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Speech Midterm review
- 1. The Secrete to successin Public Speaking??? PRACTICE
- 2. Chapter 9: Organizingthe Body of your speech Organizing the Body of your speech Formulate an organizing question Organizing Question??? ?? Divide the Speech into Key ideas Organization Topical Division Chronological Division Spatial Division Pro-Con Diviosn Mnemonic Division Problem-Solution Division Need a plan division Develop Key ideas 4Ss Signpost the idea State the idea Support the idea Summarize the idea Connect Key Ideas Transitions: Complementary Casual Contrasting Chronological Key Terms Casual Division, Casual Transition, Chronological transition, Complementary Transition, Mnemonic Division, Need-plan division, Organizing Question, Problem solution division, Pro-Con Division, Signpost, Spatial division, topical division, Transition
- 3. Organizing Question????question that,when answered, indicates the ideas and information necessary to develop your topic Transition- (verbal & nonverbal) a statement that connects parts of the speech and indicates the nature of their connection Casual Transition- establishes a cause effect relationship between two ideas (Examples: as a result, because, Consequently & Therefore) Chronological transition- shows how one idea precedes or follows another in time. (Examples: After, as soon as, at last, at the same time, before, later, & while) Complementary Transition - adds one ideas to another (Examples: also, and, in addition, just as important, likewise, Next & Not only) Contrasting Transitions-- show how ideas differ (Examples: although, but, in contrast, in spite of, nevertheless, on the contrary, and on the other hand) Signpost- (part of the 4’s) is a word such as initially, first, second & final Purpose??? Help listeners follow your organizational pattern & increase likelihood they will remember key ideas. Key Terms
- 4. Organizational Patterns!!!Topical Division SpatialDivision Chronological Division Problem-Solution Division Mnemonic Division Need a plan divisionPro-Con Division Body Main topic 1 Subtopic 1 Subtopic 2 Main topic 2 Subtopic 1 Negative positive Main topics divide into subtopics main points are organized according to their physical proximity or geography organization of a speech according to arguments for and against some policy, position, or action. division-simple, rigid, organizational approach for a persuasive speech variation of Problem-solution 1. establish a need 2. present a proposal to meet need 3. demonstrates how proposal stratifies need 4. suggests a plan for implementing proposal organization of a speech according to a special memory device, such as alliteration, rhyme, or initial letters that spell a word. Casual Division organization of a speech from cause to affect, or from effect to cause Organization according to Time
- 5. Chapter 10: Introducing& Concluding Introducing & Concluding Organize Conclusion of the speech Audience Attention 1. Question your audience 2. Arouse Curiosity 3. Stimulate imagination 4.Promise something Beneficial 5. Amuse your audience Energize your Audience 6. Acknowledge and compliment your audience Functions of a Speech Introduction 1. Get the attention of the audience 2. State your Topic 3. Establish the importance of your topic 4. Establish your credibility to speak on your topic 5. Preview the key ideas of your speech Organize Introduction of the Speech Functions of a Speech Conclusion 1. Summarize your key ideas 2. Activate audience Response 3. Provide Closure Key Terms Circular Conclusion Direct Question Preview Rhetorical Question Summary
- 6. Direct Question- Seeksa Response. Audience may be asked vocally or physically. (Example: By a show of hands) Rhetorical Question- a question designed to stimulate thought without demanding an overt response Introduction Questions
- 7. Components of agood Introduction Sets the tone of the entire speech. Should be brief and to-the-point Attention getter quote, stat, anecdote, visual aid Thesis The main message/idea of your speech Preview describe main points of body of speech Transition to body of speech A. Inform the audience about main points B. Mention every main body point C. Identify each as a separate piece of the body. D. The purpose is to prepare the audience members for the flow of the speech E. Word the preview clearly and concisely. F. Avoid delving into the main points
- 8. Know examples ofa good Attention Getter Purpose: * Designed to intrigue the audience members * Motivate them to listen attentively for the next several minutes. * It is important for you to spend time strategizing, creating, and practicing the attention-getter. Qualities A. An attention-getter should create curiosity in the minds of your listeners and B. Convince them that the speech will be interesting and useful. C. The wording of your attention-getter should be refined and practiced. D. Delivery should be smooth and confident to let the audience know that you are a skilled speaker who is prepared for this speech. Tell a Story •Narrate with feeling Quote a Statistic •Factual statistic researched Ask a Question •Rhetorical question (curiosity) Use a Quotation *Cite the author Make an Unusual Statement Grabs attention Use Humor Tasteful Humor that relates to the topic
- 9. Define a Thesisstatement & Know qualities of a good Thesis Statement A. Clearly communicates your topic and purpose to the audience. B. Be sure to make it clear, concise, and memorable. Thesis statement should sum up the objective of your speech in one concise, strong, well thought out statement.
- 10. Summary- (Conclusion) parallelsthe Preview “Tell you what you told us” A. Finish strongly. B. Craft statements that reinforce the message & leave the audience with an understanding about what was accomplished in speech. C. Create an artistic and effective closing line. D. Take time to work on writing the close well to be able to leave the audience thinking of you as a well-prepared, confident speaker. A good Conclusion Summarize the Key Ideas The main points are restated Activate Audience Provide Closure Circular Conclusion- Final step echoes or refers to the attention getting step of the introduction
- 11. Chapter 11: OutlingYour Speech Outlining Your Speech Functions of Outlining 5 MAIN purposes: 1. Allows the speaker to check the scope of the topic 2. It tests the logical relations between main points and sub points 3. It check the relevance of sub points 4. It gauges the balance of the speech 5. It can function as speaking notes, jogging the speaker’s memory with key words in correct order Complete sentence Key word/ Phrases outlines Principles of Outlining 1. Each symbol number or letter- should represent only 1 idea 2. Coordination & subordination should be represented by a consistent system of letters and numbers properly indented. 3. Any point divided into sub points must have at least two. 4. Complete sentences and key words should be mixed only in the speaking outline 5. Coordination point throughout the outline Should have simple, parallel, grammatical construction Stages of Outlining 1. Working Outline 2. Formal Outline 3. Speaking Outline Key Terms Complete sentence outline, Coordinate ideas, formal outline, key word or phrase outline, Speaking outline, Subordinate ideas, Working Outline
- 12. Different Types ofOutline Styles Complete sentence outline- each item is a sentence key word or phrase outline- each item is a key word or phrase formal outline- is a complete sentence outline reflecting the full content and organization of your speech Speaking outline- for yourself (brief) Example Notecard Organization Technique Coordinate ideas- Are those of equal value or importance in the overall pattern of the speech Subordinate ideas- subtopics that support the main topics
- 13. Chapter 3: SpeakingConfidently Speaking Confidently Speaker Nervousness Normal *Communication Apprehension *(PRPSA) *3/4 College students anxious of public speaking *Public Speaking > Death Control speaker Nervousness Channel energy Gestures Learn How to Build Speaker Confidence 1. Know how to react to stress 2. Know your strengths & weaknesses 3. Know speech Principles 4. Know that it always looks worse inside 5. Know your Speech!! 7. View speech positively (+) 8. Visualize Success 9. Project confidence 10. Test your message 11. PRACTICE your speech 12. Gain Perspective after your speech Prepare 1st speech 1. Understand the assignment 2. Develop your speech content 3. Organize you’re your speech 4. Word your speech 5. Practice your speech 6 . Deliver your speech 7. Evaluate your speech Key Terms Cognitive Restructuring Communication Apprehension Visualization
- 14. Key Terms Communication Apprehension-perceived “fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with another person or persons” and one form, public speaking is especially widespread. (Goal to channels Nervousness incorporate into motivated movements) 2 Methods to HELP! :) 1. Cognitive Restructuring – method to reduce communication anxiety. Recognizes nervousness caused by illogical beliefs. 1. Identify Negative self statements 2. Replace negative ones with positive ones 2.Visualization- method to combat anxiety by visualizing themselves delivering effective presentations.
- 15. Communication Apprehension CA quizResults How to Conquer? Prepare ahead. Realize it exists. What are your fears? Now look to see what is realistic, what is not?You can plan how to respond to realistic fears. Practice breathing and relaxing. Most fear can be reduced by deliberate slow breathing. Plan and practice your breathing. Try visualization exercises. Don’t clench your fists or lock your knees. Look at foreheads Stay away from caffeine Get support! Talk to your teacher, a friend, another student in the class, a counselor, etc. Have RealisticGoals! Some folks do not completely eliminate speech anxiety, but instead learn to reduce it or manage it. Set goals and make specific plans
- 16. Commonness of nervousness &Fear of speaking “Natural” Fear Ranking?? 1.Public Speaking 2.Death more than 40% of people say their top fear was speaking in front of other people. According to one survey, fear of public speaking came before heights, death, illness and other common phobias.
- 17. Chapter 5: Analyzingyour Audience Analyzing Audience Recognize Value of your Audience 1. Recongnize your own place as part of your audience 2. RESPECT your listener 3. Recognize and act on audience feedback! Analyze Audience Before Speech Demographics Psychographics Audience Needs Analyze Audience During Speech Attention Comprehension Evaluation Analyze audience After Speech Accomplished? Strongest/weakest Improve NEXT speech Key Words Attitude , Audience Disposition, Audience Profile, Audience segmentation , Audience Targeting, Behavior, Belief , Captive Audience, Demographics , Maslows Heigharchy, Psychographics, Value, Volumatry audience
- 18. Analyze Audience Needs MaslowsHeigharchy- physiological needs, Safety needs, Belongingness & Love needs, Esteem needs, Self Actualization Needs. Analyze Audience Disposition Audience Disposition- describes how listeners are inclined to react to speakers and their ideas Types of Audience Volumatry audience- has assembled of its own free will Captive Audience- in contrast is required to be present Gathering Information….. About the Audience ? ? ? ? ? ?
- 19. Analyze Audience Demographics Demographics-Are characteristics of the audience such as Age, gender, ethnicity, education, religion, economic status, & group membership Audience segmentation- divisions, sections, subgroups that constitute your listener . Audience Targeting- when speaker choose to only speak to one or more segments of larger audience. Analyze Audience Psychographics Psychographics- is a term for audience characteristics such as values, beliefs, attitudes & behaviors. Attitude- expressions approval or disapproval. Value- expresses a judgment of what is desirable or undesirable, right or wrong, good or evil. Belief-something we accept as true and it can usually be state as a declarative sentence. Behavior- is an overt action it is how we act. Demographics + Psychographics +Speaking situation = Audience profile
- 20. Audience Centered Egocentric“why do I care” Situational Analysis- Physical Setting, Size, INTEREST???
- 21. Chapter 12: WordingYour Speech Wording of Speech Functions of Language 1. Communicates ideas between speaker & Listener 2. Sends messages either intentional or unintentional 3. It establishes & strengthens social bonds between groups of people 4. It is an instrument of play because it is the arena for joking & Battles Principles of Effective Language 1. Use language Correctly 2. Use language clearly 3. Use language vividly 4. Use language inclusively 5. Oral style Key Terms Alliteration, antithesis, cliché, connotation, denotation, jargon, metaphor, nonsexist language, parallelism, personification, repetition, sexist language, simile, tone
- 22. Ways to useWords Check Language use Connotation-Emotional response evoked which changes the meaning of a word Denotation- Dictionary Definition of the word Example “Hot” or “Tool” figures of Speech Metaphor- comparison of 2 dissimilar things using “like or as” Simile- comparison of 2 dissimilar things using “like or as” Personification- Human qualities to OBJECTS. Examples: “Angry sea”, “Jealousy raising it’s ugly head” or “Blind Justice” Use of structures of Speech Alliteration- the repetition of beginning sounds in adjacent or nearby words. Parallelism- when they express two or more ideas in similar language structure. Repetition- restate words, phrases or sentences. Antithesis- uses parallel construction to contrast ideas. Oral STYLE Tone- the relationship established by language & grammar between a writer or speaker and that person’s readers or listeners. Cliché Tired expressions that lost originality Examples: Is everything Crystal Clear? or Did I hit the nail on the Head? Rules Regulative Rules – specify when how where and with whom to talk about certain things. Phonological Rules-rules on how to pronounce each word Syntactic Rules-rules on word placement
- 23. Things to Consider RepetitionRepetition-shouldn't be redundant or boring, but instead add a sense of importance to the repeated phrase, word, or idea. • The most effective speech is one the audience remembers. Repetition aids comprehension • Dr. Martin Luther King's "I Have A Dream," speech repeats the rhetorical effect "I have a dream” Conciseness Get to the point! Point should be clear. Avoid: "what I want to say is" "what I'm getting at is." If words aren't adding any meaning to the speech, they should be cut. “My first main point is.” “ My conclusion is” “My thesis statement is” KnowYourAudience word choice depends on the addressees. • Presenting at a comedy club requires different language than speaking at a college public speaking course. • Carefully examine your audience to choose what level of formality is essential, and if slang is suitable. • Usually, public speaking requires a higher rank of formal speech, and slang is not used like it would be in casual speech. Abstract vs. Concrete????
- 24. Chapter 13: Deliveringyour Speech Delivery of Speech Principles of Nonverbal Communication 1. Part deliberate/part unintentional 2. Few nonverbal “universal meaning” 3. Conflicting trust nonverbal 4. Message intended overridden by nonverbal Methods of Delivery Speaking Impromptu Speaking from Memory Speaking from Manuscript Speaking Extemporaneously Qualities of Effective Delivery 1. Helps listener & speaker 2. BEST looks natural, comfortable & spontaneous 3. Delivery is best when the audience is not aware of it Elements of Vocal Delivery Rate & Pause Volume Pitch & Inflection Articulation & Pronunciation Elements of Physical Delivery Appearance Posture Facial Expression Eye contact Movement Gestures Key Terms Appearance, Articulation, Delivery, Eye contact, Facial Expression, Gestures, Impromptu speaking, Inflection, Movement, Pause, Pitch, Posture, Pronunciation, Rate, Speaking, Extemporaneously Speaking from manuscript Speaking from Memory, Volume
- 25. Elements Know thedifferent Methods of delivery (In class??) Read from manuscript •only done when absolute accuracy is required Reciting from memory •seldom done, if done rehearse until you’re very comfortable doing it Impromptu •speaking with little or no preparation •avoid unless you are extremely comfortable with the subject Extemporaneously •carefully prepared and delivered from a brief set of notes • Should sound spontaneous even if it has been rehearsed extensively How & when to utilize the various methods of delivery?
- 26. How to doWell in Public Speaking??? Steps to Success PRACTICE PRACTICE PRACTICE Think positive thoughts ! Don’t engage in self- sabotage Know your Topic Know your Audience Know Yourself Know your Speech Focus on your Message, not yourself Recognize your value and uniqueness “Never let them see ya sweat!” Tips Be enthusiastic Present on topics that interest you Be professional Know it well enough to speak extemporaneously Don’t read off note cards
- 27. Physical Communication Eye Contact Natural, sendsnonverbal message Don’t read off note card 3X5 ONLY!!!! Movement Pacing Fidgeting Leaning Hiding Gestures Facial Expressions Flailing Position Look Professional Verbal Communication Volume – loudness or softness adjust to the situation (electronically if necessary, don’t yell) Pitch – highness or lowness of the voice use inflections in your voice to avoid “monotone” Rate- speed at which you speak 125-190 wpm is normal, too slow leaves people hanging on your words, too fast and they get confused and miss information What you think your doing… Articulation, Delivery, Inflection, Pause, Pronunciation Goals: Reaches your audience You only have one chance, make it count Feels natural Move, gesture, be natural yet appropriate Is not distracting PRACTICE to ensure you are not distracting your audience with verbal fillers, slang, etc. Record yourself
- 28. Chapter 15: Speakingto Inform Speaking to Inform Characteristics of a speech to inform Research a subject Synthesize data Communicate to listeners 1. How much does audience already know? 2. What does the audience need to know in order to understand 3. Cn I present this information in the allotted times so the audience will remember Informative speech Topics Speeches about people Speeches about objects Speeches about places Speeches about activities or events Speeches about processes Speeches about concepts Speeches about conditions Speeches about issues Guidelines for speaking to inform 1. Stress your informative purpose 2. Be objective 3. Be specific 4. Be clear 5. Be accurate 6. Limit your ideas & supporting materials 7. Be Relevant 8. Use appropriate organization 9. Use appropriate forms of support 10. Uee effective delivery Key Terms Speech to Inform “Demonstration Speech/How to?”
- 29. Speech to Inform“Demonstration Speech/How to?” Seek Knowledge to know, Understand & Use. The goals of an informative speech are to impart knowledge, enhance understanding or permit application. Example: I choose How to use SmartArt which Impart knowledge (awareness of this study tool) enhanced understanding (where to locate the tool to study) permitted how to apply this skill to their lives (useable)
- 30. Different Types ofSpeaking to Inform A speech about Benjamin Franklin’s accolades would be a Speeches about people. A speech regarding The Great Wall of China and it’s importance in China’s culture would be a Speech about Places. Speeches solely about the planet, Saturn would be a speech about objects The origins of krumping would be an example of speech about activities or events. An overview of steps on how to clean your room would be categorized as a speech about processes. English 1301 is a class that specifically requires students to give speech about concepts A doctor giving a speech referring the state of patients’ health after consuming uncooked meat would be an example of speech about conditions. Criminal Justice courses often require you to give speech about issues when you discuss topics like the death penalty. Examples