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Single-cell RNA sequencing
Bulk RNA-seq vs. scRNAseq
1 2 3 4
Gene name
Gene list
Differentialexpression
***
*** ***
ns
Bulk RNA-seq vs. scRNAseq
1 2 3 4
Gene name
Gene list
Differentialexpression
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
Muscle Intestine
Neuron
***
*** ***
ns
Bulk RNA-seq vs. scRNAseq
1 2 3 4
Gene name
Gene list
Differentialexpression
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
Muscle Intestine
Neuron
기존의 bulk RNA-Seq로는 적은 수의 세포 때문에 생기는 영향은
드러나지 않을 가능성이 높다.
1 2 3 4
Target neuron
***
*** ***
ns
RNA-seq 시료
선충처럼 크기가 작은 생물은 total RNA 양도 적어,
bulk RNA-Seq에서는 수천, 수만 마리의 평균값 밖에 볼 수 없다.
Altun and Hall, 2005
Cell isolation  Indexing  Sequencing
Alignment  Dimensionality 축소  추가 분석
Cell isolation  Indexing  Sequencing
실험 과정
Cell isolation
Zhang et al., 2011
Whole organism
Cao et al., 2017
Cell에서 발현되는 transcript에 cell마다 서로 다른 label을 달아줌
Altun and Hall, 2005
Cell isolation
Synchronization
Zhang et al., 2011
Cell isolation
Growth
Zhang et al., 2011
Cell isolation
Cuticle 약화 Zhang et al., 2011
Cell isolation
Proteinase 처리 Zhang et al., 2011
Cell isolation
Isolated cells
Zhang et al., 2011
Indexing
Cao et al., 2017
RT (RNA  cDNA) Tagmentation & PCR
Indexing
Cao et al., 2017
RT (RNA  cDNA)
TranscriptAAAA
TTTT
Index
UMI
ACGACGCTCTTCCGATCT[8 bp UMI][10 bp index][30 dTs]VN
UMI (unique molecular identifier): 각 transcript마다 다른 게 붙음
Index: 각 well마다 다른 게 붙음
Indexing
Cao et al., 2017
RT (RNA  cDNA)
TranscriptAAAA
TTTT
Index
UMI cDNA
ACGACGCTCTTCCGATCT[8 bp UMI][10 bp index][30 dTs]VN
UMI (unique molecular identifier): 각 transcript마다 다른 게 붙음
Index: 각 well마다 다른 게 붙음
Indexing
Cao et al., 2017
Tagmentation
ds cDNA
Pooling & splitting
Tn5 transposase
이때도 indexing 하나 추가해서
다시 pooling & splitting 가능
Indexing
Cao et al., 2017
PCR
i5 index
i7 index
P5 adapter
P7 adapter
Indexing
Cao et al., 2017
i5 index
UMI
RT index
i7 index
[i5 index #] X [RT index #] X [i7 index #]  104~106 조합 가능
 이렇게 다 끝나면 전부 섞어서 한번에 sequencing 보낸다.
Paired-end로 양끝을 읽어 한쪽은 index 읽고 한쪽은 RNA도 읽기
96 bp 45 bp
Alignment  Dimensionality 축소  추가 분석
Alignment
시퀀싱 후에 paired-end read를 얻을 수 있는데, 이를 reference
genome에 align해서 어떤 transcript가 발현됐는지 확인한다.
Haas and Zody, 2010
Alignment 처리
Index 조합 정보(cell ID) + transcript 정보(gene ID)
108~109개 reads를 처리해서
각 cell마다 어떤 gene이 발현됐는지 통합해야 함
Alignment 처리
Index 조합 정보(cell ID) + transcript 정보(gene ID)
108~109개 reads를 처리해서
각 cell마다 어떤 gene이 발현됐는지 통합해야 함
Cell1 1 0 0 0 1 2 3 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
Cell2 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
Cell3 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
GeneID1
GeneID2
GeneID3
GeneID21
……
……
Alignment 처리
Index 조합 정보(cell ID) + transcript 정보(gene ID)
108~109개 reads를 처리해서
각 cell마다 어떤 gene이 발현됐는지 통합해야 함
Cell1 1 0 0 0 1 2 3 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
Cell2 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
Cell3 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
GeneID1
GeneID2
GeneID3
GeneID21
……
……
2만 개
유전자
104~105개
세포
104 rows (cell ID) X 20,000 columns (gene ID)도 크기 때문에,
직관적으로 보여주려면 차원을 축소시켜야 함
Dimensionality 축소 (예제: PCA)
Sample = ER+ or ER- 두 종류 (cell ID)
Expression = GATA3 or XBP1 두 종류 (gene ID)
Ringnér 2008
Dimensionality 축소 (예제: PCA)
Sample = ER+ or ER- 두 종류 (cell ID)
Expression = GATA3 or XBP1 두 종류 (gene ID)
Ringnér 2008
Dimensionality 축소 (예제: PCA)
Sample = ER+ or ER- 두 종류 (cell ID)
Expression = GATA3 or XBP1 두 종류 (gene ID)
두 유전자 발현 정보가 아니라, 이 둘을 적절히 조합한(linear
combination) PC1을 새로운 축으로 삼으면 차원 축소 가능.
Ringnér 2008
Dimensionality 축소(UMAP)
Cell1 1 0 0 0 1 2 3 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
Cell2 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
Cell3 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
GeneID1
GeneID2
GeneID3
GeneID21
……
……
20,000개짜리 gene 정보를 2~3개 축으로 축소
 요샌 t-SNE나 UMAP 등을 씀
Becht et al., 2018
그 외 분석
Cell마다 gene expression 확인 가능
Cell type 따라 평균 내면 정확도 높음
Cell type-specific expression 확인
모르는 cell type에 대한 marker 찾기
새로운 cell type ID
Developmental trajectory 예측
Becht et al., 2018
한계
Commercial product는 비쌈
ex) 10x Chromium은 16 rxn에 2,000만 원 + 시퀀싱 비용
한 cell에서 잡아낼 수 있는 유전자 종류 102개 수준
개별 세포가 실제 조직이라는 공간에서 어떻게
분포하는지는 알 수 없음
RNA 말고 다른 feature를 동시에 보는 일은 아직 어려움
가능한 사례 – heterogeneity 높은 경우
Bulk RNA-Seq scRNAseq
같은 cell line이라도 gene expression 차이가 큰 cancer cell
population 등에서는 새로운 현상을 보기에 유용하다.
가능한 사례 – 모르는 게 많을 경우
발생 중인 human cell 25만 개를
scRNAseq으로 분석 중
힘드니까 나머진 따로 물어보십쇼
감사합니다

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Single-cell RNA sequencing

  • 2. Bulk RNA-seq vs. scRNAseq 1 2 3 4 Gene name Gene list Differentialexpression *** *** *** ns
  • 3. Bulk RNA-seq vs. scRNAseq 1 2 3 4 Gene name Gene list Differentialexpression 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Muscle Intestine Neuron *** *** *** ns
  • 4. Bulk RNA-seq vs. scRNAseq 1 2 3 4 Gene name Gene list Differentialexpression 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Muscle Intestine Neuron 기존의 bulk RNA-Seq로는 적은 수의 세포 때문에 생기는 영향은 드러나지 않을 가능성이 높다. 1 2 3 4 Target neuron *** *** *** ns
  • 5. RNA-seq 시료 선충처럼 크기가 작은 생물은 total RNA 양도 적어, bulk RNA-Seq에서는 수천, 수만 마리의 평균값 밖에 볼 수 없다. Altun and Hall, 2005
  • 6. Cell isolation  Indexing  Sequencing Alignment  Dimensionality 축소  추가 분석
  • 7. Cell isolation  Indexing  Sequencing
  • 8. 실험 과정 Cell isolation Zhang et al., 2011 Whole organism Cao et al., 2017 Cell에서 발현되는 transcript에 cell마다 서로 다른 label을 달아줌 Altun and Hall, 2005
  • 11. Cell isolation Cuticle 약화 Zhang et al., 2011
  • 12. Cell isolation Proteinase 처리 Zhang et al., 2011
  • 14. Indexing Cao et al., 2017 RT (RNA  cDNA) Tagmentation & PCR
  • 15. Indexing Cao et al., 2017 RT (RNA  cDNA) TranscriptAAAA TTTT Index UMI ACGACGCTCTTCCGATCT[8 bp UMI][10 bp index][30 dTs]VN UMI (unique molecular identifier): 각 transcript마다 다른 게 붙음 Index: 각 well마다 다른 게 붙음
  • 16. Indexing Cao et al., 2017 RT (RNA  cDNA) TranscriptAAAA TTTT Index UMI cDNA ACGACGCTCTTCCGATCT[8 bp UMI][10 bp index][30 dTs]VN UMI (unique molecular identifier): 각 transcript마다 다른 게 붙음 Index: 각 well마다 다른 게 붙음
  • 17. Indexing Cao et al., 2017 Tagmentation ds cDNA Pooling & splitting Tn5 transposase 이때도 indexing 하나 추가해서 다시 pooling & splitting 가능
  • 18. Indexing Cao et al., 2017 PCR i5 index i7 index P5 adapter P7 adapter
  • 19. Indexing Cao et al., 2017 i5 index UMI RT index i7 index [i5 index #] X [RT index #] X [i7 index #]  104~106 조합 가능  이렇게 다 끝나면 전부 섞어서 한번에 sequencing 보낸다. Paired-end로 양끝을 읽어 한쪽은 index 읽고 한쪽은 RNA도 읽기 96 bp 45 bp
  • 20. Alignment  Dimensionality 축소  추가 분석
  • 21. Alignment 시퀀싱 후에 paired-end read를 얻을 수 있는데, 이를 reference genome에 align해서 어떤 transcript가 발현됐는지 확인한다. Haas and Zody, 2010
  • 22. Alignment 처리 Index 조합 정보(cell ID) + transcript 정보(gene ID) 108~109개 reads를 처리해서 각 cell마다 어떤 gene이 발현됐는지 통합해야 함
  • 23. Alignment 처리 Index 조합 정보(cell ID) + transcript 정보(gene ID) 108~109개 reads를 처리해서 각 cell마다 어떤 gene이 발현됐는지 통합해야 함 Cell1 1 0 0 0 1 2 3 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Cell2 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 Cell3 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 GeneID1 GeneID2 GeneID3 GeneID21 …… ……
  • 24. Alignment 처리 Index 조합 정보(cell ID) + transcript 정보(gene ID) 108~109개 reads를 처리해서 각 cell마다 어떤 gene이 발현됐는지 통합해야 함 Cell1 1 0 0 0 1 2 3 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Cell2 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 Cell3 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 GeneID1 GeneID2 GeneID3 GeneID21 …… …… 2만 개 유전자 104~105개 세포 104 rows (cell ID) X 20,000 columns (gene ID)도 크기 때문에, 직관적으로 보여주려면 차원을 축소시켜야 함
  • 25. Dimensionality 축소 (예제: PCA) Sample = ER+ or ER- 두 종류 (cell ID) Expression = GATA3 or XBP1 두 종류 (gene ID) Ringnér 2008
  • 26. Dimensionality 축소 (예제: PCA) Sample = ER+ or ER- 두 종류 (cell ID) Expression = GATA3 or XBP1 두 종류 (gene ID) Ringnér 2008
  • 27. Dimensionality 축소 (예제: PCA) Sample = ER+ or ER- 두 종류 (cell ID) Expression = GATA3 or XBP1 두 종류 (gene ID) 두 유전자 발현 정보가 아니라, 이 둘을 적절히 조합한(linear combination) PC1을 새로운 축으로 삼으면 차원 축소 가능. Ringnér 2008
  • 28. Dimensionality 축소(UMAP) Cell1 1 0 0 0 1 2 3 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Cell2 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 Cell3 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 GeneID1 GeneID2 GeneID3 GeneID21 …… …… 20,000개짜리 gene 정보를 2~3개 축으로 축소  요샌 t-SNE나 UMAP 등을 씀 Becht et al., 2018
  • 29. 그 외 분석 Cell마다 gene expression 확인 가능 Cell type 따라 평균 내면 정확도 높음 Cell type-specific expression 확인 모르는 cell type에 대한 marker 찾기 새로운 cell type ID Developmental trajectory 예측 Becht et al., 2018
  • 30. 한계 Commercial product는 비쌈 ex) 10x Chromium은 16 rxn에 2,000만 원 + 시퀀싱 비용 한 cell에서 잡아낼 수 있는 유전자 종류 102개 수준 개별 세포가 실제 조직이라는 공간에서 어떻게 분포하는지는 알 수 없음 RNA 말고 다른 feature를 동시에 보는 일은 아직 어려움
  • 31. 가능한 사례 – heterogeneity 높은 경우 Bulk RNA-Seq scRNAseq 같은 cell line이라도 gene expression 차이가 큰 cancer cell population 등에서는 새로운 현상을 보기에 유용하다.
  • 32. 가능한 사례 – 모르는 게 많을 경우 발생 중인 human cell 25만 개를 scRNAseq으로 분석 중
  • 33. 힘드니까 나머진 따로 물어보십쇼 감사합니다