This document discusses various aspects of social control in Nepal related to health behaviors and practices. It describes how social norms influence behaviors around nutrition, bodily movements, environment, lifestyle, reproductive health, immunization, disease, and use of public health services. Some key social controls mentioned are preferences for traditional practices over modern ones in areas like childbirth; stigma against behaviors like abortion, family planning and alcohol use; and gender norms that influence decision-making and risk exposures. The document provides a wide-ranging overview of the role of social and cultural factors in shaping health behaviors in Nepali society.
This presentation is helpful for MBBS 1st year students to have basic Ideas on family health. This can be used by Masters in Public Health (MPH) students as well.
This course will provide students with an overview of how the social and behavioral sciences contribute to primary prevention in the rapidly expanding field of health behavior. Emphasis will be placed on theory-driven approaches that are supported by empirical investigations. Students will acquire a working knowledge of foundation theories used in public health practice as well as the ability to measure key theoretical constructs
Socio Cultural Factors Related to Health and Disease Aditya Sharma
Socio Cultural Factors Related to Health and Disease
PPT
Heredity
Environment
Lifestyle
Socio-economic conditions
Health services
Education
Income
Housing
This presentation is helpful for MBBS 1st year students to have basic Ideas on family health. This can be used by Masters in Public Health (MPH) students as well.
This course will provide students with an overview of how the social and behavioral sciences contribute to primary prevention in the rapidly expanding field of health behavior. Emphasis will be placed on theory-driven approaches that are supported by empirical investigations. Students will acquire a working knowledge of foundation theories used in public health practice as well as the ability to measure key theoretical constructs
Socio Cultural Factors Related to Health and Disease Aditya Sharma
Socio Cultural Factors Related to Health and Disease
PPT
Heredity
Environment
Lifestyle
Socio-economic conditions
Health services
Education
Income
Housing
Impact of Socio-Cultural Factors and Family on Health and Disease.pptxIsaacLalrawngbawla1
This powerpoint presentation describe about family and cultural factors that impact health and health behaviours. It highlights the definition of family, types of family, functions and impact of family on the health of an individual. It also highlights the impact of cultural factors on health and health behaviour.
Child abuse or child maltreatment is physical, sexual, or psychological maltreatment or neglect of a child or children, especially by a parent or other caregiver. Child abuse may include any act or failure to act by a parent or other caregiver that results in actual or potential harm to a child, and can occur in a child's home, or in the organizations, schools or communities the child interacts with.
culture impact on Health and illness .pptxPoojaSen20
A person ‘s definition and perception of health & illness is dependent on the cultural practice. All culture have system of health beliefs to explain what cause illness ,how it can be cured or treated and who should be involved in the process
A person ‘s definition and perception of health & illness is dependent on the cultural practice. All culture have system of health beliefs to explain what cause illness ,how it can be cured or treated and who should be involved in the process'
. Culture belief related to cause of illness / Concept of etiology or cure
. CONCEPT OF ETIOLOGY AND CURE . SUPERNATURAL . PHYSICAL
. Leprosy and tuberculosis occurs as a result of past sin.
Hysteria & epilepsy are regarded as a result of spirit or ghost enter into the body, Excorcism us practiced to drive away the evil sprit or ghost
Childhood disorder are considered to be effect of evil eyes ,charms and amulets are prescribed and chants by the exorcist.
Diarrhoea and dysentery are believed to be caused due to dislocation of the umbilicus .
It is seen the tradition beliefs passed by Family elders have greater impact on young minds rather than modern forces as some educated persons also hold such belief.
It is seen the tradition beliefs passed by Family elders have greater impact on young minds rather than modern forces as some educated persons also hold such belief.
It is seen the tradition beliefs passed by Family elders have greater impact on young minds rather than modern forces as some educated persons also hold such belief.
It is seen the tradition beliefs passed by Family elders have greater impact on young minds rather than modern forces as some educated persons also hold such belief.
Heat stroke is considered as effect of weather ,oil and ghee are applied on the soles of feet to seek relief from symptoms.
Skin disease ( scabies, acne) are considered to be due to impure if blood,eating or applying neem leaves purified the blood .
A central belief of individual is the doctrine of karma, the law of cause and effect
In India marriage is universal and a family is considered incomplete without children, there is a great pressure to produce children, give mire preferences to male child.
Girl child to discriminated in nutrition, health care leading to stunted growth.
some cultural practice throw light on the cultural preferences for male discrimination, women are Under pressure to produce male child and those who have girl child are criticized and blamed leading to depression. There are many Women committed suicide due to ill treatment by in-laws and husband.
some cultural practice throw light on the cultural preferences for male discrimination, women are Under pressure to produce male child and those who have girl child are criticized and blamed leading to depression. There are many Women committed suicide due to ill treatment by in-laws and husband.
In rural areas less preferences of institutional delivery they prefer deliveries at home by untrained Dais
Social Paediatrics is an approach to child health that focuses on the child in illness and health, within the context of their society, environment, school and family
this presentation is help to the first year student for the basic concept of the health & about the various factors that can affect the patient's as well as the patients family member or individual
How to Have Difficult Conversations: Notes Nov 2015Dana Asbury
Slide notes from HFTN webinar "How to Have Difficult Conversations," complete with some additional context, talking points, and links to other resources.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
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Impact of Socio-Cultural Factors and Family on Health and Disease.pptxIsaacLalrawngbawla1
This powerpoint presentation describe about family and cultural factors that impact health and health behaviours. It highlights the definition of family, types of family, functions and impact of family on the health of an individual. It also highlights the impact of cultural factors on health and health behaviour.
Child abuse or child maltreatment is physical, sexual, or psychological maltreatment or neglect of a child or children, especially by a parent or other caregiver. Child abuse may include any act or failure to act by a parent or other caregiver that results in actual or potential harm to a child, and can occur in a child's home, or in the organizations, schools or communities the child interacts with.
culture impact on Health and illness .pptxPoojaSen20
A person ‘s definition and perception of health & illness is dependent on the cultural practice. All culture have system of health beliefs to explain what cause illness ,how it can be cured or treated and who should be involved in the process
A person ‘s definition and perception of health & illness is dependent on the cultural practice. All culture have system of health beliefs to explain what cause illness ,how it can be cured or treated and who should be involved in the process'
. Culture belief related to cause of illness / Concept of etiology or cure
. CONCEPT OF ETIOLOGY AND CURE . SUPERNATURAL . PHYSICAL
. Leprosy and tuberculosis occurs as a result of past sin.
Hysteria & epilepsy are regarded as a result of spirit or ghost enter into the body, Excorcism us practiced to drive away the evil sprit or ghost
Childhood disorder are considered to be effect of evil eyes ,charms and amulets are prescribed and chants by the exorcist.
Diarrhoea and dysentery are believed to be caused due to dislocation of the umbilicus .
It is seen the tradition beliefs passed by Family elders have greater impact on young minds rather than modern forces as some educated persons also hold such belief.
It is seen the tradition beliefs passed by Family elders have greater impact on young minds rather than modern forces as some educated persons also hold such belief.
It is seen the tradition beliefs passed by Family elders have greater impact on young minds rather than modern forces as some educated persons also hold such belief.
It is seen the tradition beliefs passed by Family elders have greater impact on young minds rather than modern forces as some educated persons also hold such belief.
Heat stroke is considered as effect of weather ,oil and ghee are applied on the soles of feet to seek relief from symptoms.
Skin disease ( scabies, acne) are considered to be due to impure if blood,eating or applying neem leaves purified the blood .
A central belief of individual is the doctrine of karma, the law of cause and effect
In India marriage is universal and a family is considered incomplete without children, there is a great pressure to produce children, give mire preferences to male child.
Girl child to discriminated in nutrition, health care leading to stunted growth.
some cultural practice throw light on the cultural preferences for male discrimination, women are Under pressure to produce male child and those who have girl child are criticized and blamed leading to depression. There are many Women committed suicide due to ill treatment by in-laws and husband.
some cultural practice throw light on the cultural preferences for male discrimination, women are Under pressure to produce male child and those who have girl child are criticized and blamed leading to depression. There are many Women committed suicide due to ill treatment by in-laws and husband.
In rural areas less preferences of institutional delivery they prefer deliveries at home by untrained Dais
Social Paediatrics is an approach to child health that focuses on the child in illness and health, within the context of their society, environment, school and family
this presentation is help to the first year student for the basic concept of the health & about the various factors that can affect the patient's as well as the patients family member or individual
How to Have Difficult Conversations: Notes Nov 2015Dana Asbury
Slide notes from HFTN webinar "How to Have Difficult Conversations," complete with some additional context, talking points, and links to other resources.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
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RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
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Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
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2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
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Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
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Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
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Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
1. Social control in relation to
positive and or negative aspects
Submitted by:
Susmita Dahal (39)
Nawaraj Chapagain (20)
Subhani Tiwari (35)
Asmeeta Adhikari (06)
2. INTRODUCTION
• Social control is the basic mean of social solidarity and conformity.
• The purpose of social control as the very term indicates, is to exercise
control over people in an effective manner.
• Why the control is needed? According to Kimball Young, it is
necessary to bring about conformity, solidarity, and continuity of a
particular group or society.
• The underlying goal of social control is to maintain social order, an
arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society’s members
base their daily lives.
3. DEFINITIONS
• Fairchild, “Social Control is the sum total of the processes whereby
society, or any sub group within society, secures conformity to
expectation on the part of its constituent units, individuals and
groups."
• E. A. Ross, "Social Control refers to the system of devices whereby
society brings its members into conformity with the accepted
standards of behavior.“
• Manheim, "Social Control is the sum of those methods by which a
society tries to influence human behavior to maintain a given order.
4. DEFINITIONS
• Ogburn and Nimkoff have said that social control refers to the
patterns of pressure which society exerts to maintain order and
established rules.
• J.S. Roucek, “Social Control' is a collective term used to refer to those
processes planned or unplanned, by which individuals are taught,
persuaded or compelled to conform to the usages and life-values of
groups."
• G.A. Lundberg and others have said that social control designates
those social behaviors which influence individuals or groups toward
conformity to established or desired norms.
5. TYPES OF SOCIAL CONTROL
• Society makes use of various means of social control depending upon
the time and social situation for the realization of its purpose.
1. Formal control: Law, legislation, military force, police force,
administrative devices, political, educational, economic (industry)
etc.
2. Informal control: Public opinion, sympathy, sense of justice, norms,
values, folkways, mores, customs, religion, morality, fashion, etc.
6. AGENCIES OF SOCIAL CONTROL
• Society or group maintains social control by creating its own agencies
which may enforce formal or informal control.
a. Control by Law
b. Control by Education
c. Control by the Public Opinion
d. Control by Propaganda
e. Control by compulsion /Coercion
7. f. Control by Customs
g. Control by Folkways and Mores
h. Control by Religion
i. Control by Morality
j. Control by Sanctions
k. Control by Miscellaneous Norms: Fashion, Rituals and ceremonies
8. SOCIAL CONTROL ON NUTRITION
⁺ Most of the Nepalese people clean vegetable before cooking
⁺ All Nepalese people boil milk before consuming
⁺ We prepare vegetable properly and differentiate waste commodities.
⁺ Most of us do not wear sandals and shoes in kitchen.
⁺ Most of us prepare food by covering during and before cooking.
⁺ Most of us do not use moldy water.
⁺ Most of us use copper pot for storage of water.
9. Contd…
⁺ Most of us iron cooking pot to prepare foods.
⁺ Most of us iron knife for chopping the vegetables.
⁺ Most of us (rural people) cook meat immediately after chopping.
⁺ Most of us do not prepare more spicy foods for child feeding.
⁺ All most all of us believe, foot is ritually dirty and therefore stepping
over food or pointing the soles of your feet is impolite.
⁺ Most of us don’t eat off someone else’s plate or offer anyone food
you have taken a bite out of.
10. Contd…
⁻ Focus on modern style, technology, for more production which
destroy essential trace material to the food
⁻ Intense commercialization of agricultural sectors
⁻ Less sensitivity towards health and diet
⁻ Use of more spices in food
⁻ Use of frying methods with more oil ,salt and spices rather than
healthy cooking methods such as steaming, boiling
⁻ Unhealthy and inappropriate cooking
⁻ Consuming more packaged or processed foods
11. Contd…
⁻ Women in Nepalese culture often take the meal at the end, which put
them on the risk of deprived nutritional status.
⁻ Often Nepalese people consume unhealthy and excessive meat
during certain festival which have negative impact on health and
wellbeing.
12. SOCIAL CONTROL ON BODILY MOVEMENTS
Physical Contact:
• Public displays of affection (such as handholding) are not common,
even among married couples.
⁺ Men routinely hold hands and embrace each other in public. It is also
common for them to share beds.
• Women may walk with their arms around each other.
• All same-sex expressions of affection are perceived as gestures of
friendship as opposed to homosexuality (which is strongly
stigmatized).
13. Personal Space:
• People tend to keep slightly less personal space between each other in
Nepal.
• However, the distance widens when interacting with a person of the
opposite gender.
Eye Contact:
• It is appropriate to meet someone’s gaze during conversation when
they share the same status as you.
• However, eye contact is usually kept to a minimum when talking to
anyone of a higher status or elders.
14. Expressions:
• People generally express thanks and gratitude through their facial
expressions and verbal “thank you” is not always necessary.
Head Tilt:
• People may tilt their head to the side or shake it to both sides to
indicate dis/agreement and understanding.
Refusals:
• People refuse offers and say “no” politely by holding one hand up in
front of them, palm forward, and swiveling their wrist subtly, as if
adjusting a bracelet.
15. Head:
• The head is considered to be the holiest part of one’s body. Touching
someone on the top of the head is considerably insensitive and
offensive.
Feet:
• Feet are thought to be the dirtiest part of the body, and displaying the
soles of one’s feet or touching people with one’s feet is considered
rude.
16. SOCIAL CONTROL ON ENVIRONMENT HEALTH
• Women are involve in household works such as cooking which put
them on greater risk of indoor air pollution.
• In Nepalese culture, men are more likely to involve in risky hard and
dangerous work in comparison to females which put them to risk to
expose various risk factors and health hazards.
17.
18. SOCIAL CONTROL IN LIFESTYLE
• Lifestyle includes alcohol, tobacco and substance abuse
• In some ethnic group alcohol use is part their custom and without
use of alcohol all religious and cultural functions are incomplete,
however in some ethnic group use of alcohol use and substance
associated with immoral and social prestige.
• In some cultural groups yoga, personal hygiene part of the daily
activities.
• Use of tobacco are accepted in some religious occasions.
19. • Use of alcohol and other substance among female are not quite
accepted compare to their males.
20. SOCIAL CONTROL ON REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
• Reproductive health includes pregnancy, child birth, newborn-child
care, adolescent health, family planning, abortion.
Pregnancy:
Supportive behavior has typically been very limited due to the
common belief that their “deity will get angry if they touch the
polluted woman”. Depending on the region, this polluting period
presents at different stages of labor and birth.
• Primarily, the locus of decision making power lies with the husband in
rural communities. If the husband is not present, it falls to the next
male figurehead present (father-in-law, father, brother, etc.)
21. Child birth:
The traditional and cultural beliefs and decision making within the
household influence the child birth practice and choice of the place of
delivery.
Women use practice wood for cord cut surface or use local available
knifes to cut the cords.
Traditionally newborns given a bath soon after birth, which is not
good practice for newborn care.
New mother is given a special kind of diet which consists of meat,
ghee, pulses, lettuces, fruits and thyme soup.
22. New-born and mother care:
The mother is given lots of pulses and meat, and these two becomes
mandatory for at least two months for each meal along with rice,
ghee and thyme soup, as thyme soup is believes to have the power of
increasing the amount of milk produced by the woman’s body for the
baby.
Women often visit their maternal home so they can get proper care.
A new mother is assigned a separate helper who gives her and the
baby massages two to four times a day, gives bath to the mother and
the child, washes their clothes as well, as the new mother is taken
very good care of and is not allowed to do any household chores.
23. Abortion:
Abortion has been legal in Nepal since 2002, and post-abortion care
has been successfully integrated into hospitals.
Most of the people have negative attitude towards women who seek
abortion care.
Large number of unmarried women were found at risk for seeking
abortion care due to socio-cultural norms, values and stigmas.
People also tend to seek sex selective pregnancy termination though
this is illegal in Nepal.
24. Family planning:
Societal and family expectations are that women become pregnant and give birth
soon after marriage.
It is believed family planning to be a woman’s job, men rarely sought
information from reputable sources on family planning.
Social stigma, fear and embarrassment as one of the most
common barriers to young people accessing contraception services including the
attitude of the service providers.
In Nepalese culture, a preference for son appears to influence fertility and family
planning.
There is barrier in use of contraceptive devices due to some religious restriction.