This document summarizes a study investigating systemic barriers to replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy sources in Australia's electricity industry. The study examines the electricity industries in the states of Victoria and Tasmania, which have different market structures and fuel sources. Preliminary findings suggest there are inconsistencies in how sustainability is defined and conceptualized between business and environmental science that hinder joint efforts to address sustainability issues. The study aims to identify a shared understanding and pragmatic approach to sustainability between these fields by analyzing industry case studies and refining research methods.
Entropy law and the impossibility of perpetual economic growthKalasekar M
This document discusses the thermodynamic and ecological limitations of perpetual economic growth. It argues that while previous economic models have considered resource depletion and pollution, they fail to fully account for the entropy law and ecosystem services. The production and recycling process inevitably increases entropy and depletes finite ecosystem services. Depletion of critical ecosystem services can cause nonlinear environmental changes that disrupt the ability of markets to adapt. Given uncertainties around environmental thresholds, indefinite material economic growth carries an unacceptable risk of catastrophic impacts. The document concludes that responsible economic policy must avoid enforcing growth that exceeds sustainable levels.
Development of ecological economics (constanza, 1997)Introsust
This document provides an overview of ecological economics as a field that aims to integrate ecology and economics. It discusses:
1) The historical roots and motivations for developing ecological economics as a field that brings together ecology and economics, which had developed separately.
2) Some of the basic organizing principles of ecological economics, including viewing ecological and economic systems as complex, adaptive systems and focusing on goals like sustainability and fair distribution of resources.
3) How ecological economics examines material and energy flows between ecological and economic systems, grounded in principles of thermodynamics and conservation of mass. Models incorporate biophysical realities and limits.
Degrowth: tentative ideas about a research agendaGoteo / Platoniq
This document outlines a tentative research agenda for degrowth. It begins by defining degrowth as the reduction of production and consumption through downscaling, decolonization of growth-centric imaginations, and reducing the domain of market rationality. The document then notes strengths and weaknesses of current degrowth research. It proposes strengthening theoretical and empirical arguments against growth, modeling sustainability under degrowth, and examining political and structural barriers to transition. The agenda also suggests engaging with internal contradictions and developing a coherent degrowth theory to explain how and why alternative systems work.
Introducing the IANEX project, funded by a Marie Curie International Outgoing Fellowship of the Eu 7th FP.
This project is coordinated by the Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA) of the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB) in collaboration with Yale University’s School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. It merges two academically separated but intellectually related and complementary research strands in the assessment of sustainability: Complex System Theory and Industrial Ecology. Our aims are i) to combine the research perspectives of the partners to build further on a theory of Societal Metabolism; ii) to contribute the assessment of Water Metabolism as methodological body for Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM); and iii) to complete a holistic assessment of the water metabolism of hydraulic fracturing in the United States and subsequently develop implementation scenarios for the European Union.
The trajectory of the Anthropocene: The Great Acceleration
International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, Stockholm Resilience Centre
Will Steffen, Wendy Broadgate, Lisa Deutsch ,Owen Gaffney and Cornelia Ludwig
2015 Anthropocene Review
http://anr.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/01/08/2053019614564785.abstract
Based on Steffen et al. (2004) Global Change and the Earth System
More information, videos, data, images:
http://www.igbp.net/news/pressreleases/pressreleases/planetarydashboardshowsgreataccelerationinhumanactivitysince1950.5.950c2fa1495db7081eb42.html
See also:
www.igbp.net
www.stockholmresilience.org
www.futureearth.info
www.globaia.org
www.anthropocene.info
Base Logistics is an independent logistics provider that offers a total service parts logistics solution integrating transport management and warehouse management. They combine logistics experts, a network of partners, and their logistics application Klairy to make logistics simple, efficient and controllable for customers. Key services include warehouse and transport management, inventory management, compliance services, and testing and configuration of parts.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
Entropy law and the impossibility of perpetual economic growthKalasekar M
This document discusses the thermodynamic and ecological limitations of perpetual economic growth. It argues that while previous economic models have considered resource depletion and pollution, they fail to fully account for the entropy law and ecosystem services. The production and recycling process inevitably increases entropy and depletes finite ecosystem services. Depletion of critical ecosystem services can cause nonlinear environmental changes that disrupt the ability of markets to adapt. Given uncertainties around environmental thresholds, indefinite material economic growth carries an unacceptable risk of catastrophic impacts. The document concludes that responsible economic policy must avoid enforcing growth that exceeds sustainable levels.
Development of ecological economics (constanza, 1997)Introsust
This document provides an overview of ecological economics as a field that aims to integrate ecology and economics. It discusses:
1) The historical roots and motivations for developing ecological economics as a field that brings together ecology and economics, which had developed separately.
2) Some of the basic organizing principles of ecological economics, including viewing ecological and economic systems as complex, adaptive systems and focusing on goals like sustainability and fair distribution of resources.
3) How ecological economics examines material and energy flows between ecological and economic systems, grounded in principles of thermodynamics and conservation of mass. Models incorporate biophysical realities and limits.
Degrowth: tentative ideas about a research agendaGoteo / Platoniq
This document outlines a tentative research agenda for degrowth. It begins by defining degrowth as the reduction of production and consumption through downscaling, decolonization of growth-centric imaginations, and reducing the domain of market rationality. The document then notes strengths and weaknesses of current degrowth research. It proposes strengthening theoretical and empirical arguments against growth, modeling sustainability under degrowth, and examining political and structural barriers to transition. The agenda also suggests engaging with internal contradictions and developing a coherent degrowth theory to explain how and why alternative systems work.
Introducing the IANEX project, funded by a Marie Curie International Outgoing Fellowship of the Eu 7th FP.
This project is coordinated by the Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA) of the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB) in collaboration with Yale University’s School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. It merges two academically separated but intellectually related and complementary research strands in the assessment of sustainability: Complex System Theory and Industrial Ecology. Our aims are i) to combine the research perspectives of the partners to build further on a theory of Societal Metabolism; ii) to contribute the assessment of Water Metabolism as methodological body for Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM); and iii) to complete a holistic assessment of the water metabolism of hydraulic fracturing in the United States and subsequently develop implementation scenarios for the European Union.
The trajectory of the Anthropocene: The Great Acceleration
International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, Stockholm Resilience Centre
Will Steffen, Wendy Broadgate, Lisa Deutsch ,Owen Gaffney and Cornelia Ludwig
2015 Anthropocene Review
http://anr.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/01/08/2053019614564785.abstract
Based on Steffen et al. (2004) Global Change and the Earth System
More information, videos, data, images:
http://www.igbp.net/news/pressreleases/pressreleases/planetarydashboardshowsgreataccelerationinhumanactivitysince1950.5.950c2fa1495db7081eb42.html
See also:
www.igbp.net
www.stockholmresilience.org
www.futureearth.info
www.globaia.org
www.anthropocene.info
Base Logistics is an independent logistics provider that offers a total service parts logistics solution integrating transport management and warehouse management. They combine logistics experts, a network of partners, and their logistics application Klairy to make logistics simple, efficient and controllable for customers. Key services include warehouse and transport management, inventory management, compliance services, and testing and configuration of parts.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
Marcella Marletta - IX Conferenza Nazionale sui Dispositivi MediciMarcella Marletta
La traccia del discorso tenuto dalla dottoressa Marcella Marletta in occasione della IX Conferenza Nazionale sui Dispositivi Medici, importante evento di settore.
Get Email Converter Tools to perform conversion of various email client application mail file format from one to another. Eg: OST to PST Converter, MBOX to PST Converter, DBX to PST Converter, MSG to PST Converter, NSF to PST Converter etc.
This document discusses gestational diabetes, including risk factors, diagnostic tests, treatment, monitoring, and potential complications. It notes that gestational diabetes affects 2-3% of pregnancies and is associated with pregnancy complications. Diagnosis involves fasting and post-meal blood glucose tests. Treatment includes lifestyle changes, medication like metformin or insulin, and close monitoring of blood glucose and fetal growth and well-being. Complications can include issues for both mother and baby if not well managed.
This document contains a sales pitch evaluation for Aurelie Watel. The evaluation notes that she spoke clearly and slowly, made good eye contact, and provided the price and nutrition information. Areas for improvement included making the presentation longer, missing a slide, lacking excitement, and speaking louder. Advice includes speaking slowly, smiling, using strong arguments, holding the product, and emphasizing price and key selling points at the end.
Davalabi Halli is a software engineer with strong skills in Java programming including OOP concepts, core Java, JDBC, and SQL. He has over 2 years of experience working on an Operations Support System project for British Telecom UK involving application support and maintenance. He holds a Bachelor's degree in Computer Science and Engineering and is proficient with technologies like HTML, MySQL, Oracle, and development tools Eclipse and Android Studio. His hobbies include listening to music, playing video games, and learning new technologies.
(Icelandic) Fyrirlestur Jóns Gunnars Borgþórssonar á íslensku sem haldinn var um samfélagsmiðilinn LinkedIn þann 5.3.2015. hjá VR/Starf. Farið var lauslega yfir samfélagsmiðla-byltinguna sem átt hefur sér stað undanfarið og hvernig LinkedIn er notaður, hvernig megi stilla upp "profile" á miðlinum, hvað beri að hafa í huga og hvað varast. Einnig var farið inn á miðilinn sjálfan og sýnt hvernig væri hægt að leita að starfi o.fl. sem ekki kemur fyrir í slæðusýningunni sjálfri.
La traccia del discorso tenuto dalla dottoressa Marcella Marletta alla presentazione del protocollo d'intesa "Fast Track" per la valutazione delle sperimentazioni dei farmaci e dei dispositivi medici.
How hilarious is the new name of our minor league base ball team here in central Connecticut? The Yard Goats? Really?
Go enjoy the Yard Goat games and let MaidPro keep home base clean.
1) The Equity in Education Coalition is proposing a weighted student formula model of school funding in Washington State to increase equity. This would allocate funding based on individual student needs rather than average staffing ratios.
2) Currently, Washington State uses an allocation model based on average staffing needs that does not account for higher concentrations of students requiring extra support in some schools and districts. This creates inequitable and erratic funding.
3) A weighted student formula would direct funds to schools based on the specific characteristics and needs of each enrolled student. This would improve equity by ensuring students' needs are met regardless of what school they attend.
The author took a trip to Acacias - Meta with their family on January 4th that lasted around 5 hours. They enjoyed the weather because it was not too sunny, which allowed them to visit a river. The best parts of the trip were that the people were nice and the food was good, but the worst part was that some parts of their car were stolen.
Economic theory has long been indulged with the study of industrial clusters. The standards, threads and gov-erning parameters of clusters provide a very fruitful area of study for a plethora of disciplines besides and beyond economics, such as strategic management, mathematics, life sciences and organizational manage-ment in general. Industrial clusters hold such a promi-nent position as decision-affecting entities, that in many frameworks they directly influence national and international policy in a basic level, through their needs and in a secondary level, through their linkages to other industries and their weight upon the economic cycle itself. Through this paper we attempt a critical examination as to the factors formulating the competitive advantage of industrial clusters and within a second focal direction, the competitive advantage of maritime clusters in particular. This work aspires to contribute to the body of knowledge with respect to maritime clusters from a strategic management standpoint.
A critique of techno optimism (Alexander 2014) Lecturas recomendadas Samuel M...Ecologistas en Accion
This document provides a critique of "techno-optimism", the belief that technological advancements can solve environmental problems without changing economic structures or consumption patterns. It argues that efficiency improvements have not decoupled economic growth from environmental impacts due to "rebound effects". The paper examines concepts like the Environmental Kuznets Curve and "decoupling" to show that efficiency alone cannot achieve sustainability as long as economies require unlimited growth. It concludes that a post-growth economic model based on sufficiency rather than growth is needed to take advantage of efficiency gains in a sustainable way.
Term Paper: How Will Firms React to Limits on Bio-Physical Flows - An Explora...Antony Upward
This term paper for York University Master of Environmental Studies course ES/ENVS6115 Ecological Economics (Winter 2011, Prof. Peter Victor) explores how firms will react if / when limits are places on their ability to obtain and create flows of bio-physical materials - irrespective of cost.
This paper got a positive review from Prof. Victor who said "this is a good paper.I like the way you have drawn on the management literature to address an important question in ecological economics. Despite its length, the paper is only an introduction to a large topic that requires empirical investigation (e.g. relating to specific limitations, economic sectors, within the context of international trade)".
This thesis analyzes two cases of forest sector innovation in Canada - the Great Bear Rainforest Agreement and the Canadian Boreal Forest Agreement. It uses a multi-paradigm approach to gain insight into how civil society groups can advance transformative social change. The research contributes new understanding of the deliberate agency and cross-scale processes involved in systemic change efforts. It analyzes the cases through multiple theoretical lenses and provides a synthesis of key patterns of agency and cross-scale dynamics in transforming unsustainable systems. The thesis findings have implications for responding to complex sustainability challenges through innovative, multi-level responses that span boundaries.
This document discusses labour unions and their potential role in building a sustainable green jobs agenda. It argues that labour organizations must be central to meaningful political and economic shifts towards fusing labour and environmental sustainability. The document outlines some of the theoretical issues underlying tensions between labour and environmental interests under capitalism. Specifically, it discusses how capitalism's growth-oriented and competitive nature generates conflict with ecological sustainability goals. This demonstrates the important role unions could play in transitioning to a more environmentally sustainable future.
Adaptation Futures 2016 covered a wide range of topics, from social science research focused on gender, to challenges with policy implementation, to the latest concepts in green urban design.
Many ASSAR members attended this conference as delegates, presenters and workshop leaders. In this Spotlight our team members recount their experiences of the conference and describe the work they presented there.
Accounting, Organizations and Society 40 (2015) 78–94Content.docxnettletondevon
Accounting, Organizations and Society 40 (2015) 78–94
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Accounting, Organizations and Society
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / a o s
Organized hypocrisy, organizational façades, and sustainability
reporting
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2014.12.003
0361-3682/� 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (C.H. Cho), [email protected]
(M. Laine), [email protected] (R.W. Roberts), [email protected]
ulaval.ca (M. Rodrigue).
Charles H. Cho a,⇑, Matias Laine b, Robin W. Roberts c, Michelle Rodrigue d
a ESSEC Business School, 1 Avenue Bernard Hirsch, CS 50105 Cergy, 95021 Cergy Pontoise Cedex, France
b School of Management, 33014 University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
c Kenneth G. Dixon School of Accounting, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, FL 32816-1400, USA
d École de comptabilité, Faculté des Sciences de l’Administration, Université Laval, Pavillon Palasis-Prince, 2325 rue de la Terrasse, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
a b s t r a c t
Sustainability discourse is becoming ubiquitous. Still, a significant gap persists between
corporate sustainability talk and practice. Prior research on corporate sustainability report-
ing has relied primarily on two competing theoretical framings, signaling theory and legit-
imacy theory, which often produce contradictory results regarding the significance and
effects of such disclosures. Thus, despite this substantial body of research, the role that sus-
tainability disclosures can play in any transition toward a less unsustainable society
remains unclear. In an effort to advance our collective understanding of voluntary corpo-
rate sustainability reporting, we propose a richer and more nuanced theoretical lens by
drawing on prior work in organized hypocrisy (Brunsson, 1989) and organizational façades
(Abrahamson & Baumard, 2008; Nystrom & Strabuck, 1984). We argue that contradictory
societal and institutional pressures, in essence, require organizations to engage in hypoc-
risy and develop façades, thereby severely limiting the prospects that sustainability reports
will ever evolve into substantive disclosures. To illustrate the use of these theoretical con-
cepts, we employ them to examine the talk, decisions, and actions of two highly visible
U.S.-based multinational oil and gas corporations during the time period of significant
national debate over oil exploration in the Alaskan National Wildlife Refuge. We conclude
that the concepts of organizational façade and organized hypocrisy are beneficial to the
sustainability disclosure literature because they provide theoretical space to more formally
acknowledge and incorporate how the prevailing economic system and conflicting stake-
holder demands constrain the action choices of individual corporations.
� 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Introduction
The expansion of human .
Marcella Marletta - IX Conferenza Nazionale sui Dispositivi MediciMarcella Marletta
La traccia del discorso tenuto dalla dottoressa Marcella Marletta in occasione della IX Conferenza Nazionale sui Dispositivi Medici, importante evento di settore.
Get Email Converter Tools to perform conversion of various email client application mail file format from one to another. Eg: OST to PST Converter, MBOX to PST Converter, DBX to PST Converter, MSG to PST Converter, NSF to PST Converter etc.
This document discusses gestational diabetes, including risk factors, diagnostic tests, treatment, monitoring, and potential complications. It notes that gestational diabetes affects 2-3% of pregnancies and is associated with pregnancy complications. Diagnosis involves fasting and post-meal blood glucose tests. Treatment includes lifestyle changes, medication like metformin or insulin, and close monitoring of blood glucose and fetal growth and well-being. Complications can include issues for both mother and baby if not well managed.
This document contains a sales pitch evaluation for Aurelie Watel. The evaluation notes that she spoke clearly and slowly, made good eye contact, and provided the price and nutrition information. Areas for improvement included making the presentation longer, missing a slide, lacking excitement, and speaking louder. Advice includes speaking slowly, smiling, using strong arguments, holding the product, and emphasizing price and key selling points at the end.
Davalabi Halli is a software engineer with strong skills in Java programming including OOP concepts, core Java, JDBC, and SQL. He has over 2 years of experience working on an Operations Support System project for British Telecom UK involving application support and maintenance. He holds a Bachelor's degree in Computer Science and Engineering and is proficient with technologies like HTML, MySQL, Oracle, and development tools Eclipse and Android Studio. His hobbies include listening to music, playing video games, and learning new technologies.
(Icelandic) Fyrirlestur Jóns Gunnars Borgþórssonar á íslensku sem haldinn var um samfélagsmiðilinn LinkedIn þann 5.3.2015. hjá VR/Starf. Farið var lauslega yfir samfélagsmiðla-byltinguna sem átt hefur sér stað undanfarið og hvernig LinkedIn er notaður, hvernig megi stilla upp "profile" á miðlinum, hvað beri að hafa í huga og hvað varast. Einnig var farið inn á miðilinn sjálfan og sýnt hvernig væri hægt að leita að starfi o.fl. sem ekki kemur fyrir í slæðusýningunni sjálfri.
La traccia del discorso tenuto dalla dottoressa Marcella Marletta alla presentazione del protocollo d'intesa "Fast Track" per la valutazione delle sperimentazioni dei farmaci e dei dispositivi medici.
How hilarious is the new name of our minor league base ball team here in central Connecticut? The Yard Goats? Really?
Go enjoy the Yard Goat games and let MaidPro keep home base clean.
1) The Equity in Education Coalition is proposing a weighted student formula model of school funding in Washington State to increase equity. This would allocate funding based on individual student needs rather than average staffing ratios.
2) Currently, Washington State uses an allocation model based on average staffing needs that does not account for higher concentrations of students requiring extra support in some schools and districts. This creates inequitable and erratic funding.
3) A weighted student formula would direct funds to schools based on the specific characteristics and needs of each enrolled student. This would improve equity by ensuring students' needs are met regardless of what school they attend.
The author took a trip to Acacias - Meta with their family on January 4th that lasted around 5 hours. They enjoyed the weather because it was not too sunny, which allowed them to visit a river. The best parts of the trip were that the people were nice and the food was good, but the worst part was that some parts of their car were stolen.
Economic theory has long been indulged with the study of industrial clusters. The standards, threads and gov-erning parameters of clusters provide a very fruitful area of study for a plethora of disciplines besides and beyond economics, such as strategic management, mathematics, life sciences and organizational manage-ment in general. Industrial clusters hold such a promi-nent position as decision-affecting entities, that in many frameworks they directly influence national and international policy in a basic level, through their needs and in a secondary level, through their linkages to other industries and their weight upon the economic cycle itself. Through this paper we attempt a critical examination as to the factors formulating the competitive advantage of industrial clusters and within a second focal direction, the competitive advantage of maritime clusters in particular. This work aspires to contribute to the body of knowledge with respect to maritime clusters from a strategic management standpoint.
A critique of techno optimism (Alexander 2014) Lecturas recomendadas Samuel M...Ecologistas en Accion
This document provides a critique of "techno-optimism", the belief that technological advancements can solve environmental problems without changing economic structures or consumption patterns. It argues that efficiency improvements have not decoupled economic growth from environmental impacts due to "rebound effects". The paper examines concepts like the Environmental Kuznets Curve and "decoupling" to show that efficiency alone cannot achieve sustainability as long as economies require unlimited growth. It concludes that a post-growth economic model based on sufficiency rather than growth is needed to take advantage of efficiency gains in a sustainable way.
Term Paper: How Will Firms React to Limits on Bio-Physical Flows - An Explora...Antony Upward
This term paper for York University Master of Environmental Studies course ES/ENVS6115 Ecological Economics (Winter 2011, Prof. Peter Victor) explores how firms will react if / when limits are places on their ability to obtain and create flows of bio-physical materials - irrespective of cost.
This paper got a positive review from Prof. Victor who said "this is a good paper.I like the way you have drawn on the management literature to address an important question in ecological economics. Despite its length, the paper is only an introduction to a large topic that requires empirical investigation (e.g. relating to specific limitations, economic sectors, within the context of international trade)".
This thesis analyzes two cases of forest sector innovation in Canada - the Great Bear Rainforest Agreement and the Canadian Boreal Forest Agreement. It uses a multi-paradigm approach to gain insight into how civil society groups can advance transformative social change. The research contributes new understanding of the deliberate agency and cross-scale processes involved in systemic change efforts. It analyzes the cases through multiple theoretical lenses and provides a synthesis of key patterns of agency and cross-scale dynamics in transforming unsustainable systems. The thesis findings have implications for responding to complex sustainability challenges through innovative, multi-level responses that span boundaries.
This document discusses labour unions and their potential role in building a sustainable green jobs agenda. It argues that labour organizations must be central to meaningful political and economic shifts towards fusing labour and environmental sustainability. The document outlines some of the theoretical issues underlying tensions between labour and environmental interests under capitalism. Specifically, it discusses how capitalism's growth-oriented and competitive nature generates conflict with ecological sustainability goals. This demonstrates the important role unions could play in transitioning to a more environmentally sustainable future.
Adaptation Futures 2016 covered a wide range of topics, from social science research focused on gender, to challenges with policy implementation, to the latest concepts in green urban design.
Many ASSAR members attended this conference as delegates, presenters and workshop leaders. In this Spotlight our team members recount their experiences of the conference and describe the work they presented there.
Accounting, Organizations and Society 40 (2015) 78–94Content.docxnettletondevon
Accounting, Organizations and Society 40 (2015) 78–94
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Accounting, Organizations and Society
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / a o s
Organized hypocrisy, organizational façades, and sustainability
reporting
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2014.12.003
0361-3682/� 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (C.H. Cho), [email protected]
(M. Laine), [email protected] (R.W. Roberts), [email protected]
ulaval.ca (M. Rodrigue).
Charles H. Cho a,⇑, Matias Laine b, Robin W. Roberts c, Michelle Rodrigue d
a ESSEC Business School, 1 Avenue Bernard Hirsch, CS 50105 Cergy, 95021 Cergy Pontoise Cedex, France
b School of Management, 33014 University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
c Kenneth G. Dixon School of Accounting, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, FL 32816-1400, USA
d École de comptabilité, Faculté des Sciences de l’Administration, Université Laval, Pavillon Palasis-Prince, 2325 rue de la Terrasse, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
a b s t r a c t
Sustainability discourse is becoming ubiquitous. Still, a significant gap persists between
corporate sustainability talk and practice. Prior research on corporate sustainability report-
ing has relied primarily on two competing theoretical framings, signaling theory and legit-
imacy theory, which often produce contradictory results regarding the significance and
effects of such disclosures. Thus, despite this substantial body of research, the role that sus-
tainability disclosures can play in any transition toward a less unsustainable society
remains unclear. In an effort to advance our collective understanding of voluntary corpo-
rate sustainability reporting, we propose a richer and more nuanced theoretical lens by
drawing on prior work in organized hypocrisy (Brunsson, 1989) and organizational façades
(Abrahamson & Baumard, 2008; Nystrom & Strabuck, 1984). We argue that contradictory
societal and institutional pressures, in essence, require organizations to engage in hypoc-
risy and develop façades, thereby severely limiting the prospects that sustainability reports
will ever evolve into substantive disclosures. To illustrate the use of these theoretical con-
cepts, we employ them to examine the talk, decisions, and actions of two highly visible
U.S.-based multinational oil and gas corporations during the time period of significant
national debate over oil exploration in the Alaskan National Wildlife Refuge. We conclude
that the concepts of organizational façade and organized hypocrisy are beneficial to the
sustainability disclosure literature because they provide theoretical space to more formally
acknowledge and incorporate how the prevailing economic system and conflicting stake-
holder demands constrain the action choices of individual corporations.
� 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Introduction
The expansion of human .
This document summarizes a study that examined how to influence climate adaptation processes among cattle producers in northern Australia. The researchers assessed the adaptive capacity of 240 cattle producers using four dimensions and investigated the association between adaptive capacity and climate sensitivity. They found that occupational identity, employability, networks, strategic approach, environmental awareness, dynamic resource use, and use of technology were positively correlated with adaptive capacity, while place attachment was negatively correlated. This suggests adaptation could be influenced by focusing on these aspects of adaptive capacity and climate sensitivity. Managing individual resilience is critical to adaptation at higher levels and needs more attention to shape adaptation processes.
The Schumacher Institute submitted a response to the Labour Party's consultation on developing an industrial strategy. Some key points made in the submission include:
- An industrial strategy should be based on principles of being challenge-led, mission-oriented, and values-driven, with a priority on sustainability.
- Fundamental ecosystem and social challenges like resource depletion, climate change, and inequality must inform the strategy.
- Concepts like the green economy, circular economy, and ideas around a "safe and just operating space" could help address these challenges through economic transformation.
- The strategy and policies should support mission-led businesses, corporate governance reform, localisation, and socio-technical innovation to enable the
A Brief Note On Marine Pollution And Its EffectsLindsey Rivera
This document discusses the concept of biodiversity, which refers to the diversity of genes, species, and ecosystems within a given area. Biodiversity provides essential goods and services that support human well-being, such as food, water, and regulation of natural disasters. However, human activities are causing mass extinction of species at an alarming rate. Over 17,000 plant and animal species currently face extinction, and biodiversity loss continues to accelerate despite recognition of the problem decades ago. The impacts of human society were once small, but have grown enormously and threaten biodiversity on which humans depend.
The Complex Futures of Emerging Technologies: Challenges and Opportunities fo...Lic. Riccardo Méndez M.
This paper outlines trends in the development of high-profile new technologies such as nano- and bio-technology, identifying roles foresight and governance practices must play to enable their usage in addressing ‘wicked’ problems (e.g. climate change). We explain the notion of emerging technologies, and their expected convergences, and consider both their potential and issues faced in the Australian context. Recent trends and emerging issues – such as slower, more problematic development and adoption than expected, and increasingly global competition to establish ‘future industries’ – are reviewed to identify a set of imperatives. These imperatives highlight emerging opportunities and challenges, focussing on how examining alternative futures and perspectives may help enable effective responses to emerging technologies.
Industrial ecology involves designing industrial systems modeled after natural ecosystems, with closed material and energy loops and byproducts that are recycled as inputs. It aims to minimize resource use and waste generation. Key concepts include analyzing material and energy flows, creating industrial analogs of natural systems, dematerializing industrial output, and balancing industrial and natural ecosystem capacities. While industrial ecology provides a systems analysis of material flows, it has not fully incorporated economic, social, and psychological factors into decision making models.
This document summarizes the emerging field of research on sustainability transitions. It conducted a literature review of 540 journal articles in this field. Four main conceptual frameworks for studying sustainability transitions were identified: transition management, strategic niche management, the multi-level perspective on socio-technical transitions, and technological innovation systems. The field is growing rapidly, with increasing publications, conferences, and a new journal. However, further conceptual development is needed to broaden and enrich the research agenda. The special section introduces papers that aim to stimulate new concepts and link the field to other scholarly communities to challenge and advance sustainability transition studies.
Conceptualising global strategicsustainability and corporate.docxmaxinesmith73660
Conceptualising global strategic
sustainability and corporate
transformational change
Helen Borland
Birmingham Business School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the concept of global “strategic sustainability”,
represented by a conceptual framework, the “spheres of strategic sustainability”. The paper examines
routes, solutions and a vision for corporate strategic sustainability in the macro context of the global
physical environment and the planet. This builds on previous research identifying key drivers and
strategies for corporate sustainability.
Design/methodology/approach – The paper is conceptual in nature and underpinned by Gaia
theory, ecosystems theory and the laws of thermodynamics. These three offer specific foci for
sustainability research including holism, integration and synthesis: without which, sustainability
research would be difficult to achieve.
Findings – The paper identifies two major domains – “corporate” and “consumer” strategic
sustainability. It examines the corporate domain in which routes are identified through responses to
existing globalisation, corporate strategy and corporate culture.
Research limitations/implications – The paper provides insight and preliminary conceptual
development towards a full theoretical model of corporate and consumer strategic sustainability. The
framework will guide future conceptual and empirical investigations and broaden and deepen our
understanding of how firm’s can construct strategic business models that incorporate sustainability.
Originality/value – The paper offers a conceptual framework that develops the concept of
“corporate strategic sustainability” and provides positive, practical solutions to incorporating
sustainability into business models. It also challenges the current dominant socio-economic paradigm
and sets the scene for a more positive eco-paradigm that serves the present and future needs of the
planet, environment, businesses and human society.
Keywords Globalization, Corporate strategy, Organizational change
Paper type Conceptual paper
Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept, explore routes and offer solutions
to global strategic sustainability. Conceptually, strategic sustainability is the
integration of the principles of sustainability with corporate strategic management
processes, structures, cultures, systems and technologies, enabling both competitive
and functional level strategies (Stead and Stead, 2004, 2008; Parnell, 2008; Shrivastava,
1995). The aim of this paper is to deepen our understanding of the integrated,
systems-based and holistic nature that is required in corporate decision making to
create sustainable solutions for the future. Using principles from ecological and
environmental sciences, to provide a broad platform (Shrivastava, 1995; Capra, 1997;
Ekins, 2000), the author presents a framework that builds on previous research in the
area of s.
This document introduces the MISC (Mapping Innovations on the Sustainability Curve) methodology, which aims to accelerate the transition to sustainability. It does this through a participatory process using systems mapping based on insights from systems theory and process ecology. The maps reflect the sustainability curve, which shows that systems are most sustainable when they balance efficiency and resilience through appropriate diversity and interconnectivity. The MISC process involves stakeholders mapping their system and innovations to leverage transition points. It has been tested positively in several contexts as a way to facilitate cooperation across sectors in discussing sustainability transitions.
Economic Growth Models and the Role of Physical ResourcesBenjamin Warr
Conventional economic theory assumes that technological progress is exogenous and that resource consumption is a consequence, not a cause, of growth. The reality is more complex. In effect energy consumption is just as much a driver or economic growth as it is a consequence.
A Matter Of Opinion How Ecological And Neoclassical Environmental Economists...Rick Vogel
This document discusses a survey of economic sustainability researchers from Germany on their views related to sustainability and economics. The survey aimed to understand how researchers from different schools of thought view these issues and how they group themselves. Key results include:
- Two primary clusters were identified, one largely representing the ecological economics school of thought and the other capturing the neoclassical view.
- However, both clusters shared a conceptual definition of sustainability that considers ecological, social and economic dimensions, and aims to preserve society's development potentials.
- Both clusters also agreed on critiquing "pure economic growth" strategies and identified many overlapping future research topics.
- Main divides were on how to achieve sustainability, including suitable policy measures.
Sustainability, characteristics and scientific rootsNuno Quental
This document summarizes the key scientific approaches and principles underlying the concept of sustainability. It identifies three relevant scientific approaches - ecological economics, sustainability transition, and sustainability science. By analyzing these approaches, the document derives four common sustainability principles: 1) acknowledging biophysical limits to economic scale, 2) focusing on societal welfare and development, 3) understanding systems have minimum needs for viability, and 4) recognizing system complexity. It then examines the scientific roots of each principle and discusses how understandings have progressed from static views of limits and impacts to more dynamic, integrated visions.
This document discusses sustainability in the construction sector. It begins by defining sustainability and its three pillars - environmental, economic, and social. It then discusses sustainability at various scales from global to local. Sustainable development strategies aim to balance these three pillars through principles like respecting environmental limits and improving quality of life. The construction sector has significant environmental impacts through resource use and pollution, but can also support economic and social sustainability through jobs and infrastructure. Sustainable construction approaches like green building aim to minimize these environmental impacts over the full building lifecycle from construction to demolition.
Presentation defines Sustainability, Sustainability Management, and presents some basic tools the Sustainability Professional can use to design and implement a Sustainability strategy.
Similar to Skringar et al 2013 - Systemic and institutional barriers to core sustainability - Tackling the elephant in the room (20)
Skringar et al 2013 - Systemic and institutional barriers to core sustainability - Tackling the elephant in the room
1. Stream: Sustainability and Social Issues in Management
Competitive Session
Systemic and institutional barriers to core sustainability: Tackling the elephant
in the room.
Ms Elizabeth R. Skringar
School of Management, Faculty of Business
University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
Email: Liz.Skringar@utas.edu.au
Mr Peri Makris
School of Geography & Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology
University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
Email: makrisp@postoffice.utas.edu.au
Dr Stewart Williams
School of Geography & Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology
University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
Email: Stewart.Williams@utas.edu.au
2. Systemic and institutional barriers to core sustainability: Tackling the elephant
in the room.
ABSTRACT: The electricity industry has at its core a non-renewable resource (coal) germane to the
industrial revolution, but still used globally as a primary fuel source to provide energy for fabricating
consumer goods and a medium for their consumption. Economic (dis-)incentives are not hastening
change, suggesting inefficiencies can no longer be driven out of the system, noting fiscal controls only
work if competition prevails. A pilot case study shows free market dynamics, operating in one part of
the system, can dictate directionality and set priorities for the entire system, in the process either co-
opting or denuding governance, rendering regulators powerless and annulling market contestability
thereby disempowering consumers whilst delaying adoption of alternative forms of energy.
Keywords: Sustainability, managing for the common good, cross-discipline, codes of conduct, ethics,
corruption.
We present preliminary findings of a pilot study, as part of an ongoing, interdisciplinary
collaboration between business and environmental science, investigating systemic barriers to fossil
fuel replacement in the Australian electricity generation and supply industry. This seminal ‘essential’
service industry has at its core a non-renewable resource viz., coal - germane to the industrial
revolution, but still used globally as a primary fuel source to generate energy. It is now recognised as
the greatest contributor, by far, to anthropogenic carbon emissions, associated with global warming
and unprecedented extreme weather events characteristic of climate change.
The states of Victoria and Tasmania were selected for the pilot study to test the methodology for
ensuing and more comprehensive Australia-wide investigation. Each state offers unique characterises
for investigation such as different market forms (unregulated and regulated) and interactional
dynamics, extremes of non-renewable and renewable fuel use (brown coal in Victoria and hydro in
Tasmania) and unique economies of varying size and scale (consumer and company populations).
The paper begins by defining the parameters of sustainability and juxtaposing incomplete and/or
divergent terms and concepts used variously in the discreet domains of business and environmental
science. We thereby raise attention to some inherent, apparently irreconcilable paradoxes that
otherwise thwart any joint pursuit of sustainability, including creating compatible and effective tools
3. to collectively tackle sustainability issues, given the central need for a basic shared understanding
from which to begin. Fundamental principles in business and environmental management praxis are
called into question and emergent themes are discussed. For example, in the former, complex market
dynamics and extolled tenets of competitive strategy conspiring to form systemic barriers to timely
operationalisation of sustainability mandates (irrespective of market structure). Likewise, in the latter,
adaptive instruments and mitigation strategies not often appropriately scaled nor adequately targeted
for optimum environmental outcomes. Following a critique utilising preliminary findings from the
industry case study, we make suggestions towards a tentative and pragmatic convergence in the
pursuit of sustainability by actors in business and environmental management. The analytic tools and
methods used in the pilot will be redeployed in a subsequent larger study and so any limitations are
duly recognised with a view to refinement.
SUSTAINABILITY’S ‘TOWER OF BABEL’
Metaphors, mimetics and memes only assist in transferring concepts from unfamiliar to familiar
domains if they are not stretched so as to pervert original intent and do not create paradoxes. Both
science and business use such heuristic and co-optation devices. However, so as to achieve relevance
and fit, terms are interchanged and syllables recombined; semantics are altered, important theoretical
premises and modelled semiotics are skipped; and, etymology, original intent and historical evolution
are overlooked. Transmogrified concepts are then re-translated and built upon, potentially
compounding the aforementioned problems whilst providing false comfort of deep understanding.
Examples in business include Hannan and Freeman’s (1977) Population Ecology model from
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution and Romanelli and Tushman’s (1994) Punctuated Equilibrium model
from Palaeobiology’s exposition of the fossil record (Gould & Eldredge, 1977). Science coined the
term ‘Natural Capitalism’ (Hawken et al, 1999; 2010) - an extension of ‘capital’ redefined and
prefixed with ‘natural’, incorporating the environment and people. Evidence of failure in conceptual
transference is business’ self-selecting, piecemeal adoption of only one of four principles initially
proposed by Hawken et al (Moscardo et al, 2013) as shown in Table 1. Herein contrasts are made in
use of terms and concepts pertaining to sustainability across disciplines together with convergent
alternatives which seek to avoid paradoxes and create a basis for a much needed Lingua Franca.
4. [Insert Table 1 here]
The evolution of discourse on ‘sustainability’ in science began with defining ‘unsustainability’
a priori. The concept was later introduced into business as ‘sustainability’ a posteriori. However,
where science defined the object of sustainability falsifiably, business has not, thus embracing
sustainability as a process - a means to an end and an adjective, rather than an end in itself and a verb
or noun. It must be noted though that some environmental scholars have shared this stance in their
critique of sustainability’s limited, instrumental use in the pursuit of ‘business as usual’ (Raffaelle et
al, 2010; Davidson, 2000). Similarly business scholars have cautioned against over-extension of bio-
mimetics on the grounds that a biological organism cannot determine its own existence, divest ‘bits of
itself’ nor merge select parts with other organisms like organisations, social and economic systems and
technology can (Donaldson, 1995). Such mixing of ‘socially-constructed’ concepts with concrete
physical reality is further illustrated in business literature by the convention of including the
environment alongside political, legal and technological elements, to elucidate open systems
interaction within an organisation’s macro-environment (Skringar & Stevens, 2008). Science’s caveat
here reflects the laws of thermodynamics: excepting solar radiation, the planet is essentially a closed
system - there is no net loss nor gain - matter and energy are just transformed from one state to another
in a cyclical fashion. Thus, if an adult today were atomised to their chemical elements “they…would
probably…[be]… made up of bits of the Black Sea, extinct fish, mountain ranges and the exhalations
of Jesus and Buddha…[not meaning]…twenty centuries from now, our…descendants will…be built
from pieces of polystyrene cups…[I-tech devices]…, and Reebok cross-trainers…these goods do not
naturally recycle” (Hawken et al, 2010: 49) rather they accumulate as waste replacing nature. It is
accepted fact in science natural resource use has exceeded its rate of regeneration such that global
humanity’s collective rate of consumption now requires us to have access to an additional 1.5 Earth’s
and in the vicinity of 4.51
if all humanity lived the same manner as a middle-class US or UAE citizen
(Ewing et al, 2010). ‘Sustainable Growth’ in business infers long-term viability (Springett, 2003) but
in the scientific vernacular this is oxymoronic as continual growth cannot happen in a closed system or
1
The equivalent to 4 Earth’s would be required to support a global population consuming at the same rate as Australians
(SGV, 2013).
5. finite world (Hopwood et al, 2005), thus environmental scholars have long debated contradictions and
contestation inherent in this notion (Raffaelle et al, 2010; Jacobs, 1999)
LOOKING BACK TO SEE THE WAY FORWARD
Historical reinterpretation is blessed with the wisdom of hindsight wherein the deeds of
individuals alternate from infamy to admiration - Adam Smith is one such individual. Smith (1776), a
moral sentimentalist philosopher, inspired by French physiocrats (Yefimov, 2013; Boutillier, 2011),
penned ‘An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations’ prompted by the oppressive,
inequitably socially stratified society around him. He fundamentally argued everyone should be
entitled to ‘ownership’, paid a reasonable wage for their labours and/or compete freely for an income.
Historical exemplars of ‘unsustainable’ human activity rarely need reinterpretation as history is awash
with them from collapse of empires to famine and spread of disease (Hugé, 2012). ‘Sustainability’ as a
discrete concept was not formally recognised until such publications as, conservationist and marine
biologist Carson’s (1962) ‘The Silent Spring’ chronicled the pathogenic consequences of pesticides
(DDT) and, ecologist, Hardin’s (1968) ‘Tragedy of the Commons’ on individual self-interest usurping
common resources to the detriment of individuals themselves (Tuazon et al, 2013; Hugé, 2012; Du
Pisani, 2006). Themes in these books encapsulated pre-industrial, industrial revolution (circa 1760 -
1840) and post-industrial thinking (Tuazon et al, 2013; Waas et al, 2011; Hugé, 2012; Du Pisani,
2006). Malthus (1798) wrote on exponential population growth outstripping linear food production
capacity. Later Jevons (1865), a UK-based physical scientist, invoking Malthus (1798) and citing
German-based, thermodynamics founder Clausius, argued the unsustainability of coal and need to find
alternative energy sources (i.e. wind/water/tidal mills to power ‘magneto-electric machines’). Despite
gaining full knowledge of non-renewable resource exhaustibility, the issue still remains irresolute.
Extending Adam Smith’s (1776) sentiments Veblen (1899) wrote of ‘conspicuous consumption’
amongst the leisure classes, revisited by Galbraith (1958) reflecting on US affluence. Veblen (1904)
also theorised about the formation of business enterprise - latterly recognised as evolutionary
institutional economics (Potts, 2007; Wray, 2007; Hodgson, 2007) aligning him with the views of
6. Keynes (1936) whose ideas made way for the Bretton-Woods Accord, IMF2
and GATT3
. The latter
was subsequently dismantled by global, pro-Smith liberal democracy commencing in 1979 (Skringar
& Stevens, 2008), concomitant with Porter’s (1980) writings on the competitive diamond strategy
model followed by ‘The Competitive Advantage of Nations’ (1990) in which he asserted wealth is
created by choice not national endowments (i.e. raw resources and other factors) thus debunking Smith
(1776). Ironically, these machinations, ruled rather by the ‘invisible hand’ than by fate, are illustrated
in 2002 where a count of the 100 largest global economies, revealed the majority (51%) were
corporations, not nation states (Hertz, 2002). Forbes’ (2013) ranked list of the largest global public
corporations, calculated using 4 composite metrics ($ value of sales, profit, assets and market value)
shows of the top 25 companies, 36% are banks, 44% involve fossil fuel either as a producer (32%) or
downstream electrical/automotive products supplier (12%) and 16% are non-material service
organisations (ITC, non-banking services).
In 1972 ‘sustainability’ was ratified in the UN4
’s agenda as it appeared in the Stockholm
Declaration (Hugé, 2012; Waas et al, 2011) setting a politico-social precedent of import for non-
renewable resource industry participants and the onus for associated environmental damage. Prima
facie undermining sovereignty of oil-producing nations (Scott, 2002), along with US withdrawal from
the Bretton-Woods Accord in 1971 (changing oil currency to USD), contributed to the 1973 energy
crisis spearheaded by OAPEC5
and OPEC6
members. The actions of these ‘cartels’ had significant
future ramifications in suring up national energy security providing context to Porter’s model of
competitive strategy and future renunciation of national endowments being the harbinger of wealth.
Notably since the 1970’s, electricity doubled its share in the energy market whilst share of all other
energy sources declined (barring nuclear energy), and now accounts for 17% of the total global energy
market, marginally behind oil (Lenzen, 2010). In 2006 fossil fuels accounted for 67% of global
electricity generation comprising coal (41%), gas (20%) and oil (6%) followed by nuclear fuel (15%),
and renewables at 18%, led by hydro (16%) with coal and nuclear fuels used for base loading and gas
2
International Monetary Fund
3
General Agreement on Trade & Tariffs
4
United Nations
5
Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
6
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
7. and oil as back-ups, to offset peaks and cater to dispersed (regional) load requisites (Lenzen, 2010).
Whilst international support for nuclear R&D rose sharply between 1974 and 2002 (IPCC, 2007),
fossil-fuel energy is expected to retain primacy until at least 2030 (Lenzen, 2010).
The notion of sustainability that prevails today was enshrined in the World Conference in
Environmental Development and specifically the Brundtland report that espoused its global agenda for
change (WCED, 1987). It is committed to intergenerational equity and more explicitly sustainable
development acknowledging “present state of technology…social organization” (WCED, 1987: 4) and
poignantly biophysical capacity for renewal. The IPCC7
was formed in 1988 by UNEP8
and WMO9
.
With members in 195 countries, it is a global suppository for climate knowledge volunteered by
thousands of research scientists and publishes its assessments (now in their 5th iteration) in a
transparent participatory process. Four base future scenarios have been formulated (IPCC, 2000) and
expanded revolving around economic growth and environmental focus interpolated with scale
emphasis (globalisation/regionalisation) (see Figure 1) yielding numerous extrapolations of ‘current’
trajectories coupled to future outcomes. Scenario B1 or B2 is favoured, resulting in decreasing
anthropogenic GHG10
emissions - foremostly carbon released by burning fossil fuels such as coal.
[Insert Figure 1 here]
The IPCC scenarios are intended as a reference for discourse and metrics and wherein
economics and the environment appear divergent, the scientific and environmental literature
emphasises evolution towards conciliation (see Figure 2).
[Insert Figure 2 here]
Sustainable environmental management in various guises has had at its disposal three policy-
drivers embodied in climate change mitigation instruments: 1) economic (subsidies, taxes including
exemptions and credits); 2) regulatory (mandated targets, minimum performance standards, auto-
exhaust emission control); and 3) consultative/voluntary processes (information dissemination,
strategic planning, community/stakeholder consultation/volunteerism, (in-)formal agreements) (IPCC,
2007). Progression towards positive change using these three levers has not reached desirable targets.
7
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
8
United Nations Environment Programme
9
World Meteorological Organization
10
Greenhouse gas
8. Findings from the pilot study and reviewed literature indicate this failure may be due to paradoxes (see
Table 1) and consequent misconstruals and miscommunications between business and science of their
understandings and activities resulting in misaligned efforts. Not aiding the cause is adoption and
reworking of past ideas conditional on their contemporary social re-constructability thus, in reality
very few, if any environmental sustainability issues have been resolved than have been exacerbated.
INDUSTRY CASE ANALYSIS
Burning brown coal to generate electricity emits one third more GHG’s than black coal, three
times more than natural gas (the lowest of all non-renewable fuels) and sixty two times more than
current renewable fuels (Tarlo, 2002). In Australia domestic reliance on brown coal switched from
black coal coinciding with the global energy crisis in 1973 (ABREE, 2012a). Driven by global energy
(oil) insecurity and shifting demand, black coal became a high value commodity export which now
accounts for 61% of Australian energy commodity exports, outstripping uranium (25%), natural gas
(8%) and oil (7%) (ABREE, 2012b). Brown coal surpassed black coal for domestic use in 1986/87
and has remained unchallenged since (ABREE, 2012a). From 2007 to 2011 use of natural gas
increased by 7% to 21%, offsetting a fall in coal of 10% to 56%, although coal still accounts for 78%
of base load; of renewables, hydro fell by 3% to 16% and wind increased by 2.5% to 4% (AER, 2007;
2011). Coal-fired electricity generation trumps alternate energies as it is cheaper to generate and
allows control in supply continuity, noting electricity storage technology does not yet exist (Trainer,
1995). Barriers to adopting alternative energies include the need and time lag involved in constructing
and operationalising infrastructure mitigating against attaining equivalent economies of scale;
problems with grid integration (wind); geographical mismatch (water catchments for hydro, carbon
capture/storage, biomass variability); diminishing resources (uranium, water loss for hydro due to
aridification); cost (photovoltaic, solar concentrating technologies); and, reliance on constant weather
conditions, now in an increasing state of flux (Lenzen, 2010; Trainer, 1995).
Victoria and South Australia are the only states using brown coal (accounting for 92% and 26%
of generation respectively) (ABREE, 2012c) and are also the only states in which the industry is
unregulated. Renewable hydro accounts for 82% of generation in Tasmania, which is fully regulated
(AER, 2011). Generation from renewable fuels accounts for 5.4% in Victoria and 86% in Tasmania.
9. In 2010-11 Victoria’s total consumption of electricity was four times that of Tasmania however, the
former generated a surplus and the latter a deficit (ABREE, 2012d). Conventional coal-fired power
stations in the La Trobe Valley (significantly containing 25% of global brown coal reserves) supply
67% of Victoria’s electricity exclusively from adjacent coal mines. To add context to scale, Loy Yang
A, one of four power stations, uses 60,000 tonnes of coal extracted in 24 hour shifts, along with
1million litres of water per hour (Loy Yang Power, 2011). Figure 3, commencing with generation,
summarises the industry supply chain for both Tasmania and Victoria, gleaned from systematic review
of Governmental and regulatory bodies and annual company reports, topical to the following analysis.
[Insert Figure 3 here]
Competitive dynamics
Around 60% of Victoria’s electricity industry is foreign-owned, albeit variously in generation
(67%), transmission (100%), distribution (53%) and retail operations (25%). La Trobe Valley contains
both the least and most efficient power stations, viz. foreign-owned Hazelwood (GDF Suez
International UK) and Australian-owned Loy Yang A (AGL Ltd). Vertical and horizontal cross-
ownership is evident in the supply chain. For example, CLP Holdings Hong Kong, an Asian-based
electricity generator, transmitter and retailer, has 24% share of generation and 25% of retail
operations. Temasek, a Singaporean based investment bank, holds 100% of transmission and a 33%
stake in distribution (via 3 trading entities). It is “governed by the…Singapore Companies Act
(Temasek, 2012b) and invests in “transforming economies…growing middle income populations…[in
a portfolio of]…telecommunications, media, financial services, real estate, transportation, logistics,
energy, resources, infrastructure, engineering, technology, bioscience, healthcare” (Temasek, 2012a).
Underlying the structural layering and trading entities in Victoria (impacting Tasmania via
Basslink) is horizontally integrated, foreign and non-foreign, cross-ownership concentration at crucial
leverage points in the supply chain (i.e. transmission><distribution; generation><retail) and
horizontally integrated cross-ownership in fuel types (i.e. non-renewable and renewable alternatives to
brown coal). Retailing in multiple fuels is evident amongst 3 of 5 retailers, collectively holding 80%
share of the voluminous residential and small business markets. However, two of these retailers (AGL
Ltd and Australian Energy owned by CLP Holdings Hong Kong) who hold 50% share in these
10. markets, sell both non-renewables (coal and gas) and renewables, but are themselves coal-fired
electricity generators, supplying over one third of coal-powered electricity in Victoria. Indeed, AGL
Ltd owns the brown coal mine supplying various generators in the La Trobe Valley.
Pricing
The highest price increases across the supply chain in 2011-12 were recorded amongst
distributors SP AusNet at 23.5% (51% owned by Temasek and 49% by private direct shareholders);
Jemena at 10.5% (100% owned by SPI, in turn 100% owned by Temasek); then, United Energy at
9.6% (34% owned by Jemena which is 100% owned by SPI, in turn 100% owned by Temasek) (AER,
2011). Collectively these entities represent 61% of all distributors in Victoria whose customers are
defined as ‘connections’, in turn serviced by retailers - the interface for consumers, who meter and bill
customers adding their on-costs and margins - as such, there is a highly interdependent relationship
between distributors and retailers but no direct relationship between distributors and consumers.
Composition of residential electricity bills (AER, 2011; AEMC, 2011; United Energy, 2012b;
Aurora, 2012a) shows the proportional contribution of wholesale electricity costs in Tasmania (hydro)
is the same as Victoria (coal-powered) (34%) and Tasmania’s green costs (carbon emissions/
efficiency schemes) significantly exceed Victoria’s (11% cf. 3%). This is also the case for distribution
cost contributions (48% cf. 36%) despite Victoria’s larger population size. Victoria’s retail cost
contributions far exceed Tasmania’s (27% cf. 8%) due to its larger population size.
Financial Performance/Investment
Using revenue, profit and asset utilisation as indicators from annual company and other reports,
a comparison between Victoria’s, AGL Ltd (generation/retail businesses) and Tasmania’s Aurora
Energy (generation/transmission/ distribution/retail) and Hydro Tasmania (generation/minor other
activity) shows AGL’s brown coal-powered generation activity alone recorded greater revenue in 2012
than did Aurora and Hydro Tasmania together ($3,2126M cf. $1,493M and $1,051M respectively). It
is unsurprising given the difference in customer numbers. However, whilst Hydro Tasmania, with one
sixth the asset base of AGL’s generation business performed twice better than AGL in capitalising its
assets to create total revenue (even when paying 7 times more tax), AGL is actually five times more
profitable overall and three times better at turning a profit from its coal-power assets. Aurora recorded
11. one third more revenue than Hydro Tasmania, but performed 20% to 30% less well in respect to
utilising its assets to generate revenue and turn a profit.
Government Initiatives/Activity
In 2012 the New South Wales, Victorian and Federal Governments bought into the Victorian
electricity market by launching hydro power from Snowy Mountain Hydro. Momentum (the trading
arm of Hydro Tasmania) retained by the Tasmanian Government bought hydro into the Victorian and
South Australian electricity markets retailing under purchased licence agreements. Although Hydro
Tasmania (2012) does not explicate “direct operating expenses” in its annual financial reports, via a
process of exclusion, it is assumed the figure of $101.9 M cited in a footnote is wholly or partly
attributable to Momentum’s retail operations.
During the 2011-12 financial year Aurora (Hydro Tasmania’s bill collector) reported a tenfold
increase in hardship payments by customers from an almost zero base, costing $326K and impacting
2,451 customers (Aurora Energy, 2012a). In the same financial year, Aurora incurred no tax, its
revenue and underlying profit reached a four year peak as did dividends paid to the Tasmanian
Government, yet its capital expenditure was the lowest in four years.
An initiative to convert brown coal into non-conventional crude oil to process into diesel, jet
fuel and petroleum has been funded by the Federal Government. It comprises the Victorian
Government, international parties from Japan, Australian companies in joint international venture,
CSIRO, a university and CPL Holdings Hong Kong. The relative investment value of brown coal is
thus poised to skyrocket from its current low base reflecting a shift in value based on desirability
expecting to rival oil (Grant Thornton, 2010) guaranteeing an increase, not lessening in its use.
Commitment to Sustainability
Comparison across corporate statements allied to annual reports of reviewed operating entities
in Victoria and Tasmania reveals complete omission by Temasek of any statement on the environment
or sustainability - in lieu, complete focus on shareholder returns. Of all reports reviewed, Hydro
Tasmania’s (2009) is outstanding as it goes beyond a statement (and platitudes) to an action plan and
evaluation of it. Its commitment to the environment is fortified by its investment and activity of its
consulting arm Entura (2010).
12. DISCUSSION - SOME STEPPING STONES
We initially raised paradoxes and terminological issues as they represent a limitation to
interdisciplinary study, discourse and joint action on sustainability. After defining the concept we
tangibly demonstrated tensions between fossil fuel’s menacing contribution to global climate change
effects begging “nothing short of an energy revolution” (Lenzen, 2010: 475) and the reality of locked-
in thinking and action, as palpable as the physical infrastructure to which it capitulates. Escalating
global oil and gas prices will again place reliance on coal - anticipated to increase to 46% by 2030
(Lenzen, 2010) on top of a volumetrically expanding energy demand base11
. These forecasts, together
with dominance of banks in the world’s top public companies and our preliminary findings suggest a
very strong institutional economic agenda, as propagated by Veblen (1904) driving the sustainability
mandate. It also portends the IPCC’s A1FI scenario as an increasing likely and persistent reality. That
economic incentives are not hastening change suggests we may have reached the point where
inefficiencies can no longer be driven out of the system (Galbraith, 1952) noting monetary controls
only work if competition prevails. Capitalising on efficiency (per ‘Natural Capitalism’) is thus
anathema if business feeds off and thrives on institutionalised inefficiency. Oligopolies operating at
the root of the electricity supply chain around which multifarious supporting industries have formed
and congealed, collectively lock out alternatives. Oligopolists maximise profit via price setting,
significantly impacting others around them and downstream of the supply chain. A small number of
players are a surety if entry barriers are dictated by economies of scale, viz. the ability to marshal
sufficient capitalisation to acquire substantial assets and also withstand lengthy marginal cost pricing.
Especially attractive is little or no product differentiation such that end-users cannot contest price on
product quality nor ‘knowable’ costs (Redmond, 2013). Contestation is negated by gaps between
consumers and cost leveragers (i.e. distributors) exacerbated by regulations sanctioning transfer of
“costs to consumers and taxpayers” (Lenzen, 2010: 468) throughout the supply chain so cost
apportionment is less transparent, counter-intuitively levelised or justified. History reveals at points in
industry evolution characterised by acquisitions/mergers and/or significant mutual interdependencies
that collusive behaviour naturally occurs engulfing entire supply chains (Redmond, 2013). Vertical
11
Energy demand in Australia is increasing at a rate of 2% per annum (Trainer, 2012).
13. integration allows cost control via ‘cherry-picking’ one’s own supply chain (promoting ‘skimming’)
and horizontal integration allows ‘milking’ profit from existing (cash cow) business activities thus
promoting control over profit-sapping change to alternatives. Collectively, this delays adoption of
alternative forms of energy, annuls market contestability and renders regulators powerless to prove
individual cases of anti-competitive conduct. Capitalisation to acquire and/or develop substantial
essential service assets and infrastructure has doubtless attracted (and will attract) distinct prospective
- in Australia’s case - foreign buyers buoyed by desirable conditions of scarcity and high demand. In
this sense it is to be expected oligopolies will proliferate, perhaps globally, in essential services. The
question is how does one regulate ‘imperfect’ oligopolistic competition - especially as the most
capitalised entities in the world are, in fact, corporations and not nation states?
‘Perfect competition’ is non-collusive as Federal regulations target anti-competitive practices,
but ‘imperfect competition’ (i.e. oligopolies) is not as clear. Whilst, uncompetitive behaviour arising
between sellers is directly addressed, between sellers and buyers ‘contestability’ is implied by
consumer choice, however such contestability naturally favours sellers as consumers rarely have
information to wage a contest. Thus information (and informed choice) takes precedence which is
embodied in fair trading legislation (usually at state-level) (Redmond, 2013). Competition between
buyers (e.g. auctions), occurs on the basis of wants underpinned by aspirational affluence - the heart of
the marketing function - which is not directly addressed in any legislation12
. Such competition has the
potential to spur conspicuous over-consumption, especially of downstream products, sold by
supporting industries which, in this instance, fuels energy demand and consumption. Clearly de-
consumption, voluntary or otherwise, will not and cannot occur in this scenario if electricity costs
increase - rather it may create an aspirational ‘luxury’ out of energy consumption (already the case
amongst high per capita energy consuming nations).
Competition inherently involves secrecy, capital-raising and monopolistic self-interest which,
for government translates to lack of transparency, gouging tax payers to raise funds and sanctioning
vertical/horizontal integration. The case study illustrated that free market dynamics, operating in one
part of the system, can dictate directionality and set priorities for the entire system, in the process
12
Barring some pertaining to children
14. either co-opting or denuding governance and disempowering consumers. Governments, charged with
developing and enforcing legislation are not primed to compete with the private sector, mandated in
the Australian Constitution, but facilitated nonetheless by an overhaul in competition policy in 1993,
spawning the ACCC13
and splitting administrative and government business activity, simultaneous to
investiture of privatisation in Australia. It is now evident the ‘rule-makers’ have become players - or at
least, part of the game - much the same as has occurred on a global scale. Presently reliance on de-
railed/denuded governance remains unworkable.
Findings of our pilot study involving two states in Australia revealed systemic barriers to fossil
fuel replacement addressing the core of sustainability issues. Supported by interdisciplinary
knowledge and collaborative scholarship we now embark on broader explorations with anticipation of
unearthing national and international implications of import.
13
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission
15. TABLE 1: Notional Semiotic Comparison of Generic and Specialised Terms and Concepts in “Sustainability” in Science and Business
Term/Concept Business characterisation/definition Science characterisation/definition Sustainability definition should…
Scarcity A highly desirable state primed for investment - when
coupled with demand it is a “perfect storm” to initiate
business activity &/or for growth.
A state of crisis - when coupled with demand a
precursor of systemic collapse e.g. depletion of:
water resources; minerals from soils (which food
crops are reliant on), forests (vital to replenish
oxygen and make medicines) etc.
Default to science as exploiting scarcity (coupled with
demand) will ultimately result in systemic collapse (e.g.
overfishing). Establishing & monitoring thresholds & tipping
points is vital. Exploiting or artificially creating scarcity
presages social inequality & inequity in access (affordability
of & access to water, food, medicines etc.).
Renewable & Non-
renewable
Non-renewable resources/commodities (e.g. oil, coal)
are finite thus implicitly hold most value due to
monetisability, tradability (acquire/divest),
transactionability (currency), commodifiability &
bankruptability. Renewable resources/ commodities
are in infinite supply & are less valued.
Renewable resources (e.g. water) - used &/or
extracted which may become commodities - hold
most value as they are infinitely cycling and maintain
biophysical equilibrium and feedbacks (recycling).
Non-renewable (finite) resources hold less value.
Default to science as depletion of non-renewable, finite
resources causes biophysical disequilibrium and breaks
‘environmental value chains’ increasing potential for whole
of system collapse. Pivotal to ‘environmental’ business
activity (e.g. eco-tourism for protected areas) invokes value-
‘abilities’ (re. trade, commodification, bankruptcy etc).
Shareholder Individual/entity that invests in a business enterprise
who is entitled to a return (gain or loss) in direct
proportion to their original investment based on the
activities and output of the business.
Not used in environmental science. Those reaping
returns of environmental interventions and/or actions
are placed in the same group (i.e. original land
owners plus the community plus society plus the
media plus the supply chain etc.).
Default to business so that the “environment” and “people”
are actually deemed shareholders along with those who
directly invest capital - thus, securing environmental and
social returns on investment - sharing in gains not just losses.
Stakeholder A person/entity/group who has a vested interests in
part or whole of business activities and outcomes and
who stand to benefit (e.g. supply chain) or add
leverage to the same (e.g. media, government via
lobbying).
Anyone party to the outcomes of environmental
issues/initiatives (irrespective of positive or negative
impact).
Default to business so that escalation of the environmental
“cause” can be achieved through leveraging (which serves to
empower those who have a direct investment in outcomes,
viz. the environment and those impacted (e.g. original land
owners).
Natural Capitalism Backfilling business operations/activities to attain
cost-efficiencies, leverage productivity gains and
increase profit margins (Dunphy et al 2007).
Coined from ‘natural capital’ meaning “water,
minerals, oil, trees, fish, soil, air…” Hawken et al
(1999; 2010), it has 4 core principles - 1) same per
business; 2) re-engineering production & extraction
processes, re-using waste & by-products; 3) reinvest
in nature & 4) producers & consumers benefit/profit
from durable, quality and re-usable products.
Default to science as business’ definition equates to
‘business as usual’ re. avoiding costs. Any ‘conservation
measures’ will again be exhausted in future (i.e. if energy for
a given output was decreased by one third per IPCC14
, 2007
targets, but output increased by 3% annually due to
productivity and efficiency gains - in 14 years we’d be back
to current consumption levels and dilemmas (Trainer, 1995).
14
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
16. Term/Concept Business characterisation/definition Science characterisation/definition Sustainability definition should…
Adaption/
Adaptation
Generic terms commonly employed in discussion of
internal and external (macro- & operating
environment) pressures for organisational change
(e.g. Ansoff’s (1990) Turbulence model; Hannan &
Freeman’s (1977) Population Ecology model;
Greiner’s (1972) organisational life-cycle model; &
dialectic/political process perspectives: Pugh, 1997;
Benson, 1977; Weber, 1947a & 1947b).
Barring Population Ecology, techniques can be
employed by management assuring resilience/
fortification against destabilising change
(challenging, driving, matching or embracing it via
transformational or incremental interventions).
Reflexive individual, inter- & intra-organisational &
combinations are recognised as effective resilience-
building measures (see Skringar & Stevens, 2008, p.
386; Argote & Ophir, 2005; Schulz, 2005; Ingram,
2005; Tainio et al, 2001; Antal et al, 2001; Child &
Heavens, 2001; Senge, 1990; Argyris & Schon, 1978)
.
The process by which an organism &/or ecosystem
attempts to achieve a better fit in the system/natural
environment it is part of in the presence of long-
standing biophysical change and/or disturbance for
the sake of its survival.
(Anthropogenically induced change poses an extra
burden in addition to naturally occurring biophysical
change)
Default to science as, in reaction to anthropogenically caused
change (i.e. practices not in harmony with the rate at which
the planet is able to renew and thus regulate itself), the
environment adapts in ways which are deleterious for human
society.
It is not and will not be possible for human society to adapt
to escalating countervailing environmental threats (e.g.
extreme weather events) and thus requires society to re-
organise itself, as soon as possible, so as to align with the
actual biophysical limits of the planet and its ecosystems for
the survival of society.
Resilience The ability of an organism to cope with induced
biophysical change and/or disturbance to its natural
environment - “the extent to which a system can
absorb recurrent natural and human perturbations and
continue to regenerate without slowly degrading or
even unexpectedly flipping into undesirable states”
(Folke et al, 2005, pp. 442-3).
Default to science as resilience begins with accurate
understanding of critical factors including tight feedbacks
allowing detection of thresholds before they are crossed, in
order to heighten reflexive learning and to better plan and
adaptively manage the process which leads to better
alignment of policy, structures, institutions and most
importantly societal values to new realities.
17. Economic Growth
EnvironmentalFocus
Low
Low
High
Global RegionalScale Emphasis
HighFIGURE 1: IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarios (2000) - Four Base Scenarios Current to 4th Assessment (2007) & Modelled Impacts
Modelled Impacts
~ Scenarios A1 & A2 ~
Eco-system adaptation capacity exceeded by 2100
+ Freshwater systems compromised – water scarcity & inaccessibility
+ GHG emissions alter climate – increased temperatures & extreme weather
events
20-30% species extinction once temperatures rise 2
o
-3
o
C above pre-
industrial levels
o Decreased cereal crop & pasture yields due to soil degradation & water
depletion
o Rapid increase in marine-life extinctions & significant biodiversity loss
+ Coastal erosion due to climate change induced, sea level rise & extreme
weather events
Increase in disease/change in disease vectors due to food scarcity/dietary
shifts, weather events, water impurity & poor air quality
Population migration/relocation from damaged/unhealthy areas
+ Infrastructure failure to cope with climate change & extreme weather
(e.g. fire, floods) & escalating remediation costs
------------------
+ Relevant currently to 2030 in Australia
o Future indications for Australia
Australia New Zealand
Problem hotspots: S-West WA Northland Bay of Plenty
Kakadu Eastern seaboard
Tropical & S-East QLD
Alpine zones
Murray-Darling Basin
A1 Scenario
World: market-oriented; regional convergence
Economy: fastest per capita growth; â regional
differences in per capita growth
Population: 2050 peak, then decline
Governance: strong regional interactions;
á cultural/social interactivity
Energy Technology: sub-scenario groups -
A1F1: fossil intensive (assumed 33% â by 2100)
* A1T: non-fossil energy sources
* A1B: balanced across sources
* contingent on introduction of unknown technologies
A2 Scenario
World: differentiated; heterogenous & self-reliant
Economy: regionally oriented/(low trade flows);
Lowest per capita growth; sustained per capita
income gap between industrialised & non-
industrialised regions
Population: continuously increasing
Governance: self-reliance with preservation of
local identities
Energy Technology: slowest and most
fragmented development
B1 Scenario
World: convergent (globalised)
Economy: rapid growth due to economic
restructuring; âmaterialism; á focus in service
& information services; lower growth than A1
Population: same as A1
Governance: equitable global solutions to
economic, social & environmental sustainability
Energy Technology: clean & energy resource
efficient
B2 Scenario
World: divergent (localised)
Economy: intermediate growth
Population: continuously increasing at lower rate
than A2
Governance: equitable local & regional solutions
to economic, social & environmental sustainability
Energy Technology: more rapid than A2; less
rapid, more diverse than A1/B1
Adapted from: IPCC (2007). Climate Change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Working Group II,
Fourth Assessment. Geneva, Switzerland.
Extracted from: IPCC (2007). Climate Change 2007: Impacts, adaptation
and vulnerability. Working Group II, Fourth Assessment. Geneva, Switzerland.
18. FIGURE 2: Evolution of Environmental Sustainability Models cited in the Literature
Adapted from: Multiple sources in general literature.
Present
Environment
EconomySociety
Three Pillars Model
(convergence represents
‘sustainability space’)
Three Nested Ring Model
(componential, ‘Russian Doll’
cored/anchored by economy)
Nested Dependencies Model
(ecologically-bounded
hierarchy ordered)
*Mickey Mouse Model
(economic primacy flanked by
‘heeding’ offshoots)
* Included for illustration purposes only.
19. Generation
Victoria - La Trobe Valley Power stations (% generated for VIC1 & % ownership
67% foreign owned
· 24% - Loy Yang A + mine - 100% AGL Ltd
· 16 % - Yallourn - 100% ‘Australian Energy’ (100% CLP Holdings Hong Kong)
· 17% - Hazelwood - 100% GDF Suez International U.K.
· 11% - Loy Yang B - 92% GDF Suez International U.K.
GDF Suez International U.K. - 43% (horizontally integrated generation)
CLP Holdings Hong Kong - 24% (vertically integrated generation and retail)
___________
Tasmania - (% generated1 & % ownership) - 100% Government owned
· 86% - Hydro Tasmania (hydro-powered) - 100% Tasmanian State Government
· 14% - Aurora Energy (hydro + gas powered*) - 100% Tasmanian State Government
*Tamar Valley powered by gas sourced from Victoria; Bell Bay is hydro
Transmission
Victoria - ( % ownership)
100% foreign owned
· Basslink Interconnector (TAS + VIC) - 100% CitySpring Infrastructure Fund
(28% Temasek Holdings Singapore + 72% Investors via Temasek portfolio)
· SPI Power Net Pty Ltd (VIC network) - 100% SPI ‘Singapore Power
International’ (100% Temasek Holdings Singapore)
Temasek (direct & indirect) - 100%
(vertically & horizontally integrated transmission & distribution)
___________
Tasmania - 100% Government owned
· Aurora Energy - 100% Tasmanian State Government
· Transend - 100% Tasmanian State Government
Distribution
Victoria - (% share of customer connections2, ‘trading name’ & % ownership)
53% foreign owned
· 27% - ‘Powercor’ - 51% Cheung Kong Infrastructure/Power Asset Holdings
+ 49% Spark Infrastructure
· 24% - ‘SP AusNet’ - 51% SPI (100% Temasek Holdings Singapore) + 49%
Institutional, retail & high net worth individual investors
· 25% - ‘United Energy’- 66% DUET Group + 34 % Jemena (100% SPI = 100%
Temasek Holdings Singapore)
· 12 % - ‘Citipower’ - 51% Cheung Kong Infrastructure/Power Asset Holdings
+ 49% Spark Infrastructure
· 12% - ‘Jemena’ - 100% SPI = 100% Temasek Holdings Singapore
Temasek - 33%
(vertically & horizontally integrated transmission & distribution)
Cheung Kong Infrastructure - 20%
(horizontally integrated distribution)
___________
Tasmania - 100% Government owned
· Aurora Energy - 100% Tasmanian State Government
Retail
Victoria - (% market share of residential & small business customers3 & % foreign ownership)
25% foreign owned
· 25% - AGL Ltd (vertically integrated generation & retail; horizontally integrated electricity, gas & renewables)
· 30% - Origin Energy (horizontally integrated electricity, and gas)
· 25% - Australian Energy (100% CLP Holdings Hong Kong) (vertically integrated generation & retail; horizontally
integrated electricity, gas & renewables)
· 15% - Others (including Tasmania’s ‘Momentum’)
· 5% - Victorian Government
CLP Holdings Hong Kong - 25% (vertically integrated generation and retail)
___________
Tasmania - 100% Government owned
· Aurora Energy - 100% Tasmanian State Government (fully vertically integrated; horizontally integrated
electricity & gas+)
· Momentum* - 100% Hydro Tasmania (100% Tasmanian State Government) (via Hydro Tasmania vertically
integrated with hydro-electricity generation & renewables)
+ Competes with Tas Gas & LPG suppliers.
* Retails hydro-powered energy to small-medium businesses and residents in Victoria.
FIGURE 3: Industry Supply Chain
(Victoria & Tasmania), November, 2012
Data sources: Company reports & websites (see references)
Energy & Water Ombudsman Victoria (2012)
1 AER (2011) p. 103; Snowy Hydro Ltd (2013); AGL Ltd (2012a); GDF Suez Energy International, 2012
2 AER (2011) p. 56
3 AER (2011) p. 56
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