The document discusses healthy living and food. It provides tongue twisters and phrases to practice speaking about countable and uncountable foods. It also includes a table to complete with examples of plural countable nouns like "apples" and "oranges", and uncountable nouns like "chocolate" and "meat". The document concludes with guidance on using "a/an", "some", and "any" with countable and uncountable nouns in different types of sentences. Students are assigned exercises to practice these concepts.
The document provides information about healthy living and includes:
1) A tongue twister about how many cookies a good cook could cook.
2) A dialogue exercise asking about a partner's previous meal and suggesting responses.
3) Questions about why people were unhealthy in the past and currently.
The document discusses analyzing one's lifestyle habits and whether various activities like eating fruits and vegetables, sunbathing, smoking, exercise, laughter, running, breakfast, TV, marathons, learning, water, and more are generally good or bad for healthy living. Key words related to foods are also listed. Students are given a homework assignment to copy a table and learn new vocabulary words.
The document provides brief descriptions of several important historical and cultural sites and monuments in Britain, including the Tower Bridge built between 1886-1894, Nelson's Column built between 1840-1843 to honor Admiral Horatio Nelson, the British Museum established in 1753, the Palace of Westminster which houses the British Parliament, Stonehenge constructed between 3000-2000 BC, Hadrian's Wall built in 122-126 AD by the Romans.
The document provides guidelines for having a polite discussion. It suggests using phrases like "In my opinion" and "You're right" to disagree respectfully. It outlines rules for structured debates where speakers take turns presenting arguments and objections supported by facts. The last part reminds participants to speak one at a time, use polite phrases, cite evidence, and help their own team if needed.
The document discusses healthy living and food. It provides tongue twisters and phrases to practice speaking about countable and uncountable foods. It also includes a table to complete with examples of plural countable nouns like "apples" and "oranges", and uncountable nouns like "chocolate" and "meat". The document concludes with guidance on using "a/an", "some", and "any" with countable and uncountable nouns in different types of sentences. Students are assigned exercises to practice these concepts.
The document provides information about healthy living and includes:
1) A tongue twister about how many cookies a good cook could cook.
2) A dialogue exercise asking about a partner's previous meal and suggesting responses.
3) Questions about why people were unhealthy in the past and currently.
The document discusses analyzing one's lifestyle habits and whether various activities like eating fruits and vegetables, sunbathing, smoking, exercise, laughter, running, breakfast, TV, marathons, learning, water, and more are generally good or bad for healthy living. Key words related to foods are also listed. Students are given a homework assignment to copy a table and learn new vocabulary words.
The document provides brief descriptions of several important historical and cultural sites and monuments in Britain, including the Tower Bridge built between 1886-1894, Nelson's Column built between 1840-1843 to honor Admiral Horatio Nelson, the British Museum established in 1753, the Palace of Westminster which houses the British Parliament, Stonehenge constructed between 3000-2000 BC, Hadrian's Wall built in 122-126 AD by the Romans.
The document provides guidelines for having a polite discussion. It suggests using phrases like "In my opinion" and "You're right" to disagree respectfully. It outlines rules for structured debates where speakers take turns presenting arguments and objections supported by facts. The last part reminds participants to speak one at a time, use polite phrases, cite evidence, and help their own team if needed.
This document discusses the role of television in the author's life. It begins by defining the topic as "The Box" and the aim to define television's role. It then includes two quotes that provide opposing views on television - the first stating television is educational, the second predicting television will replace all other media. The document goes on to list various television program genres and provide listening and group work exercises to discuss positives and negatives of Russian television.
This document provides information about the unit "New Opportunities" from a pre-intermediate English textbook. It includes sections about gadgets and machines, inventions, and adverts. For gadgets, it lists common electronic devices and provides vocabulary to describe them. The inventions section does not have additional details. The adverts section models using descriptive adjectives and includes a homework assignment to create an advertisement for a technical device or imaginary object.
This document provides a list of gadgets and machines in English and their French equivalents. It includes common electronic devices like computers, DVD players, digital cameras, and video players. Household appliances such as dishwashers, microwaves, and washing machines are also listed. The document instructs readers to think about which gadgets and machines they could not live without as a home assignment.
The Union Jack flag originated in 1606 with the union of the flags of England (St. George's Cross) and Scotland (St. Andrew's Saltire), and was later updated in 1801 with the addition of St. Patrick's Saltire to represent Ireland.
Irony is a stylistic device where the contextual meaning of a word or situation is opposite to its literal meaning. There are two main types: verbal irony, where a single word is used with the opposite meaning, and sustained irony, where the irony is felt throughout a larger text or work. Examples of verbal irony include saying something is "nice" when it is unpleasant, while sustained irony could be seen in a character who presents as gentle but is actually manipulative.
The document summarizes the history of lynching in the United States, particularly targeting black communities in the South. It describes how lynching originated from extrajudicial executions carried out by mobs, often by hanging. It discusses the origins of the term from Charles Lynch in the late 18th century. After the Civil War in the 1860s, the Ku Klux Klan emerged and lynched black communities in the South. Jim Crow laws legalizing racial segregation were passed between 1876 and 1965. A notable lynching case occurred in 1916 known as "The Elephant Case." By 1964, the last Jim Crow laws were ruled unconstitutional.
King James I (IV) ruled as King of Scots from 1567 until 1625 when he inherited the English throne and became King of England and Ireland, uniting the crowns of Scotland and England. During his early reign, James faced religious conflicts and plots against him, including the Main Plot and the Gunpowder Plot. As King, James struggled with opposition from Parliament and dissolved Parliament multiple times, while pursuing a peaceful foreign policy through dynastic marriages and colonization efforts.
Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States, serving from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. He led the country during the American Civil War and successfully abolished slavery. Some of his most notable achievements included the Emancipation Proclamation, the Gettysburg Address, and seeing the Union prevail in the Civil War with the Union victory at the Battle of Gettysburg. Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theatre in Washington D.C., becoming the first American president to be assassinated.
Soho is an area of central London known for its entertainment district with nightlife and film industry throughout the 20th century. It used to be farmland and later a royal park before developing in the 19th century with immigrants and theaters moving in. Today, Soho is a multicultural area that is a mix of residences, industry, culture and nightlife with restaurants, bars and clubs lining its streets on weekends.
This document discusses the role of television in the author's life. It begins by defining the topic as "The Box" and the aim to define television's role. It then includes two quotes that provide opposing views on television - the first stating television is educational, the second predicting television will replace all other media. The document goes on to list various television program genres and provide listening and group work exercises to discuss positives and negatives of Russian television.
This document provides information about the unit "New Opportunities" from a pre-intermediate English textbook. It includes sections about gadgets and machines, inventions, and adverts. For gadgets, it lists common electronic devices and provides vocabulary to describe them. The inventions section does not have additional details. The adverts section models using descriptive adjectives and includes a homework assignment to create an advertisement for a technical device or imaginary object.
This document provides a list of gadgets and machines in English and their French equivalents. It includes common electronic devices like computers, DVD players, digital cameras, and video players. Household appliances such as dishwashers, microwaves, and washing machines are also listed. The document instructs readers to think about which gadgets and machines they could not live without as a home assignment.
The Union Jack flag originated in 1606 with the union of the flags of England (St. George's Cross) and Scotland (St. Andrew's Saltire), and was later updated in 1801 with the addition of St. Patrick's Saltire to represent Ireland.
Irony is a stylistic device where the contextual meaning of a word or situation is opposite to its literal meaning. There are two main types: verbal irony, where a single word is used with the opposite meaning, and sustained irony, where the irony is felt throughout a larger text or work. Examples of verbal irony include saying something is "nice" when it is unpleasant, while sustained irony could be seen in a character who presents as gentle but is actually manipulative.
The document summarizes the history of lynching in the United States, particularly targeting black communities in the South. It describes how lynching originated from extrajudicial executions carried out by mobs, often by hanging. It discusses the origins of the term from Charles Lynch in the late 18th century. After the Civil War in the 1860s, the Ku Klux Klan emerged and lynched black communities in the South. Jim Crow laws legalizing racial segregation were passed between 1876 and 1965. A notable lynching case occurred in 1916 known as "The Elephant Case." By 1964, the last Jim Crow laws were ruled unconstitutional.
King James I (IV) ruled as King of Scots from 1567 until 1625 when he inherited the English throne and became King of England and Ireland, uniting the crowns of Scotland and England. During his early reign, James faced religious conflicts and plots against him, including the Main Plot and the Gunpowder Plot. As King, James struggled with opposition from Parliament and dissolved Parliament multiple times, while pursuing a peaceful foreign policy through dynastic marriages and colonization efforts.
Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States, serving from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. He led the country during the American Civil War and successfully abolished slavery. Some of his most notable achievements included the Emancipation Proclamation, the Gettysburg Address, and seeing the Union prevail in the Civil War with the Union victory at the Battle of Gettysburg. Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theatre in Washington D.C., becoming the first American president to be assassinated.
Soho is an area of central London known for its entertainment district with nightlife and film industry throughout the 20th century. It used to be farmland and later a royal park before developing in the 19th century with immigrants and theaters moving in. Today, Soho is a multicultural area that is a mix of residences, industry, culture and nightlife with restaurants, bars and clubs lining its streets on weekends.
2. Определение
Речевой акт – это определенная совокупность
речевых операций, характеризующаяся
целенаправленностью, осознанностью,
контекстуальностью, динамичностью,
возможностью как самостоятельного употребления,
так и включения в другую форму деятельности.
Речевой акт — отдельный акт речи, в нормальных
случаях представляет собой двусторонний процесс
порождения текста, охватывающий говорение и
протекающие параллельно и одновременно слуховое
восприятие и понимание услышанного.
Речевой акт – это центральное понятие
прагмалингвистики.
3. Известные классификации
Дж. Остин
Дж. Серль
Дж. Лич
Г.Г. Почепцов
К. Бах и Р. Харниш
Дж. Оуэр
Д. Вундерлих и Б. Фрейзер
В.В. Богданов
4. Классификация Дж. Остина:
Локутивный акт - акт говорения самого по себе,
акт-констатация. Например, «Он сказал мне:
застрели ее».
Иллокутивный акт - выражает намерение другому
лицу, намечает цель. По сути дела, такого рода
акт - это выражение коммуникативной цели.
Например, «Он побуждал меня застрелить ее».
Перлокутивный акт - вызывает целенаправленный
эффект и выражает воздействие на поведение
другого человека. Цель такого акта состоит в том,
чтобы вызвать искомые последствия. Например,
«Он уговорил меня застрелить ее».
5. Классификация Дж. Серля:
ассертивы (утверждать, отрицать, отвечать,
возражать и т.п.),
директивы (попросить, приказать,
скомандовать, умолять, разрешить,
пригласить, посоветовать),
комиссивы (обещать; давать зарок, обет,
клятву, слово; ручаться, принять план
действий),
экспрессивы (благодарить, поздравлять,
извиняться, соболезновать),
декларации (давать имя, крестить, объявлять
мужем и женой, издавать указ, подавать в
отставку).
6. Классификация Дж. Лича:
Конкурирующий (иллокутивная цель конкурирует
с социальной целью): распоряжение, просьба, приказ,
мольба.
Компанейский (иллокутивная цель совпадает с
социальной целью): предложение / предлагание,
приглашение, приветствие, выражение
благодарности, поздравление.
Коллаборативный (Направленный на
сотрудничество (иллокутивная цель безразлична
по отношению к социальной цели): утверждение,
отчёт, объявление, инструктаж.
Конфликтный (иллокутивная цель конфликтует с
социальной целью): угроза, обвинение, проклятие,
выговор.
7. Классификация К. Баха и Р.
Харниша:
Констативы: утверждение, подтверждение, объявление, ответ, определение,
притязание, классификация, согласие, подкрепление, предположение,
отрицание, несогласие, разоблачение, оспаривание, идентификация,
информирование, настаивание, предсказание, классификация, репортаж,
заявление.
Директивы: совет, замечание, спрашивание, мольба, увольнение, отговорка,
запрещение, инструктирование, распоряжение, разрешение, просьба,
требование, предложение, призыв, предупреждение.
Комиссивы: согласование, пари, гарантирование, приглашение, предложение,
обещание, клятва, предложение услуг.
Признания (Acknowledgments): извинение, соболезнование, поздравление,
приветствие, выражение благодарности, согласие принять предложение.
Особо стоят конвенциональные иллокутивные акты:
Эффективы: предание проклятию, предложение цены, осуждение, посвящение
в рыцари, предписание, разжигание, обвинение, приведение в возбуждённое
состояние, назначение, извинение, назначение наказания, продвижение в
должности, откомандирование, оглашение приговора, приостановление,
наложение вето, избрание.
Вердиктивы: оправдание, оценивание, объявление третейского судьи или
рефери, удостоверение, осуждение, распределение по видам, ранжирование,
предание суду, акты управления.
8. Классификация Д. Вундерлиха:
Директив, Dir (требования, просьбы, приказы,
указания, инструкции, распоряжения,
установление норм).
Комиссив, Com (обещания, объявления, угрозы).
Эротетив, Ero (вопросы).
Репрезентатив, Rep (утверждения, констатации,
отчёты, описания, объяснения, гарантии).
Сатисфактив, Sat (извинения, благодарности,
ответы, обоснования, оправдания).
Ретрактив, Ret (взятие назад обещания,
корректировка утверждения, разрешения).
Декларации, Dek (присвоение имени, дефиниции,
назначения, обвинение, утверждение повестки дня,
открытие заседания).
Вокатив, Vok (оклики, призывы, обращения).
11. Вывод:
До сих пор ученые не пришли к
единому мнению по поводу
классификации речевых актов. В
основу многих существующих
классификаций легла система Дж.
Серля.