This document provides commentary on several clauses in the Refugees Amendment Bill of 2016 from the Scalabrini Institute for Human Mobility in Africa.
Key concerns raised include:
- The proposed additions to exclusion from refugee status in clauses 2, 4, and 5 are too broad and could lead to exclusion of legitimate asylum seekers. Factors like serving a sentence, temporary return to country of origin, or late application should not automatically result in exclusion.
- The amendment to clause 8 giving the Department of Home Affairs more control over refugee policy could undermine independent oversight and public consultation.
- Proposed additions in clauses 15, 18 and 22 requiring financial assessments of asylum seekers and restricting late applications may be
The document provides comments on proposed amendments to South Africa's Refugees Amendment Bill of 2015 from the Scalabrini Institute for Human Mobility in Africa (SIHMA).
SIHMA raises concerns that several proposed amendments would excessively restrict access to asylum procedures and refugee status. Specifically, the additions of exclusions from refugee status under Sections 4 and 5 are too broad and could result in legitimate asylum seekers being denied protection. The changes to Sections 8, 21 and 22 regarding refugee reception offices and asylum applications may also overly burden asylum seekers and the system.
SIHMA recommends clarifying or removing several proposed amendments to align with international refugee law obligations. Overall, SIHMA argues that some proposals risk und
Statement of a Criminal Offence to National Police of Ukraine about internati...NABU Leaks
1. A Ukrainian politician filed a statement alleging that Ukrainian businessman Victor Pinchuk withdrew over $87 million from Ukrainian banks through offshore companies and laundered the money through his charity foundation.
2. The statement claims Pinchuk pledged Ukrainian bank funds to an Austrian bank through offshore companies that did not repay loans, allowing the Austrian bank to seize the funds.
3. The politician is requesting an investigation into whether Pinchuk's actions constitute criminal offenses related to money laundering and embezzlement, and for authorities to determine the full amounts and origins of any funds transferred to Pinchuk's charity.
Final Act Switzerland: Federal Act on the Freezing and Restitution of Illicit Assets Held by Foreign Politically Exposed Persons (Men and Women) or Foreign Illicit Assets Act FIAA
This document is the Federal Act on the Freezing and the Restitution of Illicit Assets Held by Foreign Politically Exposed Persons (Foreign Illicit Assets Act) passed by the Swiss Federal Assembly on December 18, 2015. The act allows Switzerland to freeze and confiscate assets located in Switzerland that were acquired through corruption or criminal acts by foreign politically exposed persons or their close associates. It establishes procedures for freezing assets pending mutual legal assistance requests from other countries, confiscating frozen assets if legal assistance fails, and returning confiscated assets to improve conditions in the country of origin.
A brief of the legal provisions governing the dowry law applicable in India. The parents, relatives and friends of both bride and groom are liable under the Act
The Special Marriage Act of 1872 and 1954 in Bangladesh and India aimed to provide a form of marriage for people of different religions or those not following major religions. Key provisions include allowing inter-religious and inter-caste marriages, minimum age of 18 for men and 14 for women, consent requirements, prohibiting polygamy and bigamy, and outlining grounds for divorce and provisions for alimony, child custody, and succession of property according to the Indian Succession Act of 1925. The 1954 Act expanded on the 1872 Act and established a self-contained system for solemnizing, registering, and dissolving marriages under its provisions.
The document outlines the procedures and conditions for solemnizing special marriages and registering marriages that were celebrated in other forms under the Special Marriage Act of India. Key points include:
1) Marriages can be solemnized if certain conditions are met, such as neither party having a living spouse, being of sound mind, being within prohibited degrees of relationship, and meeting the minimum age requirements.
2) Parties must provide notice of their intended marriage and this notice is published to allow for any objections.
3) If objections are made, the Marriage Officer will inquire and make a determination on whether the marriage can be solemnized, which can be appealed.
4) Marriages must be solemnized in
President Obama issued three executive orders imposing sanctions on individuals and entities responsible for undermining Ukraine's sovereignty. The sanctions restricted travel and imposed financial costs on Russia. The US sanctioned Russian and Ukrainian officials and companies, limited credit to Russian banks, and restricted exports related to Russia's energy sector. These coordinated actions with international partners aimed to make clear there are consequences for violating Ukraine's territorial integrity and encourage Russia to respect its international obligations regarding Ukraine.
The document provides comments on proposed amendments to South Africa's Refugees Amendment Bill of 2015 from the Scalabrini Institute for Human Mobility in Africa (SIHMA).
SIHMA raises concerns that several proposed amendments would excessively restrict access to asylum procedures and refugee status. Specifically, the additions of exclusions from refugee status under Sections 4 and 5 are too broad and could result in legitimate asylum seekers being denied protection. The changes to Sections 8, 21 and 22 regarding refugee reception offices and asylum applications may also overly burden asylum seekers and the system.
SIHMA recommends clarifying or removing several proposed amendments to align with international refugee law obligations. Overall, SIHMA argues that some proposals risk und
Statement of a Criminal Offence to National Police of Ukraine about internati...NABU Leaks
1. A Ukrainian politician filed a statement alleging that Ukrainian businessman Victor Pinchuk withdrew over $87 million from Ukrainian banks through offshore companies and laundered the money through his charity foundation.
2. The statement claims Pinchuk pledged Ukrainian bank funds to an Austrian bank through offshore companies that did not repay loans, allowing the Austrian bank to seize the funds.
3. The politician is requesting an investigation into whether Pinchuk's actions constitute criminal offenses related to money laundering and embezzlement, and for authorities to determine the full amounts and origins of any funds transferred to Pinchuk's charity.
Final Act Switzerland: Federal Act on the Freezing and Restitution of Illicit Assets Held by Foreign Politically Exposed Persons (Men and Women) or Foreign Illicit Assets Act FIAA
This document is the Federal Act on the Freezing and the Restitution of Illicit Assets Held by Foreign Politically Exposed Persons (Foreign Illicit Assets Act) passed by the Swiss Federal Assembly on December 18, 2015. The act allows Switzerland to freeze and confiscate assets located in Switzerland that were acquired through corruption or criminal acts by foreign politically exposed persons or their close associates. It establishes procedures for freezing assets pending mutual legal assistance requests from other countries, confiscating frozen assets if legal assistance fails, and returning confiscated assets to improve conditions in the country of origin.
A brief of the legal provisions governing the dowry law applicable in India. The parents, relatives and friends of both bride and groom are liable under the Act
The Special Marriage Act of 1872 and 1954 in Bangladesh and India aimed to provide a form of marriage for people of different religions or those not following major religions. Key provisions include allowing inter-religious and inter-caste marriages, minimum age of 18 for men and 14 for women, consent requirements, prohibiting polygamy and bigamy, and outlining grounds for divorce and provisions for alimony, child custody, and succession of property according to the Indian Succession Act of 1925. The 1954 Act expanded on the 1872 Act and established a self-contained system for solemnizing, registering, and dissolving marriages under its provisions.
The document outlines the procedures and conditions for solemnizing special marriages and registering marriages that were celebrated in other forms under the Special Marriage Act of India. Key points include:
1) Marriages can be solemnized if certain conditions are met, such as neither party having a living spouse, being of sound mind, being within prohibited degrees of relationship, and meeting the minimum age requirements.
2) Parties must provide notice of their intended marriage and this notice is published to allow for any objections.
3) If objections are made, the Marriage Officer will inquire and make a determination on whether the marriage can be solemnized, which can be appealed.
4) Marriages must be solemnized in
President Obama issued three executive orders imposing sanctions on individuals and entities responsible for undermining Ukraine's sovereignty. The sanctions restricted travel and imposed financial costs on Russia. The US sanctioned Russian and Ukrainian officials and companies, limited credit to Russian banks, and restricted exports related to Russia's energy sector. These coordinated actions with international partners aimed to make clear there are consequences for violating Ukraine's territorial integrity and encourage Russia to respect its international obligations regarding Ukraine.
This document announces the continuation of the national emergency with respect to Ukraine that was originally declared on March 6, 2014 in response to actions that undermined Ukraine's democracy, sovereignty, and territorial integrity. It notes that subsequent executive orders in 2014 and 2018 expanded the scope of the national emergency and imposed sanctions on Russia related to its occupation of Crimea and use of force in Ukraine. Due to the ongoing threats posed by these actions, the notice states that the national emergency and measures taken in response to it must remain in effect beyond March 6, 2021.
Detailed Presentation on Special Marriage Act, 1954
Made By:
Edited By: Ayush Patria, Sangam University, Bhilwara
Follow us on Instagram: @law_laboratory
Website: www.lawlaboratory.in
Article 7 prohibition of retrospective criminal lawHafizul Mukhlis
Article 7 of the document prohibits retrospective criminal laws in two parts. First, it prohibits punishing people for acts that were legal at the time. Second, it prohibits imposing greater punishment than what was prescribed by law at the time of the offense. The document discusses that retrospective changes to substantive criminal law and punishment are not allowed, while retrospective procedural changes are permitted. It analyzes a past court case, Loh Kooi Choon, where a constitutional amendment was found to improperly deprive someone of legal protections retroactively.
This document summarizes key portions of Thailand's Immigration Act from 1979. It outlines regulations regarding who can enter and remain in the country, including exceptions for diplomats and international organization employees. It also describes the process for immigration inspection and allows for detention of up to 48 hours if an alien is suspected of being inadmissible. Appeals of inadmissibility decisions can be made to the Minister of Interior.
The document summarizes key provisions of the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 in India. It outlines conditions for marriage such as neither party having a living spouse or being mentally unfit. It describes marriage ceremonies that must include seven steps around a sacred fire to be complete. It also discusses registering marriages with the state for proof. The document notes that courts may decree restitution of conjugal rights if one spouse withdraws without reasonable excuse or grant judicial separation if certain grounds are met.
Is the IRS a 3rd party debt collector for "The Treasury" of a foreign corpora...Niki Hannevig
The IRS is directed by international organizations rather than the US government. Pursuant to Treasury orders, the IRS is trained by the UN and collects taxes on behalf of international financial institutions like the IMF and World Bank. As members of INTERPOL, IRS agents expatriate their US citizenship and serve foreign principals rather than the United States. The IRS operates under international agreements rather than the US Constitution and collects taxes for private banks like the Federal Reserve rather than the US Treasury.
Christianity has a long history in Bangladesh. Christians follow the teachings of Jesus Christ and are divided into Roman Catholics and Protestants. The main source of Christian law is the Bible. Civil laws from the British era also apply to Christians. Under Christian marriage law, marriage is considered a lifelong union, though divorce is allowed under certain circumstances. The laws provide different grounds for divorce for men and women, discriminating against women. Reforms have been proposed to make the laws more equal.
Article 13 of the Malaysian Constitution establishes the right to property and places limitations on when property can be deprived. Article 13(1) states that no one can be deprived of property without a law authorizing such deprivation. However, the term "law" incorporates the concept of "jus" or legitimate law, providing some safeguards against arbitrary or unreasonable laws. Article 13(2) allows for acquisition of property for public purposes or purposes beneficial to the economic development of Malaysia, as long as adequate compensation is provided. The courts can determine what constitutes adequate compensation under the Constitution.
Restitution of conjugal_rights_bangladesh_._lastpptxShahjada Zihad
The document discusses the legal right to restitution of conjugal rights in Bangladesh. Some key points:
- Either spouse can sue the other for restitution of conjugal rights if the other party withdraws from living together without valid reason. This right exists under Muslim, Hindu, and Christian laws in Bangladesh.
- However, the courts have discretion and may refuse an order if there is cruelty, violence, lack of safety, or other reasonable excuses.
- Some court cases found that a unilateral plea for restitution of conjugal rights by a husband against a unwilling wife violates principles of equality and women's rights under the Bangladesh constitution. However, other cases upheld the law as constitutional.
The Foreign Marriage Act of 1969 establishes the conditions and procedures for solemnizing marriages between Indian citizens and foreign nationals abroad. Key points include:
- Marriages must meet conditions like neither party being currently married, both being of age, and not being close relatives.
- Parties must provide notice and publish the marriage intent. There is a process for objections.
- Marriages must be solemnized by a Marriage Officer according to procedures like location, witnesses, and declarations.
- Certificates are issued as proof of marriage and penalties are defined for things like bigamy or false declarations.
The document summarizes key parts of the Family Court Act 1964 of Pakistan. It establishes Family Courts in each district to handle matters related to marriage, divorce, child custody, and other family issues. The courts must have at least one woman judge and aim to resolve disputes through mediation and reconciliation where possible. They have exclusive jurisdiction over cases specified in the schedule, including divorce, dowry, and child custody. The courts also aim to determine maintenance amounts and their annual increase to support wives and children.
DAP - Justice Mariano del Castillo, separate concurring opinion raissarobles
This document discusses several consolidated petitions before the Supreme Court regarding the constitutionality of the Disbursement Acceleration Program (DAP). It provides background on the DAP and discusses the relevant constitutional provisions regarding the power of the President and other heads of offices to augment budgets using savings. It analyzes the nature, scope and rationale of the constitutional provision, and discusses the statutes implementing the power to augment budgets. The justice aims to balance preventing abuse of the power to augment with promoting effective use of public funds for the general welfare in determining the constitutionality of the DAP.
This document announces that the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) will now accept electronic signatures on third party documents included in mortgage insurance case binders. Third party documents are those originated outside of the mortgage lender's control, such as sales contracts. Lenders must ensure electronic signatures are clearly visible and employ the same standards of care for electronically signed documents as for paper documents. Lenders must also maintain case binders in hard copy or electronic format for two years after endorsement.
Myanmar_Transfer of Immovable Property and Restrictions Act 1987Dr. Oliver Massmann
This document summarizes key provisions of Burma's Transfer of Immoveable Property Restriction Act of 1987. The act places severe restrictions on foreigners and foreign-owned companies owning immovable property in Burma. It prohibits the sale, purchase, gift, pledge, exchange or transfer of immovable property to or from foreigners. It also prohibits leases of immovable property to foreigners for terms exceeding one year. Violations of the act can result in imprisonment of up to 5 years and confiscation of the property as state-owned. The act requires registration of any immovable property owned by foreigners.
DAP - Justice Antonio Carpio, separate concurring opinionraissarobles
This document contains the separate opinion of Justice Carpio in a case challenging the constitutionality of the Disbursement Acceleration Program (DAP) implemented by the President through the Department of Budget and Management. Justice Carpio outlines the petitioners' arguments that the DAP is unconstitutional because it was not created by law and involved the realignment of funds that were not savings. He then analyzes the presidential power to augment or realign under the Constitution and relevant case law, finding that only savings can be realigned and only to existing items within the same branch or constitutional body.
FCRA provisions are essential for keeping the regulations on the NGO. The Foreign Contribution Regulation Act is a consolidating act. The Foreign Contribution Regulation Act scope is to regulate the acceptance and utilization of foreign contribution or foreign hospitality by certain individuals or associations or companies. It is also important to note that Foreign Contribution Regulation Act prohibit acceptance and utilization of foreign contribution or foreign hospitality for any activities detrimental to the national interest and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
The consolidated petitions challenge the constitutionality of the Disbursement Acceleration Program (DAP) and related issuances by the Department of Budget and Management. Specifically, the petitions argue that the DAP violates Section 29(1) of Article VI of the 1987 Constitution by allowing the Executive to allocate public funds from agency savings and unprogrammed funds outside of a law passed by Congress. While the respondents claim the DAP is allowed under the President's authority to transfer savings and provisions in the General Appropriations Acts, the petitioners counter that some funds were transferred to agencies outside the Executive in violation of the Constitution. The Court will determine if the remedies sought are proper and resolve the substantive issues regarding the constitutionality of the DAP
South Sudan: A young country divided by civil war Sergio Carciotto
South Sudan, the country that gained independence in 2011 with huge international fanfare and support came apart in just one week. South Sudan was plunged into a civil war on December 15, 2013, following a fall out between President Salva Kiir from the Dinka ethnic group and the then Vice President Riek Machar from the Nuer ethnic group . Following this power crisis, South Sudan descended into a national, political and ethnic conflict, rapidly spreading across many parts of the country and leading to the death of thousands of women, children and men.
SIHMA's brainchild and publication, the African Human Mobility Review (AHMR) is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed on-line journal created to encourage and facilitate the study of all aspects (socio-economic, political, legislative and developmental) of human mobility in Africa. Through the publication of original research, policy discussions and evidence-based research papers, AHMR provides a comprehensive forum devoted exclusively to the analysis of contemporaneous trends, migration patterns and some of the most important migration-related issues. The journal is accessible on-line at no charge.
This document announces the continuation of the national emergency with respect to Ukraine that was originally declared on March 6, 2014 in response to actions that undermined Ukraine's democracy, sovereignty, and territorial integrity. It notes that subsequent executive orders in 2014 and 2018 expanded the scope of the national emergency and imposed sanctions on Russia related to its occupation of Crimea and use of force in Ukraine. Due to the ongoing threats posed by these actions, the notice states that the national emergency and measures taken in response to it must remain in effect beyond March 6, 2021.
Detailed Presentation on Special Marriage Act, 1954
Made By:
Edited By: Ayush Patria, Sangam University, Bhilwara
Follow us on Instagram: @law_laboratory
Website: www.lawlaboratory.in
Article 7 prohibition of retrospective criminal lawHafizul Mukhlis
Article 7 of the document prohibits retrospective criminal laws in two parts. First, it prohibits punishing people for acts that were legal at the time. Second, it prohibits imposing greater punishment than what was prescribed by law at the time of the offense. The document discusses that retrospective changes to substantive criminal law and punishment are not allowed, while retrospective procedural changes are permitted. It analyzes a past court case, Loh Kooi Choon, where a constitutional amendment was found to improperly deprive someone of legal protections retroactively.
This document summarizes key portions of Thailand's Immigration Act from 1979. It outlines regulations regarding who can enter and remain in the country, including exceptions for diplomats and international organization employees. It also describes the process for immigration inspection and allows for detention of up to 48 hours if an alien is suspected of being inadmissible. Appeals of inadmissibility decisions can be made to the Minister of Interior.
The document summarizes key provisions of the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 in India. It outlines conditions for marriage such as neither party having a living spouse or being mentally unfit. It describes marriage ceremonies that must include seven steps around a sacred fire to be complete. It also discusses registering marriages with the state for proof. The document notes that courts may decree restitution of conjugal rights if one spouse withdraws without reasonable excuse or grant judicial separation if certain grounds are met.
Is the IRS a 3rd party debt collector for "The Treasury" of a foreign corpora...Niki Hannevig
The IRS is directed by international organizations rather than the US government. Pursuant to Treasury orders, the IRS is trained by the UN and collects taxes on behalf of international financial institutions like the IMF and World Bank. As members of INTERPOL, IRS agents expatriate their US citizenship and serve foreign principals rather than the United States. The IRS operates under international agreements rather than the US Constitution and collects taxes for private banks like the Federal Reserve rather than the US Treasury.
Christianity has a long history in Bangladesh. Christians follow the teachings of Jesus Christ and are divided into Roman Catholics and Protestants. The main source of Christian law is the Bible. Civil laws from the British era also apply to Christians. Under Christian marriage law, marriage is considered a lifelong union, though divorce is allowed under certain circumstances. The laws provide different grounds for divorce for men and women, discriminating against women. Reforms have been proposed to make the laws more equal.
Article 13 of the Malaysian Constitution establishes the right to property and places limitations on when property can be deprived. Article 13(1) states that no one can be deprived of property without a law authorizing such deprivation. However, the term "law" incorporates the concept of "jus" or legitimate law, providing some safeguards against arbitrary or unreasonable laws. Article 13(2) allows for acquisition of property for public purposes or purposes beneficial to the economic development of Malaysia, as long as adequate compensation is provided. The courts can determine what constitutes adequate compensation under the Constitution.
Restitution of conjugal_rights_bangladesh_._lastpptxShahjada Zihad
The document discusses the legal right to restitution of conjugal rights in Bangladesh. Some key points:
- Either spouse can sue the other for restitution of conjugal rights if the other party withdraws from living together without valid reason. This right exists under Muslim, Hindu, and Christian laws in Bangladesh.
- However, the courts have discretion and may refuse an order if there is cruelty, violence, lack of safety, or other reasonable excuses.
- Some court cases found that a unilateral plea for restitution of conjugal rights by a husband against a unwilling wife violates principles of equality and women's rights under the Bangladesh constitution. However, other cases upheld the law as constitutional.
The Foreign Marriage Act of 1969 establishes the conditions and procedures for solemnizing marriages between Indian citizens and foreign nationals abroad. Key points include:
- Marriages must meet conditions like neither party being currently married, both being of age, and not being close relatives.
- Parties must provide notice and publish the marriage intent. There is a process for objections.
- Marriages must be solemnized by a Marriage Officer according to procedures like location, witnesses, and declarations.
- Certificates are issued as proof of marriage and penalties are defined for things like bigamy or false declarations.
The document summarizes key parts of the Family Court Act 1964 of Pakistan. It establishes Family Courts in each district to handle matters related to marriage, divorce, child custody, and other family issues. The courts must have at least one woman judge and aim to resolve disputes through mediation and reconciliation where possible. They have exclusive jurisdiction over cases specified in the schedule, including divorce, dowry, and child custody. The courts also aim to determine maintenance amounts and their annual increase to support wives and children.
DAP - Justice Mariano del Castillo, separate concurring opinion raissarobles
This document discusses several consolidated petitions before the Supreme Court regarding the constitutionality of the Disbursement Acceleration Program (DAP). It provides background on the DAP and discusses the relevant constitutional provisions regarding the power of the President and other heads of offices to augment budgets using savings. It analyzes the nature, scope and rationale of the constitutional provision, and discusses the statutes implementing the power to augment budgets. The justice aims to balance preventing abuse of the power to augment with promoting effective use of public funds for the general welfare in determining the constitutionality of the DAP.
This document announces that the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) will now accept electronic signatures on third party documents included in mortgage insurance case binders. Third party documents are those originated outside of the mortgage lender's control, such as sales contracts. Lenders must ensure electronic signatures are clearly visible and employ the same standards of care for electronically signed documents as for paper documents. Lenders must also maintain case binders in hard copy or electronic format for two years after endorsement.
Myanmar_Transfer of Immovable Property and Restrictions Act 1987Dr. Oliver Massmann
This document summarizes key provisions of Burma's Transfer of Immoveable Property Restriction Act of 1987. The act places severe restrictions on foreigners and foreign-owned companies owning immovable property in Burma. It prohibits the sale, purchase, gift, pledge, exchange or transfer of immovable property to or from foreigners. It also prohibits leases of immovable property to foreigners for terms exceeding one year. Violations of the act can result in imprisonment of up to 5 years and confiscation of the property as state-owned. The act requires registration of any immovable property owned by foreigners.
DAP - Justice Antonio Carpio, separate concurring opinionraissarobles
This document contains the separate opinion of Justice Carpio in a case challenging the constitutionality of the Disbursement Acceleration Program (DAP) implemented by the President through the Department of Budget and Management. Justice Carpio outlines the petitioners' arguments that the DAP is unconstitutional because it was not created by law and involved the realignment of funds that were not savings. He then analyzes the presidential power to augment or realign under the Constitution and relevant case law, finding that only savings can be realigned and only to existing items within the same branch or constitutional body.
FCRA provisions are essential for keeping the regulations on the NGO. The Foreign Contribution Regulation Act is a consolidating act. The Foreign Contribution Regulation Act scope is to regulate the acceptance and utilization of foreign contribution or foreign hospitality by certain individuals or associations or companies. It is also important to note that Foreign Contribution Regulation Act prohibit acceptance and utilization of foreign contribution or foreign hospitality for any activities detrimental to the national interest and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
The consolidated petitions challenge the constitutionality of the Disbursement Acceleration Program (DAP) and related issuances by the Department of Budget and Management. Specifically, the petitions argue that the DAP violates Section 29(1) of Article VI of the 1987 Constitution by allowing the Executive to allocate public funds from agency savings and unprogrammed funds outside of a law passed by Congress. While the respondents claim the DAP is allowed under the President's authority to transfer savings and provisions in the General Appropriations Acts, the petitioners counter that some funds were transferred to agencies outside the Executive in violation of the Constitution. The Court will determine if the remedies sought are proper and resolve the substantive issues regarding the constitutionality of the DAP
South Sudan: A young country divided by civil war Sergio Carciotto
South Sudan, the country that gained independence in 2011 with huge international fanfare and support came apart in just one week. South Sudan was plunged into a civil war on December 15, 2013, following a fall out between President Salva Kiir from the Dinka ethnic group and the then Vice President Riek Machar from the Nuer ethnic group . Following this power crisis, South Sudan descended into a national, political and ethnic conflict, rapidly spreading across many parts of the country and leading to the death of thousands of women, children and men.
SIHMA's brainchild and publication, the African Human Mobility Review (AHMR) is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed on-line journal created to encourage and facilitate the study of all aspects (socio-economic, political, legislative and developmental) of human mobility in Africa. Through the publication of original research, policy discussions and evidence-based research papers, AHMR provides a comprehensive forum devoted exclusively to the analysis of contemporaneous trends, migration patterns and some of the most important migration-related issues. The journal is accessible on-line at no charge.
The document is a Green Paper on International Migration in South Africa published by the Department of Home Affairs. It aims to invite public comments on South Africa's international migration policy by September 30, 2016. Interested parties can submit written comments to the specified address or email. The Green Paper discusses the need for a new international migration policy, as the current approach has limitations. It outlines a vision for a balanced policy that maximizes the benefits of migration while minimizing the risks.
O documento apresenta a introdução de uma publicação sobre a teologia da mobilidade humana na África. A introdução discute a importância de se desenvolver uma reflexão teológica sobre a migração no continente africano para responder aos desafios colocados à Igreja. A publicação reúne trabalhos apresentados em uma conferência sobre o tema, abordando os nexos entre migração e desenvolvimento e entre conflitos e migração forçada.
How to Embed a PowerPoint Presentation Using SlideShareJoie Ocon
This document provides instructions for embedding a PowerPoint presentation into a blog using SlideShare or Scribd. It outlines uploading the presentation to SlideShare, allowing embedding, copying the embed code, and pasting it into the blog post HTML to display the presentation. It also mentions previewing the post before publishing.
The document provides an introduction to the classical approach to management. It discusses that the classical approach views employees as having only economic and physical needs. It was the oldest formal school of management originating in the early 1900s. The classical approach includes scientific management, administrative management, and bureaucratic management. Major contributors included Taylor, Fayol, and Weber. Taylor's scientific management focused on finding the most efficient way to perform jobs. Fayol analyzed management as a universal process and introduced 14 principles of management. Weber introduced concepts of bureaucratic organizations based on rational authority. The document also discusses management as both an art and a science.
In 2015, according to the UNHCR, more than 65 million people across the globe had left their homes in search of protection from conflicts, wars and persecutions. At the end of the same year, on the African continent (Central and Great Lakes, East and Horn, Southern Africa, and Western Africa) the UNHCR counted a total of 4 431 500 refugees, 1 293 014 asylum-seekers and 10 762 882 internally displaced persons (IDPs). Furthermore, Ethiopia is the African country hosting the highest number of refugees (736 086), South Africa is the country with the highest number of asylum-seekers (1 096 063) and Sudan is the country with the highest number of IDPs (3 218 234).
Despite the fact that human mobility in Sub-Saharan Africa is driven more by economic factors than conflicts, the continent is home to millions of refugees and IDPs who are forced to flee their homes because of persecutions, social unrests and climate change. The current state of forced displacement in Africa presents a number of socio-economic and political challenges which need to be addressed in order to reverse this trend and reduce the number of people in need of international protection.
How To Embed SlideShare Shows Into WordPress.comKathy Gill
This document provides instructions for embedding a SlideShare presentation into a WordPress.com blog post or page. It outlines finding the desired SlideShare presentation, clicking embed or share, customizing options and copying the shortcode, pasting the shortcode into the WordPress post or page, and credits the author.
How to Make Awesome SlideShares: Tips & TricksSlideShare
Turbocharge your online presence with SlideShare. We provide the best tips and tricks for succeeding on SlideShare. Get ideas for what to upload, tips for designing your deck and more.
SlideShare is a global platform for sharing presentations, infographics, videos and documents. It has over 18 million pieces of professional content uploaded by experts like Eric Schmidt and Guy Kawasaki. The document provides tips for setting up an account on SlideShare, uploading content, optimizing it for searchability, and sharing it on social media to build an audience and reputation as a subject matter expert.
SIHMA’s new research paper series is entitled the Advocates’ Migration Brief and addresses recent judicial decisions relating to people on the move. The first paper in the series is entitled Unintended Consequences for Exclusions, and explores the application of exclusion provisions in the South African context. This first paper in the series convers an aspect of international and domestic refugee law being exclusion from refugee status. In the refugee status determination process, it is important to establish whether a person falls within the definition of a refugee to receive protection from the host state. Some individuals though might meet the requirements of one or more definition but may nevertheless be excluded from protection because they may be considered to not be deserving of or in need of protection.
The Status of Acquitted Persons and the Exclusion ParadoxCarmel Shenkar
The document discusses the issue of finding countries to accept acquitted persons from the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) due to the UNHCR's broad interpretation of the refugee status exclusion clause. Specifically, it argues that while an indictment is sufficient for exclusion, a full acquittal is not sufficient to rebut the presumption of excludability, creating a paradox. It proposes that considering the proportionality of exclusion in cases of full acquittal, as already allowed in the Refugee Convention, would resolve this by weighing the acquittal against exclusion. Currently, three fully acquitted ICTR persons—Gratien Kabiligi, André Ntagerura, and Protais Zigitany
This document is the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations from 1961. It establishes rules and protocols for diplomatic relations between states including diplomatic immunity, privileges for diplomatic missions and their staff, and the inviolability of diplomatic premises and communications. The convention defines terms, outlines the functions and establishment of diplomatic missions, and sets protocols for the status and privileges of heads of mission and diplomatic staff.
This document provides a summary and analysis of key aspects of international refugee law as defined by the 1951 Refugee Convention after 60 years. It examines interpretations of elements of the refugee definition, including grounds for persecution, absence of national protection, internal flight alternative, treatment of draft evaders and deserters, and civil war refugees. It also discusses the cessation and exclusion clauses, standards of proof, and evaluates how the refugee definition has remained relevant despite changes over time. The document emphasizes that the refugee definition should be interpreted generously and inclusively in line with its purpose of protecting those in need.
This newsletter provides updates on various initiatives of the Nunatsiavut Government. It includes messages from the President and Minister of Finance discussing strategic planning, budgeting, employment opportunities, and healthcare. Other articles outline code of conduct procedures, harvesting rights under the land claims agreement, education gatherings, returning ancestral remains, and membership in the Nunatsiavut Assembly. The newsletter aims to keep beneficiaries informed about developments within the government.
NPF gave its approval for the use of the land as a vaccination facility but communicated environmental and legal issues that the facility may run against.
This document summarizes the ambiguous position of India regarding the protection of refugees. While India has generously admitted and protected some refugee groups, its policies are uneven and not governed by international refugee law, to which it has not acceded. The document analyzes how international human rights law, especially the prohibitions on refoulement in the ICCPR, ICESCR, CRC, and CAT, constrain India's discretion regarding treatment of foreigners and non-refoulement. It argues these norms have converged to establish a single non-derogable standard rule of non-refoulement that applies to India.
The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations establishes rules governing diplomatic relations between states. It defines key terms like diplomatic agents and diplomatic missions. It outlines privileges and immunities for diplomatic missions and their staff like inviolability of mission premises and archives, freedom of movement, and immunity from criminal and most civil jurisdiction for diplomatic agents. It also covers establishment of diplomatic relations, classes and precedence of heads of mission, notification requirements, and more. The convention aims to facilitate diplomatic functions and promote friendly relations between states.
This document contains the amendments of the law as provided in RA 10022 and RA 9422. The Sameer doctrine in 2014 deleting a portion of Section 10 is incorporated here as well.
This document summarizes a proposed bill titled the National Asylum Bill, 2015. The key points are:
1) The bill aims to provide rules for granting citizenship to refugees and asylum seekers in India by establishing a framework for registering and recognizing refugees, and granting citizenship under certain conditions.
2) It proposes establishing a Refugee Registrar and Refugee Committee to consider refugee applications and make determinations regarding refugee status and potential citizenship.
3) Refugees who have lived in India for 5 or more years could apply for citizenship under the bill. Children born to refugees in India could also gain citizenship rights.
4) The bill aims to regularize large refugee populations in India from countries
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1. 1
To the Committee Secretary: Portfolio Committee on Home Affairs at Parliament
RSA, P.O. Box 15, Cape Town,
Attention of:
Eddy Mathonsi emathonsi@parliament.gov.za
Re: Commentary on the Refugees Amendment Bill, 2016
Cape Town, 28 October 2016
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Scalabrini Institute for Human Mobility in Africa (SIHMA) is a research institute within
an existing network of seven established research centres around the globe, located in
Manila, Buenos Aires, Sao Paulo, Paris, Basel, Rome and New York. These centres are part
of the network of the Scalabrinian Centres for Migration Studies and are supported by the
Missionaries of St. Charles - Scalabrinians, a Congregation of the Catholic Church devoted
to the care of migrants, refugees and seafarers.
1.2 The call by the Department of Home Affairs for public comment on the Refugees
Amendment Bill, 2016 is welcome. In making our comments we will specifically focus on
Clause 2, 3, 6, 15, 18, and 23 of the Bill.
1.3 Considering the proposed amendments, the deadline for submission by 28 October 2016
allows a short time for comments.
2. COMMENTS ON THE BILL
Clause 2 - Substitution of section 4: Exclusion from refugee status
2.1 Addition of Section 4(1)(e): It should be considered that the risks ‘associated with the
exclusion from refugee status must not outweigh the harm that would be done by
returning the claimant to face prosecution or punishment1’. This provision should not be
applicable to an asylum seeker who has been convicted of a ‘serious’2 crime and has served
a sentence in South Africa as he or she should not forever be barred from refugee status.
1 James C. Hathaway, The Law of Refugee Status, Lexis Law Pub, 1991, pp.224.
2
Handbook and Guidelines on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the
1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, December 2011, pp.30 defines a ‘serious’ non-political crime as: [A]
capital crime or a very grave punishable act.
2. 2
2.2 Addition of Section 4(1)(f): This provision raises some concerns as the exclusion from
refugee status for criminal activities in a country of refugee should be limited only to
‘serious’ and ‘non-political’ acts posing a security threat to the country of refugee.
2.3 The proposed addition of Section 4(1)(g) may be difficult to apply as the mere fact that an
individual is considered to be a ‘fugitive from justice’ should not lead ipso facto to the
exclusion from refugee status. A government with persecutory intent could, in fact, ‘use
the criminal law to persecute its opponents; in such circumstances, ‘it makes no sense to
treat those at risk of politically inspired abuse of the criminal law as fugitive from justice.’3
It is suggested that at the least this be changed to read: is a fugitive from justice in another
country where the rule of law is upheld by a recognised judiciary and does not qualify for
refugee status as defined in Section 3 of the principal Act.
2.4 The proposed addition of Section 4(1)(h) is problematic; being a refugee implies a ‘special
vulnerability’ and DHA officials have the duty to ensure that applicants for refugee status
are ‘given every reasonable opportunity to file an application with the relevant refugee
reception office.’ Knowing that the majority of persons who apply for refugee status do not
enter South Africa lawfully through a port of entry, the addition of Section 4(1)(h) might
lead to an a priori exclusion from international protection and to a possible breach of the
non-refoulement principle.
2.5 The proposed addition of Section 4(1)(i) is also problematic and although it is reasonable
to expect an individual to lodge an application for asylum as soon as he or she arrives in
the country of refuge, a general rule for migrants to present themselves within 5 days from
their arrival in South Africa cannot lead ipso facto to their exclusion from refugee status.
Moreover, this provision fails to take into consideration the case of Refugees sur place. The
1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1969 Convention Governing the
Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa ‘do not distinguish between persons who flee
their country in order to avoid the prospect of persecution and those, who while already
abroad determine that they cannot or will not return by reason of the risk of persecution
in their state of nationality or origin.’4 It seems, therefore, necessary to allow individuals
already present in South Africa to benefit from international protection without the
restriction of a formal timeframe to lodge an asylum request. It is suggested to add the
following provision: Section 4(1)(l) subsection 4(1)(i) do not apply to an asylum seeker
whose well-founded fear of being persecuted may be based on events which have taken place
since he or she left the country of origin.
Clause 3 - Substitution of section 5: Cessation of refugee status
2.6 The proposed addition of Section 5(1)(d) raises some concerns as it fails to consider that
the ‘voluntary re-establishment’ is to be understood as return to the country of nationality
or formal habitual residence with the view to permanently reside there. Therefore, a
temporary return to a former country does not constitute ‘re-establishment’ and cannot
lead ipso facto to the cessation of refugee status5
. This is, for instance, the case of a
temporary return to visit a sick relative/friend or to check a property. It is suggested that
at the least, this be changed to read: he or she voluntarily re-establishes himself or herself in
3 Ibid. pp.170-171.
4 James C. Hathaway, The Law of Refugee Status, Lexis Law Pub, 1991.
5 Handbook and Guidelines on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the
1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, December 2011, HCR/1P/4/ENG/REV. 3, available at:
http://www.refworld.org/docid/4f33c8d92.html [accessed 26 August 2015].
3. 3
the country which he or she left or returns to visit such country with a view to permanently
reside there.
2.7 The insertion of Section 5(1)(h) should not lead to a frequent review of refugees’ continued
eligibility; with regard to this provision, the UNHCR Handbook and Guidelines on Procedures
and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967
Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees highlights that ‘the strict approach to the
determination of refugee status results from the need to provide refugees with the
assurance that their status will not be subject to constant review in the light of temporary
changes – not of a fundamental character – in the situation prevailing in the country of
origin.’6 Moreover, Section 5(1)(h) does not explicitly refer to Article 1C of the the 1951
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and Article I.4 of the 1969 Convention
Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa which defines when refugee
protection is no longer needed and can be ceased. It is noteworthy that the cessation of
individual refugee or category of refugees should not be used to ‘trigger automatic
repatriation and that a refugee may obtain another lawful status in the state of refuge7’.
Clause 6 – Amendment of section 8
2.8 The proposed amendment of Section 8(1) suggests an intention to introduce greater
control by the Department over policy matters without including a process of consultation
with an independent body or with persons affected by the decisions. It is noteworthy that
‘the decision to establish or disestablish an RRO is an administrative action and may not be
arbitrary but must fulfil the requirement of the promotion of Administration Justice Act
(PAJA)8’.
Clause 15 – Amendment of section 21
2.9 Insertion of section 135(a): See commentary in relation to the insertion of section
4(1)(i).
Clause 18 to replace section 22: Asylum Seeker Visa
2.10 The proposed addition of Section 22(6) requires further clarification to determine who
is going to be responsible to conduct a ‘financial assessment’ and what will be the main
criteria applied to establish whether an asylum seekers is able to support himself/herself
or his/her family. It is acknowledged that, in the past, asylum seekers were asked to fill
sort of ‘pre-screening’ forms on arrival at the Refugee Reception Office.9 These forms
were often completed outside the office, without the support of interpreters, while
asylum seekers were queueing. Therefore, there is a necessity to clarify in detail the
modalities in which a ‘financial assessment’ will be conducted in full respect of
individual’s privacy. Moreover, considering that the Department of Home Affairs lacks
adequate personnel and financial resources, as proved by the fact that there were no
resources available to operationalise the 2011 refugee amendment, this provision seems
to be problematic and difficult to implement.
6 Handbook and Guidelines on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the
1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, December 2011, HCR/1P/4/ENG/REV. 3, available at:
http://www.refworld.org/docid/4f33c8d92.html [accessed 26 August 2015] pp.23.
7 UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Current Issues in Cessation of Protection Under Article 1C of the 1951 Refugee
Convention and Article I.4 of the 1969 OAU Convention [Global Consultations on International Protection/Second Track], May
2001, pp. 3. Available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3bf925ef4.html [accessed 28 August 2015].
8 Polzer, T (2013) ‘Policy Shifts in the South African Asylum System: Evidence and Implications’, Lawyers for Human Rights
and African Centre for Migration & Society Report, pp.40.
9 Tafira and Others v. Ngozwane and Others, Case No. 12960/06, South Africa: High Court, 12 December 2006, available at:
http://www.refworld.org/docid/502393072.html [accessed 28 August 2015].
4. 4
2.11 On the same vein, the proposed addition of Section 22(7) sounds unrealistic, difficult to
implement and will require considerable additional resources. The vast majority of
asylum seekers, in fact, do not have financial resources to maintain themselves and
therefore it is plausible that they would require shelter and basic necessities provided
by the UNHCR. However, the position of UNHCR with regard to the relocation of RROs
near the borders has never been clear nor supportive of government’s plan to relocate
RROs, as stated by the UNHCR Senior Operations Manager in South Africa on 29 August
2016 ‘UNHCR is concerned about the impact the planned relocation of the RROs to the
borders would have on the rights of refugees and asylum-seekers’. Moreover, the UNHCR
Southern Africa office is likely to lack the necessary fund to offer adequate assistance to
all individuals in need . The overall number of asylum seekers in the country is also a
matter of great concern. In 2015, the Department of Home Affairs received nearly 70 000
new applications but the overall number of individuals who are registered as asylum
seekers is over 1 million. The Bill does not clarify whether Clauses 22(6)(7)(8) apply to
new asylum seekers or to those who are already registered.
Right to work
Section 22 deals with the right to study and work for asylum seekers. In principle, we do
not believe that the right to work should be extended necessarily to all asylum seekers
and we accept that such right may be subject to certain limitations as ruled by the court
in the Watchenuka case
‘[t]he protection of human dignity is not absolute and s 36 of the Bill of Rights
recognises that it may be limited in appropriate circumstances… if the protection of
human dignity were to be given its full effect in the present context – permitting any
person at all time to undertake employment – it would imply that any person might freely
enter and remain in this country so as to exercise that right
However, the court went on to say that protection of human dignity
‘[m]ay be limited where the limitation is of general application and is ‘reasonable
and justifiable in an open and democratic society based on human dignity, equality and
freedom taking into account all relevant factors’. It further stated that ‘when employment
is the only reasonable means for the person’s support other consideration arise.’
Considering the many administrative challenges the Department of Home Affairs is
facing, the rampant corruption and the lack of funding, we believe that a provision to
restrict the right to work for asylum seekers based on a ‘financial assessment’ is not
enforceable in a way that is respectful of human dignity and does not ‘take into account
all relevant factors’. We would like to point that as commented by some of the Portfolio
Committee members ‘such measure is too harsh as it would infringe on the right to
employment which is seen as component of the right to human dignity which the
Constitution strives to protect and promote’. Dignity is one of the foundational values of
the Bill of Rights and s 10 of the Constitution states that ‘[e]veryone has inherent dignity
and the right to have their dignity respected and protected’. In the Watchenuka
judgment, the court clearly stated that ‘[h]uman dignity has no nationality it is inherent
in all people – citizens and non-citizens alike – simply because they are human.’
We take this opportunity to comment on a statement made by the Deputy Minister of
Home Affairs, Fatima Chohan, during a Portfolio Committee Meeting on 11 October 2016.
The Deputy Minister stated that ‘[t]he country could not allow undocumented or bogus
asylum-seekers to have rights. For them to claim rights, asylum-seekers ought to possess,
at least, immigration visa. And immigration visa could not be applied for while staying in
5. 5
the country’. We, herby, remind all members of the Portfolio Committee that ‘[i]rregular
migrants and bogus-asylum seekers by virtue of being within the jurisdictionof the state,
possess the same basic human rights possessed by citizens and legal residents, tourists
and temporary visitors. These include, amongst others, legal rights (fair trial and right to
security) and the right to receive emergency medical care10.
Moreover, we emphasize that the only effective way to separate asylum-seekers and
economic migrants in a dignified manner is through a fair adjudication of the refugee
claim, as provided by the Procedural Standards for Refugee Status Determination,
compiled by the UNHCR and not through denying access to the asylum system nor
limiting fundamental human basic rights.
2.12 The insertion of Section 22(9) does not refer to asylum seekers who are self-employed
or run their own business to earn a living. It is, in fact, true that for asylum seekers who
are unable to find employment in South Africa, self-employment activities represent the
only means of financial support. Research conducted by MiWORCs11 shows that 32.65%
of international migrants, including asylum seekers and refugees, are employed in the
informal sector. In this case, the provision does not specify what sort of documentation
is needed in order to receive an endorsement on the asylum visa. The Bill must cater also
for self-employed people.
2.13 The proposed addition of Section 22(12) does not include a provision to inform each
affected person of the intention to consider an application ‘abandoned’. Asylum seekers
should be able, within a prescribed period, to make a written submission with regard
thereto.
2.14 The proposed addition of Section 22(13) appears particularly harsh and might
contravene fundamental international obligations. An individual should be given the
opportunity to re-apply for asylum at least in the case that new elements or findings have
arisen or have been presented by the applicant to support a request for asylum.
Moreover, in case the determining authority considers that a return decision will lead to
direct or indirect refoulement in violation of the State’s international obligations a person
should be granted the right to stay.
Clause 23 to amend Section 27
2.15 The amendment of section 27(c) contradicts the provisions of the 2016 Green Paper on
International Migration. The latter intends, in fact, to delink permanent residency from
the length of stay in the country by not allowing long-term temporary residents,
including recognized refugees, to apply for permanent residency, while the Bill allows
refugees to apply for permanent residence after 10 years of continuous residence in
South Africa.
2.16 We believe that government should maintain the status quo and continue granting
permanent residency to eligible refugees12 who have been legally residing in South Africa
for at least five consecutive years, as opposed to the years. This is, in fact, morally
acceptable and compatible with democratic principles of justice. Moreover, every
immigrant who is lawfully present, is employed or self-employed and have no criminal
record, is an economic contributor to the local economy and do not pose a security threat
to the country.
10 Carens, J.H. (2008) ‘The rights of Irregular Migrants’, Ethics and International Affairs, 22(2), pp.165.
11 http://www.miworc.org.za/
12 Section 27(d) Immigration Act, 13 of 2002
6. 6
3. COMMENTS ON THE BILL
3.1 The proposed amendments to the Refugee Act, 1998 seek to reform the asylum system in
South Africa in line with governmental and departmental policies but before the
completion of migration policy formulation and the release of a White Paper on
International Migration.
3.2 The proposed amendments seek to restrict the possibility for asylum seekers to work and
study in South Africa. This raises several concerns on its actual implementation and it is
our opinion that the deprivation of the freedom to work may threaten to degrade asylum
seekers in South Africa. Given the backlog, the overburdened system and the limited
resources available, it is foreseeable that the Department of Home Affairs will not be able
to process applications for asylum within a reasonable period of time and without severe
delays. At this regard, we point out that research shows that, on average, asylum seekers
in South Africa have spent 2.8 years in the asylum system13 . It is vital that the challenges
around implementation are taken into account in the process of considering amendments
to the Refugees Act.
3.3 It is difficult to believe that the United Nations will be able to provide adequate shelter and
basic services for thousands of asylum seekers across the country. This will have, in fact,
enormous financial and capacity implications and it is unlikely that UNHCR or NGOs in
South Africa would be able to foot this bill.
3.4 The limitation of the right to work might deprive asylum seekers of the only means to
support themselves while in South Africa and represents not only a violation of the
constitutional right to dignity, but also ‘a restriction upon the ability of live without positive
humiliation and degradation’14.
3.5 To conclude, some of the proposed amendments risk to drastically restrict the possibility
for individuals of accessing a fair and efficient asylum procedure. The inability to lodge
applications due to time restrictions, a reduced number of available Refugee Reception
Offices, new stringent criteria to exclude individuals from refugee status and to cease
refugee status, might leave asylum seekers and recognised refugees undocumented
without alternatives to legalise their status in the country. As expressed by some members
of the Portfolio Committee on 11 October ‘[t]hese new measures are too harsh as they
would infringe on the right to seek asylum as well as on the right to education and
employment which were seen as component of the right to human dignity which the
Constitution strives to protect and promote. 15 We call on members of the Portfolio
Committee to reconsider these provisions.
Sergio Carciotto (Director of SIHMA)
021 461 4741
13
Amit, R. (2015) ‘Queue here for corruption: measuring irregularities in South Africa’s asylum system’, published by
Lawyers for Human Rights and the African Centre for Migration and Society, pg.24.
14 Somali Association of South Africa v. Limpopo Department of Economic Development, Environment and Tourism, 48/2014
ZASCA 143, South Africa: Supreme Court of Appeal, 26 September 2014, available at:
http://www.refworld.org/docid/55e06f5c4.html [accessed 31 August 2015].
15
Government Printing Works & IEC audit outcomes: AGSA briefing; Refugees Amendment Bill: Deputy Minister &
Department briefing, 11 October 2016. Available at: https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/23355/
Sergio Carciotto