This document discusses how domain-specific languages (DSLs) can be used to make Java code more readable and maintainable. It describes different types of DSLs including external and internal DSLs built with Java and scripting languages. It also discusses JetBrains MPS, a language workbench that provides a new approach for building DSLs without relying on a specific output language. DSLs allow raising the level of abstraction and separating stable and changing parts of code. Fluent APIs and internal DSLs in Java provide readability benefits, while scripting languages allow further readability through features like closures and list literals.

1. Smoothing Your Java with DSLs Dmit ry Jemerov Development Lead JetBrains, Inc. ht tp://www.jetbrains.com/

2. Learn about the multiple ways you can use domain-specific languages in your Java project to make your code more readable and maintainable

3. Agenda DSL Overview DSLs in Java DSLs in Scripting Languages JetBrains MPS

4. What is a DSL? Computer programming language Limited expressiveness Domain focus

5. DSL Classification External Regular Expressions SQL CSS

6. DSL Classification External XML-based Ant XSLT

7. DSL Classification External XML-based Internal Query integration: Squill Testing: JMock, EasyMock

8. DSL Classification External XML-based Internal Scripting Build: Gradle, Buildr Testing: easyb UI: Glimmer, Monkeybars

9. DSL Classification External XML-based Internal Scripting Language Workbench MPS “Oslo”

10. Why Use DSLs? Raising level of abstraction Separating the “what” from the “how” Separating stable and frequently changing parts of the system Enabling domain expert contributions

11. DSLs: Code or Data? Depends on where you look from TrueType fonts: actually code for a rather powerful VM

12. Integrating DSLs Interpretation Model is built by executing internal DSL or parsing external DSL Interpreter executes operations described by DSL Code Generation DSL drives generation of host language code DSL-generated code compiled with rest of app

13. Agenda DSL Overview DSLs in Java DSLs in Scripting Languages JetBrains MPS

14. Squill squill .from(pets) .where(eq(pets.species, “Cat”)) .orderBy(asc(pets.name)) .selectList(pets.name, pets.birthDate)); https://squill.dev.java.net/

15. EasyMock expect(mock.voteForRemoval(“A")) .andReturn((byte) 42) .atLeastOnce(); http://www.easymock.org/

16. IntelliJ IDEA PSI Patterns

17. Regular vs Fluent API Regular: a method call executes an operation object.verbNoun(param1, …, paramN) Fluent: a method call tells one thing about an operation that will be executed object.noun1(param1).noun2(param2)…

18. Fluent API Patterns Method chaining Builder objects Static factory methods Static imports Initializer blocks in anonymous classes

19. Method Chaining class C { C value1(Object v1) { this.value1 = v1; return this; } C value2(Object v2) { … } } c.value1(o1).value2(o2)

20. Builder Objects class CBuilder { CBuilder value1(Object v1) { … } CBuilder value2(Object v2) { … } C build() { return new C(value1, value2); } }

21. Factory Methods, Static Imports class CFactory { static <T> C<T> newC() { return new C<T>(); } } import static CFactory.*; C<String> c = newC();

22. Initializer Blocks (JMock) context.checking(new Expectations() {{ oneOf (subscriber).receive(message); }});

23. Java Internal DSL Advantages Low entry barrier, no external dependencies Full IDE support (code completion etc.) Strong typing and compile-time error checking

24. Java Internal DSL Drawbacks Readability is not as good as with other solutions

25. Agenda DSL Overview DSLs in Java DSLs in Scripting Languages JetBrains MPS

26. easyb given &quot;a stack with one pushed value&quot;, { stack = new Stack() pushVal = &quot;foo&quot; stack.push(pushVal) } when &quot;pop is called&quot;, { popVal = stack.pop() } then &quot;that object should be returned&quot;, { popVal.shouldBe pushVal } http://easyb.org/

27. Glimmer shell { text &quot;Contact Manager“ composite { layout GridLayout.new(2, false) label { text &quot;First &Name: &quot;} text { text bind(presenter, :first_name) } } } http://rubyforge.org/projects/glimmer/

28. RubyMine Parameter Definitions define_params 'validates_presence_of' , migration_ref , [migration_ref , { :message => nil , :on => one_of(:save , :create , :update) , :if => method_ref( 'ActiveRecord::Base' ) }]

29. Scripting Language Advantages Closures Properties List/map literals Operator overloading Handling of missing methods

30. Integrating DSL Scripts Joint compilation Script statically compiled to bytecode Allows direct calls of script code from Java Dynamic invocation Script invoked via javax.scripting or language-specific embedding API Allows dynamic discovery of scripts Allows modifying scripts without app restart or recompilation

31. Agenda DSL Overview DSLs in Java DSLs in Scripting Languages JetBrains MPS

32. MPS History Started as a research project back in 2004 JetBrains issue tracker project being developed entirely in MPS Web framework Data access framework End-user functionality Released as open-source public beta in December 2008

33. Key Concepts of MPS Language defines a set of concepts and relationships between them Models are instances of a particular concept Editors define how models of a particular concept are represented in the MPS IDE Generators define how models are translated into a different language

34. What MPS doesn’t have No text representation for code in a particular language No grammar for languages No way to import code in existing text-based language No dependency on specific output language generated Could be Java, JavaScript, CSS, XML…

35. Advanced MPS Reusing languages Business rules need formulas Can reuse MPS expression language: editor, generation etc. Extending languages Closures, ‘using’ blocks, complex numbers…

36. Summary You can use the fluent programming style in Java to make your code easier to read and less verbose DSLs built with scripting languages like Groovy and JRuby bring even further readability benefits JetBrains MPS is a whole new approach to DSLs

37. For More Information Martin Fowler’s DSL book: http://martinfowler.com/dslwip/ JetBrains MPS: http://www.jetbrains.com/mps/

38. Q&A Dmitry Jemerov [email_address]

39. Smoothing Your Java with DSLs Dmit ry Jemerov Development Lead JetBrains, Inc. ht tp://www.jetbrains.com/