɈə ɅȽ ȽɋȽɃɄɒɛɐɂɇ ɍɁɇɈɚɑ ɎɇɋȽɈɜɁɂɑ ɈȽɒɂɠɅɓɋɐɄɑǡ ȽɔɇɂɏɣɅɄɈɂ ȽɏɈɂɒɟɑ ɖɏɟɋɍɑ ɎɏɍɈɂɇɊɚɋɍɓ ɋȽ ɂɋɄɊɂɏɘɅɍɠɋ Ɋɂ ɒɇɑ ɍɏɅɚɑ ɈȽɇ ɂɎɇɈȽɇɏɍɎɍɇɄɊɚɋɂɑ ɎɉɄɏɍɔɍɏɜɂɑ Ʉ ɂɔȽɏɊɍɀɛ ɖȽɏɒɣɋ ɒɄɑ ‘‘‰Ž‡ɈȽɇɂɋɐɓɋɂɖɂɜȽɀɇȽɋȽȽɎɍɈɒɄɅɂɜɍɎɉɛɏɄɑɚɉɂɀɖɍɑɒɘɋ ɈȽɒȽɖɘɏɛɐɂɘɋȽɓɒɣɋɀɇȽɒȽȧɍɓɐɂɜȽǡȧɋɄɊɂɜȽɈȽɇȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠɑ ȱɣɏɍɓɑɂɓɅɠɋɄɑɒɄɑȠɔɍɏɂɜȽɑǡɒɍɓɉəɖɇɐɒɍɋɒɍɓɑɎɉɚɍɋɐɄɊȽɋɒɇɈɍɠɑǤ ȫɇɉɟɒɍɐɒɍɂɀɖɂɜɏɄɊȽȽɎɂɒɚɉɂɐɂɒɍȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟȧɍɓɐɂɜɍȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑ ɀɇȽ ɒɍ ɍɎɍɜɍ Ʉ ȠɔɍɏɂɜȽ ɂɋɁɇȽɔɂɏɟɒȽɋ ɋȽ ɎȽɏɚɖɍɋɒȽɇ ɍɇ ɐɘɐɒɚɑ ɎɉɄɏɍɔɍɏɜɂɑɐɂɟɐɍɓɑɈəɋɍɓɋɐɖɂɒɇɈɛȽɋȽɃɛɒɄɐɄɈȽɇɟɖɇɒɓɖȽɜɂɑɈȽɇ ɂɋɎɍɉɉɍɜɑɉȽɋɅȽɐɊɚɋɂɑɎɉɄɏɍɔɍɏɜɂɑɎɍɓȽɋɚȾȽɃȽɋɍɇɖɏɛɐɒɂɑɒɄɑ ɂɔȽɏɊɍɀɛɑǤȭɒɄɐɓɋɚɖɂɇȽǡɒɍɂɎɇɐɒɄɊɍɋɇɈɟɎɏɍɐɘɎɇɈɟɁɄɊɇɍɠɏɀɄɐɂ ɂɈɒɍɓɊɄɟɋɒɍɑɋɚȽɐɄɊɂɜȽɂɋɁɇȽɔɚɏɍɋɒɍɑȋ
  • 26. –‡”‡•–Ȍ ɐɒɍɓɑɖəɏɒɂɑɒɄɑ ‘‘‰Ž‡ɛɂɋɛɏɀɄɐɂɣɐɒɂɋȽȽɎɍɈɒɄɅɂɜɍɚɉɂɀɖɍɑ ɓɔɇɐɒəɊɂɋɘɋȽɎɟɒɏɜɒɍɓɑɖɏɛɐɒɂɑɀɇȽɒȽɂɌɛɑɊɍɓɐɂɜȽǡɖɣɏɍɓɑɈȽɇ ɊɋɄɊɂɜȽȽɏɊɍɁɇɟɒɄɒɍɑȠɔǤȜǤȢɉɂɜȽɑǣ • ȜɏɖȽɜȽȜɈɏɟɎɍɉɄȫɉȽɒɇəɋȽɑ • ȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟɑȱɣɏɍɑȠɎɇɒȽɉɜɍɓ • ȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟɑȱɣɏɍɑȰɇɀȽɉɂɜȽɑ • ȧɓɈɄɋȽɝɈɟȨɂɈɏɍɒȽɔɂɜɍȟəɔɋɄɑ • ȨȽɟɑȜɅɄɋəɑɐɒɍȫɏȽɐɇɁəɈɇ • ȨȽɟɑɒɄɑȜɅɄɋəɑȧȽɈɜɐɒɍɓɐɒɍȧəɃɇȭɈɇɉɉɍɓɋɒɜȽɑ • ȫɍɋɒɇɈɟɈȽɐɒɏɍǦȜɏɖȽɜȽȰɂɇəǦȴɀɇɍɑȜɋɁɏɚȽɑ • ȨȽɟɑȠɎɇɈɍɓɏɜɍɓȜɎɟɉɉɘɋȽ • ȜɉɐɍɑȪɉɓɊɎɇȽɈɛɑȠɈɂɖɂɇɏɜȽɑ • ȜɏɖȽɜȽȽɈɏɟɎɍɉɄȜɉɜɔɂɇɏȽɑ
  • 27. 217 • ȜɏɖȽɜȽȽɈɏɟɎɍɉɄȫɉȽɒɇəɋȽɑ • ȜɏɖȽɜȽȜɈɏɟɎɍɉɄȭȽɊɇɈɍɠ • ȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟȧɍɓɐɂɜɍȢɉɇɁȽɑ • ȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟȧɍɓɐɂɜɍȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑǦ”…Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ—•‡—‘ˆ Ž›’‹ƒ • ȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟȧɍɓɐɂɜɍȫɠɏɀɍɓǦȫȽɉȽɇəȟɄɊɍɒɇɈɛȜɀɍɏə • ȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟɑȱɣɏɍɑȥɉɂɇɁɜȭȽɊɇɈɍɠǦȫɏɍɝɐɒɍɏɇɈɛȽɈɏɟɎɍɉɄ ɈȽɇɒɠɊȾɍɇ • ȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟɑȱɣɏɍɑȦɂɎɏɚɍɓ • ȞɏȽɔɂɜȽȟɇɍɜɈɄɐɄɑȠɔǤȜǤȢɉɂɜȽɑ • ȥəɐɒɏɍȥɍɏɓɔɛɑǦȥɍɓɈɍɓȾɜɒɐȽȋȽɏɖȽɜɍɍɖɓɏɟȌ • ȥəɐɒɏɍȱɉɂɊɍɠɒɐɇǦŽ‡”‘–Ǧƒ•–‡Ž‘”‡•‡ • ȥɇȾɘɒɇɟɐɖɄɊɍɑɒəɔɍɑȭɒȽɔɇɁɍɈəɊɎɍɓ • ȥɏɟɋɇɍɑɉɟɔɍɑ • ȧɍɓɐɂɜɍɒɄɑȤɐɒɍɏɜȽɑɒɘɋȜɋȽɐɈȽɔɣɋɒɄɑȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑ • ȨȽɟɑɒɄɑȶɏȽɑ • ȩɂɋɜȽǦȫɏɣɄɋȩɂɋɍɁɍɖɂɜɍ • ȪɉɓɊɎɇȽɈɟɑȝɍɒȽɋɇɈɟɑȥɛɎɍɑ • ȫȽɏəɈɒɇɍȬɘɊȽɝɈɟȦɍɓɒɏɟȭɈȽɔɇɁɇəɑ • ȭȫȜȫȭɓɋɂɁɏɇȽɈɟɈȽɇȠɈɅɂɐɇȽɈɟȥɚɋɒɏɍȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑ ȭɒɄɋ ɎȽɏɍɠɐȽ ɂɇɐɛɀɄɐɄ ɐɒɂɈɟɊȽɐɒɂ Ɏɂɏɇɐɐɟɒɂɏɍ ɐɒɄɋ Ɏɇɍ ɖȽɏȽɈɒɄɏɇɐɒɇɈɛ ɎɂɏɜɎɒɘɐɄǡ Ƚɓɒɛ ɒɍɓ ȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠ ȧɍɓɐɂɜɍɓ ȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑɎɍɓɊȽɑȽɎȽɐɖɟɉɄɐɂɎɂɏɇɐɐɟɒɂɏɍȋɂɇɈǤ͜ȌǤ ȫɏȽɈɒɇɈə ɉɍɇɎɟɋǡ Ʉ ɎɏɣɒɄ ɈɜɋɄɐɄ ɛɒȽɋ Ʉ ɁɇɂɈɁɜɈɄɐɄ ɒɄɑ ɇɁɇɍɈɒɄɐɜȽɑ ɒɄɑ ɛɁɄ ɓɔɇɐɒəɊɂɋɄɑ ǼɂɎɇɖɂɜɏɄɐɛɑ ɊȽɑǽ ɟɎɘɑ ɚɖɂɇ ɖȽɏȽɈɒɄɏɜɐɂɇ Ʉ ‘‘‰Ž‡ ɒȽ ɐɄɊɂɜȽ ɂɋɁɇȽɔɚɏɍɋɒɍɑ ɐɒɄɋ ɂɔȽɏɊɍɀɛ › —•‹‡••Ǥ ȫɏɟɈɂɇɒȽɇ ɀɇȽ ɒɄɋ ɎɉȽɒɔɟɏɊȽ Ɏɉɛɏɍɓɑ ɁɇȽɖɂɜɏɇɐɄɑ ɊɇȽɑ ɍɎɍɇȽɐɁɛɎɍɒɂ ɈȽɒȽɖɣɏɄɐɄɑ Ǧ ɐɄɊɂɜɍɓ ɂɋɁɇȽɔɚɏɍɋɒɍɑ Ɏɍɓ ɂɊɔȽɋɜɃɂɒȽɇɐɒɍɓɑɖəɏɒɂɑɒɄɑ ‘‘‰Ž‡ȋ ‘‘‰Ž‡ƒ’•ȌǤȜɎɟɂɁɣɀɜɋɂɒȽɇ Ʉ ɈȽɒȽɖɣɏɄɐɄ ɒɘɋ ȾȽɐɇɈɣɋ ɎɉɄɏɍɔɍɏɇɣɋ Ɏɍɓ ɎɏɍȾəɉɉɍɋɒȽɇ ɘɑ ɚɋȽɑ ɎɜɋȽɈȽɑ Ɋɂ ɒɜɒɉɍ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ’ƒ‡Ž ɐɒȽ ȽɎɍɒɂɉɚɐɊȽɒȽ Ɏɍɓ ɂɊɔȽɋɜɃɍɋɒȽɇ ɐɓɋɛɅɘɑ ɁɂɌɇə ɐɒɄɋ ɍɅɟɋɄ ɟɒȽɋ ɈəɎɍɇɍɑ ɖɏɛɐɒɄɑ Ɉəɋɂɇ ɊɇȽ ȽɋȽɃɛɒɄɐɄ ɂɋɟɑ ɓɎȽɏɈɒɍɠ ɐɄɊɂɜɍɓ ɂɋɁɇȽɔɚɏɍɋɒɍɑ ȋɊɋɄɊɂɜɍǡɊɍɓɐɂɜɍǡɂɎɇɖɂɜɏɄɐɄǡɍɏɀȽɋɇɐɊɟɑǡɔɍɏɚȽɑɈɉɎǤȌɐɒɄɊɄɖȽɋɛ ȽɋȽɃɛɒɄɐɄɑɒɄɑ ‘‘‰Ž‡Ǥ
  • 28. 218 ȧɚɖɏɇɎɂɏɜɎɍɓɒɍȨɍɚɊȾɏɇɍɒɍɓ͖͔͕͚ǡɄɈȽɒȽɖɣɏɄɐɄȋŽ‹•–‹‰Ȍɒɍɓ ȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠȧɍɓɐɂɜɍɓȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑɛɒȽɋǼȽɈɓȾɚɏɋɄɒɄǽɈȽɇɊɎɍɏɍɠɐɂ ɍɎɍɇɍɐɁɛɎɍɒɂɖɏɛɐɒɄɑɒɍɓɁɇȽɁɇɈɒɠɍɓɋȽȽɉɉəɃɂɇɒɇɑɎɉɄɏɍɔɍɏɜɂɑǡ ɒɄɁɇɂɠɅɓɋɐɄǡɒɍɟɋɍɊȽɒɍɓɊɍɓɐɂɜɍɓǡɒɍɘɏəɏɇɍɉɂɇɒɍɓɏɀɜȽɑɈɉɎǤ ɈȽɒəɒɍɁɍɈɍɠɋǡɂɏɛɊɄɋɒɄɑȯɎɄɏɂɐɜȽɑɊȽɑǤȧɚɐɘɂɇɁɇɈɛɑɁɇȽɁɇɈȽɐɜȽɑ ɎɇɐɒɍɎɍɜɄɐɄɑȽɎɟɒɄɋ ‘‘‰Ž‡ǡɄȠɔɍɏɂɜȽȽɎɚɈɒɄɐɂɒɍɋɚɉɂɀɖɍɒɄɑ ǼɈȽɒȽɖɣɏɄɐɛɑǽ ɒɄɑ ɈȽɇ ȽɊɚɐɘɑ ɁɇȽɎɇɐɒɣɅɄɈɂ Ʉ ɐɎɍɓɁȽɇɟɒɄɒȽ ȽɓɒɛɑɒɄɑɂɋɚɏɀɂɇȽɑǡɟɒȽɋɈȽɇɎɉɚɍɋɂɜɖɂɎɏɟɐȾȽɐɄɐɂɐɒȽɒɇɐɒɇɈə ɐɒɍɇɖɂɜȽ ɈȽɇ ɁɂɁɍɊɚɋȽ ɒȽ ɍɎɍɜȽ ɐɓɉɉɚɀɂɇ ȽɓɒɟɊȽɒȽ Ʉ ‘‘‰Ž‡Ǥ ȧɚɐɘɒɄɑɉɂɇɒɍɓɏɀɜȽɑ
  • 29. •‹‰Š–•ɚɀɇɋɂȽɋɒɇɉɄɎɒɟɎɣɑȽɉɉɄɉɂɎɇɁɏɍɠɋ ɄɉɂɈɒɏɍɋɇɈə ɍɇ ɓɎɍɗɛɔɇɍɇ ɈȽɇ ɍɇ ‘ •‹–‡ ɂɎɇɐɈɚɎɒɂɑ Ɋɂ ɒɍ ɐɄɊɂɜɍ ɂɋɁɇȽɔɚɏɍɋɒɍɑǼȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟȧɍɓɐɂɜɍȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑǽȋɂɇɈǤ͝ȌǤȧɂɒȽɌɠ əɉɉɘɋɁɓɋȽɒɍɒɛɒɘɋɎɍɓɎȽɏɚɖɂɇɁɘɏɂəɋɄɎɉȽɒɔɟɏɊȽ ‘‘‰Ž‡—•‹- ‡••ɂɜɋȽɇɍɇȽɈɟɉɍɓɅɂɑǣ • ȨȽɀɋɘɏɜɃɂɇɍɔɍɏɚȽɑɎɣɑɍɇɖɏɛɐɒɂɑǦɂɎɇɐɈɚɎɒɂɑɂɋɒɟɎɇɐȽɋɒɍ ɊɍɓɐɂɜɍɈȽɇȽɎɟɎɍɇɍɊɚɏɍɑɎɏɍɚɏɖɍɋɒȽɇǤ • ȨȽɀɋɘɏɜɃɂɇɍɔɍɏɚȽɑɎɟɐɍɇɈəɉɂɐȽɋɒɍɋȽɏɇɅɊɟɒɄɉɂɔɣɋɍɓ ɒɍɓɊɍɓɐɂɜɍɓȋȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑȌȽɔɍɠɎɏɍɄɀɍɓɊɚɋɘɑɒɍɋɂɋɒɟɎɇɐȽɋ ɐɒɄɊɄɖȽɋɛȽɋȽɃɛɒɄɐɄɑɒɄɑ ‘‘‰Ž‡ɈȽɅɣɑɈȽɇɎɟɐȽȽɇɒɛɊȽɒȽ ɀɇȽ ɍɁɄɀɜɂɑ ɎɉɍɛɀɄɐɄɑ Ɏɏɍɑ ɒɍ Ɋɍɓɐɂɜɍ ɊȽɑ ɈȽɇ ȽɎɟ Ɏɍɇɂɑ Ɏɂɏɇɍɖɚɑ ɁɚɖɒɄɈɂ Ʉ ɈȽɒȽɖɣɏɄɐɄ ɒɍɓ Ɋɍɓɐɂɜɍɓ ɊȽɑ ɐɒɍɓɑ ɖəɏɒɂɑɒɄɑ ‘‘‰Ž‡ɈȽɇȾɂȾȽɜɘɑɎɟɐɂɑɄɉɂɈɒɏɍɋɇɈɚɑɂɎɇɐɈɚɗɂɇɑ ɐɓɀɈɂɋɒɏɣɋɂɇȋɂɇɈǤ͕͔ȌǤ ȠɇɈǤ͠ǤȫɉȽɒɔɟɏɊȽ Ɏɉɛɏɍɓɑ ɁɇȽɖɂɜɏɇɐɄɑɊɇȽɑ ɍɎɍɇȽɐɁɛɎɍɒɂ ɈȽɒȽɖɣɏɄɐɄɑ ȂɐɄɊɂɜɍɓ ɂɋɁɇȽɔɚɏɍɋɒɍɑɎɍɓ ɂɊɔȽɋɜɃɂɒȽɇɐɒɍɓɑ ɖəɏɒɂɑɒɄɑ ‘‘‰Ž‡ ȋ ‘‘‰Ž‡ƒ’•ȌǤ ȫɄɀɛǣȜɏɖɂɜɍȠɔǤȜǤ ȢɉɂɜȽɑǤ
  • 30. 219 • ȨȽ ɂɇɁɍɎɍɇɂɜɒȽɇ Ɋɂ ɊɛɋɓɊȽ ɄɉɂɈɒɏɍɋɇɈɍɠ ɒȽɖɓɁɏɍɊɂɜɍɓ ɍ ɔɍɏɚȽɑ ɈəɅɂ ɔɍɏə Ɏɍɓ ɈəɎɍɇɍɑ ɂɎɇɐɈɚɎɒɄɑ Ƚɔɛɋɂɇ ɈəɎɍɇɍ ɐɖɟɉɇɍɈȽɇɈəɋɂɇɈɏɇɒɇɈɛɐɖɂɒɇɈəɊɂɒɍɊɍɓɐɂɜɍɛɍɎɍɇɍɋɁɛɎɍɒɂ ɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɟ ɖɣɏɍ ɈȽɇ ɒɄɋ ɟɉɄ ɂɊɎɂɇɏɜȽ Ɏɍɓ ɂɜɖɂ ɐɂ Ƚɓɒɟ ɎȽɏɚɖɍɋɒȽɑɒɄɋɁɓɋȽɒɟɒɄɒȽɂɎɜɐɄɊɄɑȽɎəɋɒɄɐɄɑɐɂȽɓɒɟǤ ȠɇɁɇɈə ɀɇȽ ɒɍ ɅɚɊȽ ɒɄɑ ȽɌɇɍɉɟɀɄɐɄɑȀȾȽɅɊɍɉɍɀɜȽɑ Ɏɍɓ ɐɓɀɈɂɋɒɏɣɋɂɇɚɋȽɑɒɟɎɍɑɂɋɁɇȽɔɚɏɍɋɒɍɑǡɊȽɅȽɜɋɍɓɊɂɟɒɇɒɍ͕͝Ψɒɘɋ ɈȽɒȽɋȽɉɘɒɣɋ ȋɐɒɄɋ ɎɂɏɜɎɒɘɐɛ ɊȽɑ ɒɘɋ ɓɎɍɗɛɔɇɘɋ ɂɎɇɐɈɂɎɒɣɋ ɒɍɓ ȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠ ȧɍɓɐɂɜɍɓ ȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑȌ ɁɇȽȾəɃɍɓɋ ‘Ž‹‡ ɈɏɇɒɇɈɚɑ ȋ”‡˜‹‡™•ȌɈȽɇɒɍ͘͜ΨɁɄɉɣɋɂɇɎɘɑɒɇɑɂɊɎɇɐɒɂɠɂɒȽɇɟɐɍɒɇɑɎɏɍɐɘɎɇɈɚɑ ɐɓɐɒəɐɂɇɑǡɎɏɍɖɘɏɣɋɒȽɑȽɋȽɉɟɀɘɑɐɂɈɏəɒɄɐɄɛɟɖɇȋȜɀɀɂɉɇɁəɈɄɑ ͖͔͕͛ȌǤ ȳɑ ɂɈ ɒɍɠɒɍɓ ɈȽɅɜɐɒȽɒȽɇ ɂɎɜ ɒɄɑ ɍɓɐɜȽɑ ɓɎɍɖɏɂɘɒɇɈɛ Ʉ ɎȽɏȽɈɍɉɍɠɅɄɐɄ ɒɘɋ ɈɏɇɒɇɈɣɋ ɈȽɇ ȽɌɇɍɉɍɀɛɐɂɘɋ ɍɇ ɍɎɍɜɂɑ ɅȽ ɍɁɄɀɛɐɍɓɋɐɂɅɂɒɇɈɚɑɎȽɏɂɊȾəɐɂɇɑɎɏɍɑəɏɐɄɒɓɖɟɋɎɏɍȾɉɄɊəɒɘɋ ɈȽɇɐɒɄɋȾɂɉɒɜɘɐɄɒɘɋɓɎɄɏɂɐɇɣɋɣɐɒɂɋȽɂɌȽɐɔȽɉɜɃɂɒȽɇɄɁɇȽɏɈɛɑ ȾɂɉɒɜɘɐɄɒɄɑɊɍɓɐɂɇȽɈɛɑɂɊɎɂɇɏɜȽɑɈȽɇɄɊɚɀɇɐɒɄɇɈȽɋɍɎɍɜɄɐɄɒɘɋ ɂɎɇɐɈɂɎɒɣɋǤ ȠɇɈǤ͡Ǥ ȜɉɉɄɉɂɎɜɁɏȽɐɄ ɓɎɍɗɄɔɜɘɋɈȽɇ‘ •‹–‡ɂɎɇɐɈɂɎɒɣɋ ɊɂɒɍɐɄɊɂɜɍ ɂɋɁɇȽɔɚɏɍɋɒɍɑ ǼȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟ ȧɍɓɐɂɜɍȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑǽ ɊɚɐɘɒɄɑ ɉɂɇɒɍɓɏɀɜȽɑ
  • 32. 220 Ȯɍ ȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟ ȧɍɓɐɂɜɍ ȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑ ɚɖɂɇ ɐɓɀɈɂɋɒɏɣɐɂɇ ȾȽɅɊɍɉɍɀɜȽ ͘ǡ͚Ȁ͙Ǥ͔ ɐɂ ɐɠɋɍɉɍ ͖Ǥ͚͔͛ ȽɌɇɍɉɍɀɛɐɂɘɋǤ ȫȽɏɟɊɍɇȽ ȾȽɅɊɍɉɍɀɜȽɚɖɂɇɈȽɇɐɒɄɋɎɉȽɒɔɟɏɊȽ”‹’ƒ†˜‹•‘”ɈȽɇɐɓɀɈɂɈɏɇɊɚɋȽ ͘ǡ͙Ȁ͙Ǥ͔ɐɂɐɠɋɍɉɍ͗Ǥ͚͖͕ɈɏɇɒɇɈɣɋɐɒɇɑ͔͕Ȁ͔͛Ȁ͖͔͕͝Ǥ ȢɎɉȽɒɔɟɏɊȽɁɇȽɔɛɊɇɐɄɑ ‘‘‰Ž‡†‘”†• ȫɍɉɠ ȽɎɉɛ ɈȽɇ ɍɇɈɍɋɍɊɇɈə ɂɓɚɉɇɈɒɄ ɂɜɋȽɇ Ʉ ɁɄɊɇɍɓɏɀɜȽ ɁɇȽɔɄɊɇɐɒɇɈɛɑɈȽɒȽɖɣɏɄɐɄɑɐɒɄɋ ‘‘‰Ž‡ɊɚɐɘɊɇȽɑɒɂɖɋɇɈəɂɠɈɍɉɄɑ ɈȽɇ ɂɉɈɓɐɒɇɈɛɑ ɁɇȽɁɇɈȽɐɜȽɑ ɀɇȽ ɈəɎɍɇɍ Ɋɍɓɐɂɜɍ ɛ ȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟ ɖɣɏɍɎɍɓɂɎɇɅɓɊɂɜɍɔɍɏɚȽɑɁɇȽɖɂɜɏɇɐɛɑɒɍɓɋȽɎɏɍȾəɉɉɂɇǤȢ ‘‘- ‰Ž‡ †‘”†• ɂɜɋȽɇ ȽɈɏɇȾɣɑ Ʉ ɎɉȽɒɔɟɏɊȽ ɁɇȽɔɛɊɇɐɄɑ ɒɄɋ ɍɎɍɜȽ ɖɏɄɐɇɊɍɎɍɇɍɠɋɍɇɂɎɇɖɂɇɏɛɐɂɇɑəɏȽɈȽɇɍɇɔɍɏɂɜɑɈȽɇɍɇɁɇȽɖɂɇɏɇɐɒɚɑ ɈȽɇɂɎɇɊɂɉɄɒɚɑɍɏɀȽɋɇɐɊɣɋɒɚɖɋɄɑɈȽɇɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɛɑɈɉɄɏɍɋɍɊɇəɑɀɇȽ ɒɄɋɎɏɍɐɚɉɈɓɐɄɋɚɘɋɂɎɇɐɈɂɎɒɣɋɈȽɅɣɑɈȽɇɀɇȽɋȽɂɋɇɐɖɠɐɍɓɋɒɄɋ ȽɔɍɐɜɘɐɄɒɘɋɔɜɉɘɋɈȽɇɂɎɇɐɈɂɎɒɣɋɒɍɓɑȋɂɇɈǤ͕͕ȌǤ ȯɎəɏɖɍɓɋɒɏɂɇɑȾȽɐɇɈɍɜɒɠɎɍɇȟɇȽɔɄɊɜɐɂɘɋ ‘‘‰Ž‡ǣ • ȥȽɊɎəɋɇɂɑ ȽɋȽɃɛɒɄɐɄɑ ɐɒɍ ɁɇȽɁɜɈɒɓɍǣ Ȝɓɒɚɑ ɍɇ ɁɇȽɔɄɊɜɐɂɇɑǡ ɐɓɋɛɅɘɑ ɐɂ Ɋɍɏɔɛ ɈɂɇɊɚɋɍɓǡ ɊɎɍɏɍɠɋ ɋȽ ɂɊɔȽɋɜɃɍɋɒȽɇ ɐɒɇɑ ɐɂɉɜɁɂɑȽɎɍɒɂɉɂɐɊəɒɘɋɒɄɑȜɋȽɃɛɒɄɐɄɑ ‘‘‰Ž‡ǡɟɒȽɋɈəɎɍɇɍɑ ɖɏɛɐɒɄɑȽɋȽɃɄɒəɚɋȽɎɏɍɝɟɋɛɊɇȽɓɎɄɏɂɐɜȽɎȽɏɟɊɍɇȽɊɂȽɓɒə ɎɍɓɎɏɍɐɔɚɏɂɇɍɍɏɀȽɋɇɐɊɟɑɊȽɑɛɒɍɊɍɓɐɂɜɍɊȽɑǤ ȠɇɈǤ͙͘ǤȠɋɚɏɀɂɇɂɑ Ɏɂɉəɒɘɋɒɍɓ ȧɍɓɐɂɜɍɓȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑǡ Ɋɚɐɘɒɍɓ ‘‘‰Ž‡ ›—•‹‡••ǤȫɄɀɛǣ ȜɏɖɂɜɍȠɔǤȜǤ ȢɉɂɜȽɑǤ
  • 33. 221 • ȥȽɊɎəɋɇɂɑ ɎɏɍȾɍɉɛɑ ɐɒɍ ɁɇȽɁɜɈɒɓɍǣ Ȝɓɒɚɑ ɍɇ ɁɇȽɔɄɊɜɐɂɇɑǡ ɐɓɋɛɅɘɑ ɐɂ Ɋɍɏɔɛ ɂɇɈɟɋȽɑǡ ɂɊɔȽɋɜɃɍɋɒȽɇ ɐɂ ɇɐɒɍɒɟɎɍɓɑ ɛ ɂɔȽɏɊɍɀɚɑɎɍɓɂɎɇɐɈɚɎɒɍɋɒȽɇɍɇɂɎɇɐɈɚɎɒɂɑɊȽɑɈȽɇɂɔɟɐɍɋ Ɉəɋɍɓɋ ɈɉɇɈ Ɏəɋɘ ɒɍɓɑ ɊɎɍɏɍɠɋ ɋȽ ȽɋȽɈȽɒɂɓɅɓɋɅɍɠɋ ɐɒɍɋ ɇɐɒɟɒɍɎɍɒɍɓɊɍɓɐɂɜɍɓɊȽɑǤ • ȥȽɊɎəɋɇɂɑȾɜɋɒɂɍǣȜɓɒɚɑɍɇɁɇȽɔɄɊɜɐɂɇɑǡɐɓɋɛɅɘɑȾɜɋɒɂɍ͚ɛ͕͙ ɁɂɓɒɂɏɍɉɚɎɒɘɋǡɂɊɔȽɋɜɃɍɋɒȽɇȽɊɚɐɘɑɎɏɇɋɛɈȽɒəɒɄɁɇəɏɈɂɇȽ ɒɍɓɎɂɏɇɂɖɍɊɚɋɍɓɐɒɍ‘——„‡Ǥ Ǽǥȧɂ ɒɄɋ Ɏɍɉɠ ɀɋɘɐɒɛ ɂɒȽɇɏɂɜȽǦɈɍɉɍɐɐɟ ɒɄɑ ȽɋȽɃɛɒɄɐɄɑ ɋȽ ɚɖɂɇɊɂɒȽɒɏȽɎɂɜɍɓɐɇȽɐɒɇɈəɐɂɚɋȽɎɍɉɓɂɅɋɇɈɟ†‹‰‹–ƒŽƒ‰‡…›ǡɂɜɋȽɇ ɉɍɀɇɈɟɄɁɇȽɔɛɊɇɐɄɋȽȽɎɍɒɂɉɂɜɒɍɎɇɍɎɏɍȾɂȾɉɄɊɚɋɍɐɒɍɇɖɂɜɍɒɄɑ ɐɒɏȽɒɄɀɇɈɛɑ ɗɄɔɇȽɈɍɠ ɊəɏɈɂɒɇɋɀɈǥǤǽ ɂɎɇɐɄɊȽɜɋɂɇ ɐɘɐɒə ɍ ɈǤ ȫȽɎȽɁəɑȋȫȽɎȽɁəɑ͖͔͕͚ȌǤ ȪɇȠɔɍɏɂɜɂɑȜɏɖȽɇɍɒɛɒɘɋȾəɐɂɇɒɍɓȪɏɀȽɋɇɐɊɍɠɒɍɓȯȫȫȪȜǡɂɜɋȽɇ ɂɎɇɔɍɏɒɇɐɊɚɋɂɑ ȽɎɟ Ɉɍɇɋɍɠ Ɋɂ ɒɄ ȞɂɋɇɈɛ ȟɇɂɠɅɓɋɐɄ ȜɏɖȽɇɍɒɛɒɘɋ ɈȽɇȫɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɛɑȥɉɄɏɍɋɍɊɇəɑɈȽɇɒɇɑɂɊɎɉɂɈɟɊɂɋɂɑȟɇɂɓɅɠɋɐɂɇɑɊɂ ɒɍ ɚɏɀɍ ɒɄɑ ɎɏɍȾɍɉɛɑ ɒɄɑ ɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɛɑ ɈɉɄɏɍɋɍɊɇəɑ ɒɄɑ ȠɉɉəɁɍɑǤ ȳɐɒɟɐɍɂɜɋȽɇɒɍȜɓɒɍɒɂɉɚɑȮɊɛɊȽȭɒɏȽɒɄɀɇɈɍɠȭɖɂɁɇȽɐɊɍɠɈȽɇɒɍ ȜɓɒɍɒɂɉɚɑȮɊɛɊȽȮɠɎɍɓǡȠɎɇɈɍɇɋɘɋɜȽɑɈȽɇȫɏɍȾɍɉɛɑɒɍɓȯɎɍɓɏɀɂɜɍɓ ȫɍɉɇɒɇɐɊɍɠ ɒȽ Ɂɓɍ ɐɓɋȽɏɊɟɁɇȽ ɟɏɀȽɋȽ ɂɎɇɔɍɏɒɇɐɊɚɋȽ Ɋɂ ɒɄɋ ɈȽɒəɏɒɇɐɄɈȽɇɂɈɎɟɋɄɐɄɎɏɍɒəɐɂɘɋɊȽɈɏɍɎɏɟɅɂɐɊɍɓɐɖɂɁɇȽɐɊɍɠ ɎɍɉɇɒɇɈɣɋɎɏɍȾɍɉɛɑǡɐɓɊɎɂɏɇɉȽɊȾȽɋɍɊɚɋɄɑɒɄɑɍɏɀəɋɘɐɄɑɁɏəɐɂɘɋ ȠɇɈǤ͙͙ǤȢ ɎɉȽɒɔɟɏɊȽ ɁɇȽɔɛɊɇɐɄɑ ‘‘‰Ž‡ †‘”†•ǤȫɄɀɛǣ ȜɏɖɂɜɍȠɔǤȜǤ ȢɉɂɜȽɑǤ
  • 34. 222 ɁɄɊɍɐɇɟɒɄɒȽɑɈȽɇɎɏɍɣɅɄɐɄɑɒɍɓȠɉɉɄɋɇɈɍɠȫɍɉɇɒɇɐɊɍɠǡɒɟɐɍɒɍɓ ɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɍɠ ȽɎɍɅɚɊȽɒɍɑ ɟɐɍ ɈȽɇ ɒɄɑ ɐɠɀɖɏɍɋɄɑ ɈȽɉɉɇɒɂɖɋɇɈɛɑ ɁɄɊɇɍɓɏɀɜȽɑǤ ȫɏɍɑ ɒɍɠɒɍǡ Ƚɋ ɈȽɇ ɁɍɈɜɊȽɐɂ ɒɍ ɂɏɀȽɉɂɜɍ ‘‘‰Ž‡ †•ǡ Ʉ ȠɔǤ ȜǤ ȢɉɂɜȽɑ Ɂɂɋ ɎɏɍɖɣɏɄɐɂ ɐɒɄ ɁɄɊɇɍɓɏɀɜȽ ɁɇȽɔɛɊɇɐɄɑǡ Ɂɇɟɒɇ Ƚɓɒɛ Ʉ ɂɋɚɏɀɂɇȽɅȽȽɎȽɇɒɍɠɐɂȽɔɂɋɟɑɒɄɋɂɌȽɐɔəɉɇɐɄɐɖɂɒɇɈɍɠɈɍɋɁɓɉɜɍɓǡ ɂɋȽɏɊɟɋɇɐɄ ɒɄɑ ɁȽɎəɋɄɑ Ɋɂ ɒɍɓɑ ɓɔɇɐɒəɊɂɋɍɓɑ ɁɄɊɍɐɇɍɋɍɊɇɈɍɠɑ ɈȽɋɟɋɂɑ ɈȽɅɣɑ ɈȽɇ ɎɏɍɄɀɍɠɊɂɋɄ ɐɓɋɂɋɋɟɄɐɄ Ɋɂ ɒɇɑ ɐɓɋȽɏɊɟɁɇɂɑ ȥɂɋɒɏɇɈɚɑȯɎɄɏɂɐɜɂɑɈəɒɇɎɍɓɄȠɔɍɏɂɜȽɊȽɑɐɈɚɔɒɂɒȽɇɋȽɎɏəɌɂɇ ɐɒɍ ɊɚɉɉɍɋǤ ȧəɉɇɐɒȽǡ Ʉ ɟɎɍɇȽ ɁɇȽɔɄɊɇɐɒɇɈɛ ɈȽɒȽɖɣɏɄɐɄ ɐɒɍ ɁɇȽɁɜɈɒɓɍɅȽȽɔɍɏəɟɖɇɐɒɄɋȪɉɓɊɎɜȽǡɒɄɑɍɎɍɜȽɑɍɖɣɏɍɑɈȽɇɒȽ ɊɍɓɐɂɜȽ ɂɜɋȽɇ ȽɏɈɂɒə ɀɋɘɐɒə ɐɒɍ ɂɀɖɣɏɇɍ ɈȽɇ ɁɇɂɅɋɚɑ Ɉɍɇɋɟ ɈȽɇ ɉɂɇɒɍɓɏɀɍɠɋ Ƚɔ̵ ɂȽɓɒɣɋ ɘɑ Ɏɟɉɍɇ ɚɉɌɄɑ ɂɎɇɐɈɂɎɒɣɋǡ Ƚɉɉə ɐɂ ɉɇɀɟɒɂɏɍɎɏɍȾɂȾɉɄɊɚɋȽɊɍɓɐɂɜȽɈȽɇɊɋɄɊɂɜȽɒɄɑȢɉɂɜȽɑǡɟɎɘɑɂɎɜ ɎȽɏȽɁɂɜɀɊȽɒɇɒɍȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟȧɍɓɐɂɜɍȶɉɇɁȽɑɛɒɍȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟ ȧɍɓɐɂɜɍȫɠɏɀɍɓǤ ȫɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɟ ɊəɏɈɂɒɇɋɀɈ ɈȽɇ ɊɚɐȽ ɈɍɇɋɘɋɇɈɛɑ ɁɇɈɒɠɘɐɄɑǤ ȠɓɈȽɇɏɜɂɑɂɌɂɇɁɜɈɂɓɐɄɑɈȽɇȽɎɟɈɒɄɐɄɑɒɂɖɋɍɀɋɘɐɜȽɑ ȭɓɊɎɉɄɏɘɊȽɒɇɈə ɐɒȽ ɋɚȽ ɈȽɇ ɂɌɂɇɁɇɈɂɓɊɚɋȽ ɂɏɀȽɉɂɜȽ Ɏɍɓ ɎȽɏɍɓɐɇəɐɒɄɈȽɋ ɎȽɏȽɎəɋɘǡ ɉɂɇɒɍɓɏɀɍɠɋ ɈȽɇ ɒȽ Ɏɂɏɇɐɐɟɒɂɏɍ ɁɇȽɁɂɁɍɊɚɋȽ ɗɄɔɇȽɈə Ȃ ɁɇȽɁɇɈɒɓȽɈə ɂɏɀȽɉɂɜȽ ɐɒɍɋ ɒɍɊɚȽ ɒɄɑ ɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɛɑ ɁɇȽɖɂɜɏɇɐɄɑǡ ɟɎɘɑ Ʉ ɁɇȽɁɇɈɒɓȽɈɛ ɐɂɉɜɁȽ ɈȽɇ ɒȽ ɊɚɐȽ ɈɍɇɋɘɋɇɈɛɑɁɇɈɒɠɘɐɄɑǤ Ȯɍ ɊəɏɈɂɒɇɋɀɈ ɐɒȽ ɊɚɐȽ ɈɍɇɋɘɋɇɈɛɑ ɁɇɈɒɠɘɐɄɑ ȋ•‘…‹ƒŽ ‡†‹ƒȌ ȽɎɍɒɂɉɂɜ ɊɇȽ ȽɎɟ ɒɇɑ Ɏɇɍ ɐɠɀɖɏɍɋɂɑ ɈȽɇ ɂɎɇɒɓɖɄɊɚɋɂɑ ɊɂɅɟɁɍɓɑ ɎɏɍɣɅɄɐɄɑɂɋɟɑɍɋɟɊȽɒɍɑǡɂɋɟɑɍɏɀȽɋɇɐɊɍɠǡɎɏɍɝɟɋɒɍɑǡɓɎɄɏɂɐɜȽɑ ɈǤȽǤ ȫɉɄɋ ɒɍɓ ƒ…‡„‘‘ Ɏɍɓ ɎȽɏȽɊɚɋɂɇ ɍ Ɏɇɍ ɁɄɊɍɔɇɉɛɑ ɒɏɟɎɍɑ ɁɇɈɒɠɘɐɄɑɊɂ͖ǡ͗ɁɇɐɂɈȽɒɍɊɊɠɏɇȽɂɋɂɏɀɍɠɑɊɄɋɇȽɜȽɖɏɛɐɒɂɑǡɐɛɊɂɏȽ ɓɎəɏɖɍɓɋɎɍɉɉɍɜȽɈɟɊȽɁɇȽɁɇɈɒɓȽɈɍɜɒɟɎɍɇɈɍɇɋɘɋɇɈɛɑɁɇɈɒɠɘɐɄɑ ɟɎɘɑɒɍ
  • 36. ǡɒɍŠƒ–•’’ǡ ɒɍ ‹–‡”‡•– ɈȽɇ ȽɏɈɂɒɚɑ ɎȽɏȽɉɉȽɀɚɑ Ƚɓɒɣɋ Ɏɍɓ ɎɏɍɐɂɉɈɠɍɓɋ ɂɈȽɒɍɊɊɠɏɇȽɖɏɛɐɒɂɑɐɂɂɅɋɇɈɟɛɎȽɀɈɟɐɊɇɍɂɎɜɎɂɁɍȋ‹–Š͖͔͕͝ȌǤ ȫɉɚɍɋǡ ɍ ɂɋɁɇȽɔɂɏɟɊɂɋɍɑ ɂɎɇɊɂɉɄɒɛɑ ɂɋɟɑ Ɋɍɓɐɂɜɍɓǡ ɖɣɏɍɓ ɛ Ɋɍɓɐɂɜɍɓ ɚɖɂɇ ɐɒɄ ɁɇəɅɂɐɛ ɒɍɓ ɊɇȽ ɊɂɀəɉɄ ɀɈəɊȽ ɎɒɓɖɇȽɈɣɋ ɛ ɊɂɒȽɎɒɓɖɇȽɈɣɋ ɎɏɍɀɏȽɊɊəɒɘɋ ɣɐɒɂ ɋȽ ȽɎɍɈɒɛɐɂɇ ȾȽɐɇɈɚɑ ɀɋɣɐɂɇɑ ɛ ɋȽ Ⱦɂɉɒɇɣɐɂɇ ɒɇɑ ɁɂɌɇɟɒɄɒɂɑ ɈȽɇ ɂɎɇɁɟɐɂɇɑ ɒɍɓ ɐɒɍ ɄɉɂɈɒɏɍɋɇɈɟ ƒ”‡–‹‰Ǥ ȠɎɜɐɄɑǡ ɐɒɍ ɁɇȽɁɜɈɒɓɍ ɓɎəɏɖɂɇ ɐɖɂɁɟɋ
  • 37. 223 ȽɋɂɌəɋɒɉɄɒɍ ɂɈɎȽɇɁɂɓɒɇɈɟ ɎɂɏɇɂɖɟɊɂɋɍ ɈȽɇ ‘Ž‹‡ ɊȽɅɛɊȽɒȽ Ɏɏɍɑ ɒɄɋ ɜɁɇȽ ɈȽɒɂɠɅɓɋɐɄȋȞȽɉɄɋɟɑ͖͔͕͝ȌǤ ȵɋȽ ɒɚɒɍɇɍɎȽɏəɁɂɇɀɊȽ Ɂɘɏɂəɋ ɊȽɅɄɊəɒɘɋ ɎȽɏɚɖɂɒȽɇ ȽɎɟ ɒɄɋ ɎɉȽɒɔɟɏɊȽ ”‘™ ”‡‡ ‘—”‹• Ž‹‡ǡ ɊɇȽ ɎɏɘɒɍȾɍɓɉɜȽ ɒɄɑ ‘‘‰Ž‡ ɐɂ ɐɓɋɂɏɀȽɐɜȽ Ɋɂ ɒɍ ȯɎɍɓɏɀɂɜɍ ȮɍɓɏɇɐɊɍɠǡ ɒɍɋ ȠɉɉɄɋɇɈɟ ȪɏɀȽɋɇɐɊɟ ȮɍɓɏɇɐɊɍɠ ȋȠȪȮȌ ɈȽɇɒɍɋȭɠɋɁɂɐɊɍȠɉɉɄɋɇɈɣɋȮɍɓɏɇɐɒɇɈɣɋȠɎɇɖɂɇɏɛɐɂɘɋȋȭȠȮȠȌɎɍɓ ɚɖɂɇɐɒɟɖɍɋȽȾɍɄɅɛɐɂɇɒɍɓɑɋɚɍɓɑǼɋȽɓɒɇɉɍɊɚɋɍɓɑǽɐɒɍɋȽɎɚɏȽɋɒɍ ɘɈɂȽɋɟ ɒɍɓ ɗɄɔɇȽɈɍɠ ƒ”‡–‹‰ǡ ȽɋɂɌəɏɒɄɒȽ ȽɎɟ ɒɇɑ ɁɂɌɇɟɒɄɒɂɑ ɛɒɍɂɎɜɎɂɁɍɀɋɣɐɄɑɎɍɓɚɖɍɓɋǡɎȽɏɚɖɍɋɒȽɑɁɘɏɂəɋɁɇȽɁɇɈɒɓȽɈə ɊȽɅɛɊȽɒȽ ɈȽɇ ™‘”•Š‘’• ɐɂ Ɂɇəɔɍɏɂɑ Ɏɂɏɇɍɖɚɑ ɒɄɑ ȠɉɉəɁȽɑǤ ȝɂȾȽɜɘɑǡɍɇɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɍɜɍɏɀȽɋɇɐɊɍɜɈȽɇɔɍɏɂɜɑɁɇȽɖɂɜɏɇɐɄɑɊɍɓɐɂɜɘɋǡ ȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɣɋ ɖɣɏɘɋ ɈȽɇ ɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋ Ɏɍɓ ɒɍ ɂɎɇɅɓɊɍɠɋǡ ɊɎɍɏɍɠɋ ɋȽ ȽɎɂɓɅɠɋɍɋɒȽɇ ɐɂ ɂɌɂɇɁɇɈɂɓɊɚɋɂɑ Ɏɉɚɍɋ ɂɒȽɇɏɂɜɂɑ ɂɀɖɣɏɇɂɑ ɈȽɇ ȽɎɟɒɍɂɌɘɒɂɏɇɈɟɍɇɍɎɍɜɂɑɎȽɏɚɖɍɓɋɓɗɄɉɍɠɂɎɇɎɚɁɍɓɓɎɄɏɂɐɜɂɑ ɗɄɔɇȽɈɍɠɊəɏɈɂɒɇɋɀɈɀɇȽɊɍɓɐɂɜȽɚɋȽɋɒɇɐɓɋɛɅɘɑȽɁɏəɑȽɊɍɇȾɛɑǤ ȭɄɊȽɋɒɇɈɛ ɎȽɏəɊɂɒɏɍɑ ɂɜɋȽɇ Ʉ ɐɘɐɒɛ ɊɚɒɏɄɐɄ ɒɄɑ ȽɎɍɁɍɒɇɈɟɒɄɒȽɑ ɒɘɋ ɁɇȽɔɄɊɜɐɂɘɋ ɈȽɇ ɒɘɋ ɉɍɇɎɣɋ ɂɏɀȽɉɂɜɘɋ ɒɍɓ ɄɉɂɈɒɏɍɋɇɈɍɠ ɊəɏɈɂɒɇɋɀɈ ɘɑ Ɏɏɍɑ ɒɍ ɟɔɂɉɍɑ Ɏɍɓ ɈɍɊɜɃɍɓɋ ɐɒɍɋ ɈəɅɂ ɍɏɀȽɋɇɐɊɟǤ ȹɐɍ Ɏɇɍ Ɉɍɋɒə ɐɒɄɋ ɎɏȽɀɊȽɒɇɈɟɒɄɒȽ ɂɜɋȽɇ ɒȽ ɐɒɍɇɖɂɜȽ Ɏɍɓ ɎɏɍɈɠɎɒɍɓɋǡ ɒɟɐɍ Ɏɂɏɇɐɐɟɒɂɏɍ ɍ ɔɍɏɚȽɑ ɊɎɍɏɂɜ ɋȽ ȽɌɇɍɎɍɇɛɐɂɇ ɒɇɑ Ɏɇɍ ȽɎɍɁɍɒɇɈɚɑ ɀɇȽ Ƚɓɒɟɋ ɊɂɅɟɁɍɓɑ ɗɄɔɇȽɈɍɠ ɊəɏɈɂɒɇɋɀɈǤȢ ɊɚɒɏɄɐɄ ɒɄɑ ȽɎɍɒɂɉɂɐɊȽɒɇɈɟɒɄɒȽɑ ɊɎɍɏɂɜ ɋȽ ɀɜɋɂɇ ɒɟɐɍɘɑɎɏɍɑɒɄɋɜɁɇȽɒɄɋɇɐɒɍɐɂɉɜɁȽɒɍɓɔɍɏɚȽɟɐɍɈȽɇɘɑɎɏɍɑ ɒɇɑɓɎɟɉɍɇɎɂɑɊɂɅɟɁɍɓɑɄɉɂɈɒɏɍɋɇɈɛɑɎɏɍɣɅɄɐɄɑɒɍɓɍɋɟɊȽɒɍɑɈȽɇ ɒɘɋɓɎɄɏɂɐɇɣɋȀȽɀȽɅɣɋɎɍɓɎɏɍɐɔɚɏɂɇǤ ȢɇɐɒɍɐɂɉɜɁȽɒɄɑȠɔǤȜǤȢɉɂɜȽɑ Ȯɍ ɚɒɍɑ ͖͔͕͛ǡ Ʉ ȠɔǤ ȜǤ ȢɉɂɜȽɑ ɐɖɂɁɜȽɐɂ ǼɇɁɜȽɇɑ ɁɓɋəɊɂɐɇǽ ȋȽɁȽɎəɋɘɑȌɈȽɇɚɅɂɐɂɐɂɉɂɇɒɍɓɏɀɜȽɐɒɍɁɇȽɁɜɈɒɓɍɒɄɋɇɐɒɍɐɂɉɜɁȽ ɒɄɑ ™™™Ǥ‹Ž‹ƒǦ‘Ž›’‹ƒǤ‘”‰ǡ ɐɓɊɎɉɄɏɘɊȽɒɇɈə ɐɒɍɋ ɁɄɊɍɔɇɉɛ Ƚɉɉə ɎɂɎȽɉȽɇɘɊɚɋɍ ɈɟɊȾɍ ǼȪɁɓɐɐɚȽɑǽ ȋ‘†›••‡—•Ǥ…—Ž–—”‡Ǥ‰”Ȍ ɒɍɓ ȯȫȫȪȜǤȪɂɎɇɐɈɚɎɒɄɑɒɄɑɇɐɒɍɐɂɉɜɁȽɑɛɁɄɊɎɍɏɂɜɋȽȾɏɂɇȾȽɐɇɈɚɑ ɎɉɄɏɍɔɍɏɜɂɑ ɀɇȽ ɟɉȽ ɒȽ ɊɍɓɐɂɜȽ ɈȽɇ ɀɇȽ ɇɈȽɋɟ ȽɏɇɅɊɟ ɊɋɄɊɂɜɘɋ ɈȽɇȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɣɋɖɣɏɘɋɎɍɓɚɖɂɇɐɒɄɋȽɏɊɍɁɇɟɒɄɒəɒɄɑɄȠɔǤȜǤ ȢɉɂɜȽɑǤȢ ɇɐɒɍɐɂɉɜɁȽ ɂɋɄɊɂɏɣɋɂɒȽɇ ɁɇȽɏɈɣɑ ɐɖɂɒɇɈə Ɋɂ ɄɊɂɏɜɁɂɑǡ ɐɓɋɚɁɏɇȽǡ ɂɎɇɐɒɄɊɍɋɇɈɚɑ ɐɓɋɂɏɀȽɐɜɂɑ ɈȽɇ ɂɈɅɚɐɂɇɑ ɐɒɄɋ ȠɉɉəɁȽ ɈȽɇɒɍɂɌɘɒɂɏɇɈɟɐɒɇɑɍɎɍɜɂɑɐɓɊɊɂɒɚɖɂɇɄȯɎɄɏɂɐɜȽɈȽɅɣɑɈȽɇɊɂ ɂɇɁɛɐɂɇɑɎɍɓȽɔɍɏɍɠɋɐɒɄɋɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɛɈɉɄɏɍɋɍɊɇəɈȽɇɒȽɊɋɄɊɂɜȽ ɒɄɑ ȢɉɂɜȽɑǡ ɂɋɣ Ɂɂɋ ɉɂɜɎɍɓɋ Ɂɇəɔɍɏɂɑ ɖɏɛɐɇɊɂɑ ɎɉɄɏɍɔɍɏɜɂɑ
  • 38. 224 ɁɇɍɇɈɄɒɇɈɍɠ ɖȽɏȽɈɒɛɏȽ ȋɂɎɜ ɎȽɏȽɁɂɜɀɊȽɒɇ ɍɁɄɀɜɂɑ ɚɈɁɍɐɄɑ əɁɂɇȽɑ ɈɇɋɄɊȽɒɍɀɏəɔɄɐɄɑǦɔɘɒɍɀɏəɔɄɐɄɑȌɀɇȽɒɍɋɎɍɉɜɒɄǤ ȠɎɇɎɏɟɐɅɂɒȽǡ Ʉ ȯɎɄɏɂɐɜȽ ɂɇɐɛɉɅɂ ɁɓɋȽɊɇɈə ɈȽɇ ɐɒɍ ɖɣɏɍ ɒɘɋ ɈɍɇɋɘɋɇɈɣɋɁɇɈɒɠɘɋȋ•‘…‹ƒŽ‡†‹ƒȌǡɁɄɊɇɍɓɏɀɣɋɒȽɑɐɂɉɜɁɂɑɐɒɍ ƒ…‡- „‘‘ɒɟɐɍɀɇȽɒɍɋɔɍɏɚȽɟɐɍɈȽɇɀɇȽɒȽɎɉɚɍɋɐɄɊȽɋɒɇɈəɊɍɓɐɂɜȽɈȽɇ ɊɋɄɊɂɜȽɒɄɑȋɊɂɒɏɛɐɂɇɑɒɄɋ͔͕Ǥ͔͛Ǥ͖͔͕͝Ȍǣ • ȠɔǤȜǤȢɉɂɜȽɑȋȽɏɚɐɂɇɐɂ͕͕͔͜ȌǤ • ȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟȧɍɓɐɂɜɍȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑȋȽɏɚɐɂɇɐɂ͙͙͙͜ȌǤ • ȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟȧɍɓɐɂɜɍȶɉɇɁȽɑȋȽɏɚɐɂɇɐɂ͕͕͔͜ȌǤ • ȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɟȧɍɓɐɂɜɍȫɠɏɀɍɓȋȽɏɚɐɂɇɐɂ͕͗͜͝ȌǤ • ȥəɐɒɏɍȱɉɂɊɍɠɒɐɇȋȽɏɚɐɂɇɐɂ͙͗͗ȌǤ ȫɏɟɐɔȽɒȽǡ ɐɒɍ ɎɉȽɜɐɇɍ ɒɄɑ ɐɓɊɊɂɒɍɖɛɑ ɒɍɓ ȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠ ȱɣɏɍɓ ȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɑ ɐɒɍ ȠɓɏɘɎȽɝɈɟ ȫɏɟɀɏȽɊɊȽ ɒɄɑ Ǽ‘”Ž† ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ ‘—”‡›•‘ˆ—”‘’‡ǽɄȠɔǤȜǤȢɉɂɜȽɑɁɄɊɇɍɠɏɀɄɐɂɉɍɀȽɏɇȽɐɊɟ ɈȽɇ ɐɒɍ
  • 39. •–ƒ‰”ƒ Ƚɉɉə ɈȽɇ ǼɈȽɋəɉɇǽ ɐɒɍ ‘——„‡ǡ ɟɎɍɓ ɚɖɍɓɋ ȽɋȽɏɒɄɅɂɜɎɍɉɉəȾɜɋɒɂɍȽɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈɍɠɂɋɁɇȽɔɚɏɍɋɒɍɑɛɐɖɂɒɇɈɣɋ ɊɂɒɍɓɑȪɉɓɊɎɇȽɈɍɠɑȜɀɣɋɂɑɒɄɑȽɏɖȽɇɟɒɄɒȽɑǤ Ȣ ɂɈɅɂɒɇɈɛ ɎɏɟɍɁɍɑ ɈȽɇ ɂɌɚɉɇɌɄ ɒɄɑ ɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɜȽɑǡ ɒɘɋ ɋɚɘɋ Ɋɚɐɘɋ ɈȽɇ ɂɏɀȽɉɂɜɘɋ ɗɄɔɇɍɎɍɜɄɐɄɑǡ ɁɇȽɁɇɈɒɓȽɈɛɑ ɎȽɏɍɓɐɜȽɑ ɈȽɇ ɂɎɇɈɍɇɋɘɋɜȽɑǡɂɈɒɍɌɂɠɍɓɋɒɇɑɁɓɋȽɒɟɒɄɒɂɑɈȽɇɐɓɋɇɐɒɍɠɋɒɍɟɖɄɊȽ ɀɇȽɒɄɋɂɎɜɒɂɓɌɄɒɘɋȽɋɘɒɚɏɘɐɒɟɖɘɋǤȜɌɇɍɎɍɇɣɋɒȽɑɐɒɍɊɚɒɏɍɒɍɓ ɂɔɇɈɒɍɠɈȽɇɂɎɇɒɏɂɎɒɍɠɒɇɑɒɂɏəɐɒɇɂɑɁɓɋȽɒɟɒɄɒɂɑɎɍɓɎɏɍɐɔɚɏɍɓɋ ɖɘɏɜɑ ɇɁɇȽɜɒɂɏɍ Ɉɟɐɒɍɑ ɍɇ ɋɚɂɑ ɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɜɂɑǡ Ʉ ȯɎɄɏɂɐɜȽ ɔɇɉɍɁɍɌɂɜ ɋȽɔɚɏɂɇɐɒɍɗɄɔɇȽɈɟɎɏɍɐɈɛɋɇɍɒɄɋȪɉɓɊɎɜȽɈȽɇɒɍɐɠɋɍɉɍɒɍɓ ɊɋɄɊɂɇȽɈɍɠ Ɏɉɍɠɒɍɓ ɒɄɑ ȫɂɏɇɔɂɏɂɇȽɈɛɑ ȠɋɟɒɄɒȽɑ ȢɉɂɜȽɑ ɣɐɒɂ ɋȽ ɈȽɒȽɐɒɂɜ ɍɇɈɂɜɍɑ ɐɒɍɓɑ Ɏɍɉɜɒɂɑ ɈȽɇ ɋȽ ȽɎɍɒɂɉɚɐɂɇ Ɋɚɏɍɑ ɒɄɑ ɈȽɅɄɊɂɏɇɋɟɒɄɒȽɑɒɍɓɑǤ
  • 40. 225 ȭɓɊɎɂɏəɐɊȽɒȽ ȮȽ ɊɍɓɐɂɜȽ ɈȽɇ ɍɇ ɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɍɜ ɍɏɀȽɋɇɐɊɍɜ ɍɔɂɜɉɍɓɋ ɋȽ ȽɈɍɉɍɓɅɍɠɋ ɒɇɑ ɈɍɇɋɘɋɇɈɚɑ ɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɊɇɈɚɑ ɈȽɇ ɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɇɈɚɑ ɂɌɂɉɜɌɂɇɑ ɐɒȽ ɊɚɐȽ ɈȽɇ ɒɇɑ Ɋɍɏɔɚɑ ɂɎɇɈɍɇɋɘɋɜȽɑ Ɏɍɓ Ɏɏɍɐɔɚɏɂɇ Ʉ ɎȽɀɈɍɐɊɇɍɎɍɇɄɊɚɋɄ ɈɍɇɋɘɋɜȽǡ Ʉ ȥɍɇɋɘɋɜȽɑ ɒɄɑ ȫɉɄɏɍɔɍɏɜȽɑǤ Ȣ ɐɓɋɂɖɛɑ ɂɌɚɉɇɌɄ ɒɘɋ ɗɄɔɇȽɈɣɋ ɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɇɣɋ ȋɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɜɂɑ …Ž‘—†ǡ ɂɔȽɏɊɍɀɚɑɈȽɇȯɎɄɏɂɐɜɂɑɈɇɋɄɒɛɑɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɜȽɑǡȽɋəɉɓɐɄɁɂɁɍɊɚɋɘɋǡ ɒɂɖɋɄɒɛ ɋɍɄɊɍɐɠɋɄǡ ɁɇȽɁɜɈɒɓɍ ɎɏȽɀɊəɒɘɋǦ
  • 41. –‡”‡– ‘ˆ –Š‹‰•ǡ ɏɍɊɎɍɒɇɈɛǡɈɍɈȌɈȽɇɒɄɑəɊɂɐɄɑȽɔɍɊɍɜɘɐɄɑɒɍɓɑȽɎɟɒɇɑɈɍɇɋɘɋɜɂɑ ȽɎȽɇɒɂɜɒɄɋɁɇȽɏɈɛɎɏɍɐȽɏɊɍɀɛɒɘɋɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɣɋɍɏɀȽɋɇɐɊɣɋɐɒɍ ɊɂɒȽȾȽɉɉɟɊɂɋɍȽɎɟɒɇɑɗɄɔɇȽɈɚɑɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɜɂɑɍɇɈɍɐɠɐɒɄɊəɒɍɓɑɄ ɍɎɍɜȽɅȽɈɏɜɋɂɇɒɄɋɂɎɇȾɜɘɐɄɈȽɇȽɋɒȽɀɘɋɇɐɒɇɈɟɒɄɒəɒɍɓɑǤ ȭɒɍɋ ɖɣɏɍ ɒɄɑ ɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɛɑ ɈɉɄɏɍɋɍɊɇəɑ ɈȽɇ ɂɓɏɠɒɂɏȽ ɐɒɄɋ ɂɉɉɄɋɇɈɛ ɈɍɇɋɘɋɜȽ ɎȽɏȽɒɄɏɂɜɒȽɇ ȽɈɟɊɄ ɓɐɒɚɏɄɐɄ ɐɒɄɋ ɓɇɍɅɚɒɄɐɄ ɒɘɋ ɗɄɔɇȽɈɣɋ ɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɇɣɋǡ ɐɒɄɋ ɗɄɔɇȽɈɛ ɘɏɇɊɟɒɄɒȽ ɈȽɇ ɂɒɍɇɊɟɒɄɒȽǡ ɂɋɣ ȽɎɍɒɏɂɎɒɇɈə ɉɂɇɒɍɓɏɀɍɠɋ ɎȽɀɇɘɊɚɋɂɑ ɎɏȽɈɒɇɈɚɑ ɈȽɇɋɍɍɒɏɍɎɜɂɑɎɍɓɁɂɋɂɓɋɍɍɠɋɒɄɋɂɓɂɉɇɌɜȽǡɒɄɋɂɌɘɐɒɏɚɔɂɇȽɈȽɇ ɒɄɋ ɎɏɍɐȽɏɊɍɐɒɇɈɟɒɄɒȽǤ ȳɐɒɟɐɍǡ ɉȽɊȾəɋɍɋɒȽɑ ɓɎɟɗɄ ɈȽɇ əɉɉɂɑ ɈɂɋɒɏɇɈɚɑǡɈəɅɂɒɂɑɁɏəɐɂɇɑɒɍɓȯȫȫȪȜɁɇȽɎɇɐɒɣɋɍɓɊɂɟɒɇȽɏɈɂɒə ȾɛɊȽɒȽɒɄɑɊȽɈɏəɑɈȽɇɐɓɋȽɏɎȽɐɒɇɈɛɑɁɇȽɁɏɍɊɛɑɎɍɓɍɋɍɊəɃɂɒȽɇ ɗɄɔɇȽɈɟɑɊɂɒȽɐɖɄɊȽɒɇɐɊɟɑɚɖɍɓɋɀɜɋɂɇǤȰɇɉɍɁɍɌɍɠɊɂɄɎɏɍɐɎəɅɂɇȽ ɒɄɑ ȠɔǤ ȜǤ ȢɉɂɜȽɑ ɀɇȽ ɒɄɋ ɍɏɅɛ ɈȽɇ ɍɉɍɈɉɄɏɘɊɚɋɄ ɎɏɍȾɍɉɛ ɈȽɇ ɁɇȽɖɂɜɏɇɐɄɒɍɓɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɍɠȽɎɍɅɚɊȽɒɍɑɒɄɑȢɉɂɜȽɑɋȽɚɖɂɇȽɋəɉɍɀɄ ɐɓɋɚɖɂɇȽ ɈȽɇ ɋȽ ȽɎɍɒɂɉɚɐɂɇ ɂɔȽɉɒɛɏɇɍ ɀɇȽ ɋɚɂɑ ɁɇȽɒɊɄɊȽɒɇɈɚɑ ɈȽɇ ɁɇɂɎɇɐɒɄɊɍɋɇɈɚɑ ɐɓɋɂɏɀȽɐɜɂɑ Ɋɂ ɒɄɋ ȫȽɋɂɎɇɐɒɄɊɇȽɈɛ ȥɍɇɋɟɒɄɒȽ ɈȽɅɣɑɈȽɇɂɌɂɇɁɇɈɂɓɊɚɋɂɑɐɒɍȽɋɒɇɈɂɜɊɂɋɍɂɒȽɇɏɂɜɂɑɈȽɇɔɍɏɂɜɑǤ ȝȤȝȦȤȪȞȬȜȰȤȜ ȜɀɀɂɉɇɁəɈɄɑǡ ȨǤǡ ͖͔͕͛Ǥ ȫɣɑ ɒɍ ‘‘‰Ž‡ ƒ’• ɈɓɏɇȽɏɖɂɜ ɐɒɄɋ ȽɋȽɃɛɒɄɐɄ ɒɄɑ ‘‘‰Ž‡ ɈȽɇɎɣɑɅȽɒɍɂɈɊɂɒȽɉɉɂɓɒɂɜɒɂǤ—ƥ‰–‘‘•–ǤȟɇȽɅɚɐɇɊɍɐɒɄǣŠ––’•ǣȀȀ™™™ǤŠ—ƥ‰- –‘’‘•–Ǥ‰”Ȁ‹‘•Ǧƒ‰‰‡Ž‹†ƒ‹•ȀǦ‰‘‘‰Ž‡ƒ’•Ǧ‰‘‘‰Ž‡Ǧ̴„̴͕͙͖͚͛͗͘͘ǤŠ–Ž ȏȜɋȽɈɒɛɅɄɈɂ ͖͛ ȪɈɒɘȾɏɜɍɓ͖͔͕͛ȐǤ ȞȽɉɄɋɟɑǡ ȜǤǡ ͖͔͕͝Ǥ ͛ ‹‰‹–ƒŽ ƒ”‡–‹‰ ‘—”•‡• Ɏɍɓ ɅȽ ȽɎɍɀɂɇɣɐɍɓɋ ɒɄɋ ɈȽɏɇɚɏȽ ɐȽɑǤ Ȯɇ ɂɜɁɄ ‹‰‹–ƒŽ ƒ”‡–‹‰ ‘—”•‡• ɓɎəɏɖɍɓɋǤ —ƥ‰–‘ ‘•–Ǥ ȟɇȽɅɚɐɇɊɍ ɐɒɄǣ Š––’•ǣ™™™ǤŠ—ƥ‰–‘’‘•–Ǥ‰”Ȁ‡–”›Ȁ͛Ǧ†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦƒ”‡–‹‰Ǧ…‘—”•‡•Ǧ’‘‡Ǧ‡…Š‘‡Ǧ‘‡•‹ƒ•–‹‡Ǧ ƒš‹ƒ̴‰”̴͙…„͕͘͝ƒ͗‡͘„͔͙‡†͙͙ƒ͙͙͗͜ƒ͙ǫ—–̴Š’̴”‡ˆί‰”Ǧ†‹‰‹–ƒŽǦƒ”‡–‹‰ȏȜɋȽɈɒɛɅɄɈɂ͖͛ ȪɈɒɘȾɏɜɍɓ͖͔͕͛ȐǤ ȟɄɊɄɒɏɇəɁɄɑǡ ȭǤǡ ͖͔͕͛Ǥ ȲɄɔɇȽɈɟɑ ɊɂɒȽɐɖɄɊȽɒɇɐɊɟɑǡ ɂɎɇɖɂɇɏɄɊȽɒɇɈɟɒɄɒȽ ɈȽɇ ɊəɏɈɂɒɇɋɀɈǤȠɎɇɖɂɇɏɣǡ͚͗ǡȜɅɛɋȽǣȥɂɋɒɏɇɈɛȵɋɘɐɄȠɎɇɊɂɉɄɒɄɏɜɘɋȠɉɉəɁɍɑǡɐǤ͕͔͔Ǥ
  • 44. ‹‰‹–ƒŽǤ ȥȽɏɒɐȽɈɉɛǡȡǤǡ ͖͔͕͘Ǥ Ȫ ɏɟɉɍɑ ɒɄɑ ɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɜȽɑ ɐɒɄɋ ȽɋəɁɂɇɌɄ ɈȽɇ ɒɄɋ ɂɈɎȽɇɁɂɓɒɇɈɛ ȽɌɇɍɎɍɜɄɐɄ ɒɄɑ ɎɍɉɇɒɇɐɒɇɈɛɑ ɈɉɄɏɍɋɍɊɇəɑǤ Ȣ ɎɂɏɜɎɒɘɐɄ ɒɍɓ ȤɁɏɠɊȽɒɍɑ ȧɂɜɃɍɋɍɑ ȠɉɉɄɋɇɐɊɍɠǤ ȟɇɎɉɘɊȽɒɇɈɛ ȠɏɀȽɐɜȽ ȧɂɒȽɎɒɓɖɇȽɈɍɠ ȟɇɎɉɣɊȽɒɍɑ ȠɇɁɜɈɂɓɐɄɑ ɐɒɄɋ ɈȽɒɂɠɅɓɋɐɄȜȞȳȞȢƬȫȪȦȤȮȤȭȧȪȭɒɍɓȮɊɛɊȽɒɍɑȪɇɈɇȽɈɛɑȪɇɈɍɋɍɊɜȽɑƬȪɇɈɍɉɍɀɜȽɑ ɒɍɓȱȽɏɍɈɍɎɂɜɍɓȫȽɋɂɎɇɐɒɄɊɜɍɓǡȜɅɛɋȽǤ ȦɇəɀɈɍɓɏȽɑǡȱǤǡ͖͔͔͜ǤȤɂɏɟȟɛɊɄɒɏȽɑɈȽɇȥɟɏɄɑɐɒɄɋȽɏɖȽɜȽȪɉɓɊɎɜȽǤȜɏɖȽɇɍɉɍɀɇɈə ȜɋəɉɂɈɒȽɂɌȜɅɄɋɣɋǡ͔͘Ǧ͕͘ȋ͖͔͔͛Ǧ͖͔͔͜ȌǡɐǤ͚͕Ǧ͛͘Ǥ …‹•‡› Ƭ ‘’ƒ›ǡ ͖͔͖͔Ǥ Šƒ’‹‰ –Š‡ †‹‰‹–ƒŽ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ —”‘’‡Ǥ —”‘’‡ƒ ‹‘Ǥ ȧȽɓɏȽɀəɋɄǡ Ǥǡ ͖͔͕͛Ǥ ȭɒɏȽɒɄɀɇɈɛ ȧəɏɈɂɒɇɋɀɈ ȧɍɓɐɂɜɘɋ ɀɇȽ ɒɄɋ ȠɋɜɐɖɓɐɄ ɒɍɓ ȮɍɓɏɇɐɊɍɠǤ ȮɍɓɏɇɐɊɟɑǡ ȮɍɓɏɇɐɒɇɈɛ ȜɋəɎɒɓɌɄǡ ȭɓɊȾɍɉɚɑ Ƞɉɉɛɋɘɋ ȠɎɇɐɒɄɊɟɋɘɋǤ ȜɅɛɋȽǣȫȽɎȽɃɛɐɄɑǤ ȫȽɎȽɁəɑǡ ȥǤ ȥǤǡ ͖͔͕͚Ǥ ȲɄɔɇȽɈɟ ȧəɏɈɂɒɇɋɀɈǣ ȠɋɋɍɇȽ ɈȽɇ ȫɏȽɈɒɇɈɛǤ —ƥ‰–‘ ‘•–Ǥ ȟɇȽɅɚɐɇɊɍ ɐɒɄǣ Š––’•ǣȀȀ™™™ǤŠ—ƥ‰–‘’‘•–Ǥ‰”Ȁƒ”‘Ž‘•‘•–ƒ–‹‘•Ǧ’ƒ’ƒ†ƒ•ȀǦ ̴̴͖͕͗͘„̴͙͕͔͘͘͜͝ǤŠ–ŽȏȜɋȽɈɒɛɅɄɈɂ͖͖ȨɍɂɊȾɏɜɍɓ͖͔͕͛ȐǤ ȫȽɏȽɒɄɏɄɒɛɏɇɍ ȲɄɔɇȽɈɍɠ ȧɂɒȽɐɖɄɊȽɒɇɐɊɍɠ ȭȠȝǡ ͖͔͕͝Ǥ ȲɄɔɇȽɈɛ ɈȽɇ ɒɂɖɋɍɉɍɀɇɈɛ ɘɏɇɊɟɒɄɒȽ ɍɇɈɍɋɍɊɜȽɑ ɈȽɇ ɂɎɇɖɂɇɏɛɐɂɘɋǤ ȫȽɏȽɒɄɏɄɒɛɏɇɍ ȲɄɔɇȽɈɍɠ ȧɂɒȽɐɖɄɊȽɒɇɐɊɍɠǡ͕ɄɂɒɛɐɇȽɚɈɁɍɐɄǡȋȤɍɠɉɇɍɑ͖͔͕͝ȌǤȜɅɛɋȽǣȭȠȝǤ ‹–Šǡ Ǥǡ ͖͔͕͝Ǥ ͕͖͚ ƒœ‹‰ ‘…‹ƒŽ ‡†‹ƒ –ƒ–‹•–‹…• ƒ† ƒ…–•Ǥ ȟɇȽɅɚɐɇɊɍ ɐɒɄǣ Š––’•ǣ™™™Ǥ„”ƒ†™ƒ–…ŠǤ…‘Ȁ„Ž‘‰Ȁƒƒœ‹‰Ǧ•‘…‹ƒŽǦ‡†‹ƒǦ•–ƒ–‹•–‹…•Ǧƒ†Ǧˆƒ…–•Ȁ͓•‡…–‹‘Ǧ͕͔ ȏȜɋȽɈɒɛɅɄɈɂ͖͖ȨɍɂɊȾɏɜɍɓ͖͔͕͛ȐǤ ȰȽɏɊəɈɄɑǡȰǤǡ͖͔͕͝Ǥ͘ɄȝɇɍɊɄɖȽɋɇɈɛȠɎȽɋəɐɒȽɐɄǣȮəɐɂɇɑɈȽɇȝȽɐɇɈɍɜȫɓɉɣɋɂɑȠɅɋɇɈɛɑ ȭɒɏȽɒɄɀɇɈɛɑǤ ȥɠɈɉɍɑ ɇɁɂɣɋ ɀɇȽ ɒɄɋ ɂɅɋɇɈɛ ȽɋȽɐɓɀɈɏɟɒɄɐɄǤȟɇȽɅɚɐɇɊɍ ɐɒɄǣ Š––’•ǣȀȀ ‡›Ž‘•Ǥ‰”Ȁ•„Ȁ͚͙͝Ǧ͘‹Ǧ˜‹‘‹šƒ‹‹Ǧ‡’ƒƒ•–ƒ•‹Ǧ–ƒ•‡‹•Ǧƒ‹Ǧ˜ƒ•‹‘‹Ǧ’›Ž‘‡•Ǧ‡–Š‹‹•Ǧ•–”ƒ–‹‰‹‹•Ǥ Š–ŽȏȜɋȽɈɒɛɅɄɈɂ͖͖ȨɍɂɊȾɏɜɍɓ͖͔͕͛ȐǤ